Topic 6- The Age of Imperialism World History

Republican People's Party Goals

*Republicanism (National Assembly) *Nationalism ("Turkification"). *Populism (for the benefit of the people). *Statism (state-controlled economy). *Secularism (free from religious control). *Reformism

Ataturk's Reforms

1) "Turkify" the Islamic faith. - Translate the Qur'an into Turkish. - Secular education. - Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished. - Sharia courts closed -> new secular courts. 2) Western-style clothing - Forbid the wearing of the fez - Western-style men's suits. - Attacked the veiling of the women. 3) Language reform: - Roman alphabet replaced the Arabic script. - Literacy in new alphabet required for new government positions. 4) State socialism: - State banks established to finance government-controlled businesses. 5) Adoption of a Surname.

Colony

A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power. Europeans send governors to directly rule a colony. Ex: Somaliland in East Africa was a French __________.

Protectorate

A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. Local rulers remain in place, but the European "mother country" makes all the real decisions. Ex: Britain established one of these over the Niger River delta.

Social Darwinism

A motivation for European Imperialism because Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest" was not meant to be applied to human beings. Nevertheless, many Europeans took the theory to justify their racist views of superiority. This made empire-building feel like the natural thing to do. This notion stated certain nations and races are more fit than others. The people that believed in this theory believed "fit" nations came to rule over "less fit" nations. It often showed discrimination against citizens of ruled nations. This settled issues such as navigation and trade rights, future colonization of Africa, but it was not attended by any Africans.

Industrial Revolution

A motivation for European Imperialism because booming industry in Western Europe created the need for raw materials and markets to sell goods. Creating an empire helped to satisfy those needs.

Financial Gain

A motivation for European Imperialism because many Europeans saw empires as a way to enrich themselves quickly. They exploited local labor to extract resources.

European Nationalism

A motivation for European Imperialism because nineteenth century Europe was a highly competitive, densely situated group of nations. Creating an overseas empire was an expression of pride in the nation.

Humanitarian Needs

A motivation for European Imperialism because some Europeans wanted to bring Western medicine, legal systems, and technology to improve the lives of indigenous people.

Missionary Activity

A motivation for European Imperialism because the desire to convert local populations to Christianity was powerful. Europeans set up missions in most colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence.

Belgium

After David Livingstone's reports of the potential of central Africa, this became the first country to colonize Africa, claiming the Congo (in 1879). Medicine and new steamboats allowed explorers to go further inland to explore.

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. European countries have exclusive trading rights in territory. Ex: Liberia was under this of the United States.

The Great Game

Britain vs Russia over Persia because of its location and the oil it contained. But WWI breaks out, stopping the argument, and neither country can conquer Afghanistan (only the Mongols). Britain was portrayed as a lion, while Russia was portrayed as a bear.

Rudyard Kipling

British poet wrote "The White Man's Burden" and he thought non-Western people were "half devil and half child" and in need of someone to guide them.

The Congress of Berlin

By 1885, the scramble for African colonies became so fierce, that 12 major European countries, the USA, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire met to "define the rules of the game" regarding imperialism in Africa.

Genocide

By 1890's, Ottoman rulers were getting scared that any sign of dissent was a threat to their empire. Paranoid they accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russia. 1.5 million were slaughtered over 25 years. The repressive policies were attempted to be justified by accusing the Armenians of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman empire.

Belgian Congo

Central Africa's Congo Free State not ruled by European country. The king of Belgium, Leopold II, claimed territory for himself. He created personal fortune exploiting Congo's natural resources for himself.

Effects of Imperialism

Colonization: - Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Colonial Economics: - Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies. Christianization: - Christianity spreads to Africa, India, and Asia.

Forms of Imperialism

Colony, protectorate, sphere of influence.

India

Considered the jewel of the British Empire.

Nationalism (spreads)

Corrupt local rulers called Pashas tried to tighten their hold on the people and it only made the ethnically diverse population angrier. Arabia, Lebanon, and Armenia launched failed uprisings and Egypt gained its independence from the Ottomans.

Darwin

Defenders of imperialism often applied this man's theory of natural selection to struggles between nations and races. He argued species more fit for environment will survive and reproduce.

East India Company

During the Renaissance, this British company became the richest and most powerful company in the world by controlling trade in India. England gained so much trade in India that England used its force to rule most of India by 1857. Had Sepoys and a royal governor.

The Boer War

Dutch Settlers: - British met opposition to land claims in southern Africa. - Dutch settlers, Boers, had lived in region since 1600s. No Political Rights: - Gold discovered late 1800s. - Boers refused to grant political rights to foreigners, including British. Heightened Tensions, War: - Britain tried to make Boer territory part of British empire. - 1899, war broke out. - Boer forces outnumbered. Union of South Africa: - British committed numerous atrocities, defeated Boers. - 1902, Boer territory became self-governing Union of South Africa under British control. 1899-1902, The British took over South Africa from the Boers but allowed the Boers to maintain control over the local government. British hoped to gain control of natural resources, such as diamonds and gold.

Ottoman Empire

Expands until the 17th century. Many European nations had bullied their way into multiple trade treaties with them. They granted special privileges to Europeans there. With an influx of Europeans in the region, Europe used their need to protect its citizens as an excuse to get involved in local affairs. As this began to crumble, European powers set their eyes on strategic bodies of water called straits. By the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire was mostly gone.

African Resistance

French-Algerian war: Samori Toure led a failed attempt to resist French imperialism. Resisting the British: - Zulu wars: failed attempts to resist Boers and British. - Asante Wars: Yaa Asantewaa led a failed revolt in west Africa (Golden Stool). - Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana: "lion spirit" who inspired a failed revolt in Zimbabwe. Maji Maji Wars: failed attempts to resist German imperialism in SW Africa. As whites made new colonies in South Africa, they fought King Shaka and the Zulu tribe.

Imperialism

From 1850 to 1914, the strong, industrialized countries of the world (England, France, Germany, USA) dominated many of the weaker countries of the world and controlled all aspects of their lives. Europeans exert influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonize.

Sultans

Had a luxurious lifestyle in the Topkapi Palace.

Africa

Has hundreds of ethnic groups. When colonies were formed, ethnic groups were split up or combined. Everything was colonized here except for Liberia and Ethiopia. France and Britain controlled the most amount of land.

Goal of the Mahdi in the Sudan

He was the long-awaited savior of the faith. He and his followers fiercely resisted British expansion into the region.

Effects of Imperialism

Imperialists profited from colonial mines, plantations, and factories. Africans were hired at low wages, were not taught professional skills, and were heavily taxed; tribes fought other tribes. Schools and churches were set up to "reteach" Western ways; led to a decline in African traditions. Whites in South Africa used segregation called Apartheid (legal separation of blacks and whites); Apartheid kept Africans out of power for over 100 years. Over time, educated Africans all over the continent demanded self-rule; by 2000 complete independence from European rule.

The Sepoy Mutiny

In 1857, the Sepoy soldiers rebelled against the British when they heard rumors that the bullets they were using were coated with animal (cow or pig) fat. This was crushed by the British army but revealed hostility between Indians and the British. The Sepoy soldiers (mainly Hindu, also Muslim) had been ingesting cows and pigs which violates religious rules. The leaders of this were public executed.

Suez Canal

In 1859, a French company built this waterway to connect the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. England had important colonies in India and Australia, so this was very important. In 1882, Britain gained control of this and made Egypt a protectorate. Then, they took control of Sudan and parts of East Africa. Europe praised its opening in 1869 because it significantly reduced the travel time between Europe and Asia. For Britain, this canal was considered a "lifeline" to India, where its influence was growing.

Indian National Congress

In 1885, Indians demanded self rule and created this to gain more control over governing India. Led by Mahatma Gandhi, India finally gained its independence in 1947.

Young Turks

In 1908, this reform group took down the Sultan, but Turkey was in. They pushed for reforms like basic democratic rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press. Ataturk joined this group which was a large opposition organization. They restored a constitutional government. They planned to save the Ottoman Empire by overthrowing the sultan. They also planned on achieving more reforms, but then the Ottoman Empire plunged into WWI.

Wahabis

In Arabia, this group sought to purify and simplify Islam. Europeans slowly became aware of the growing fragility of the Ottoman Empire.

Herero Genocide

In addition to defeats in battle, the Africans were massacred, held in concentration camps, tortured, and used a medical experiments. 1903- Herero and Namaqua tribes revolted against German imperialists over several issues: land rights and debt collection.

Rubber

In the 1890s, early 1900s, European and American demand for this increased. To meet demand, Leopold forced Congolese subjects to extract this from the region's trees. Millions died from overwork and disease. Eventually international outcry caused Belgian government to take control of Congo in 1908.

Motivations of European Imperialism

Industrial Revolution, European nationalism, Missionary activity, Financial gain, Humanitarian needs, and Social Darwinism

Apartheid

Legal separation of blacks and whites.

Modernizing Egypt

Muhammad Ali served as governor of Egypt from 1805-1849. He reduced the power of religious leaders and wealthy landowners (consolidating power...). He helped improve farming and encouraged Egyptians to join the world trade.

Missionary Spirit

One of the causes of imperialism is this because Europeans believed they must spread their Christian teachings to the world. These people attempted to convert the "uncivilized" natives in the world by setting up churches, schools and hospitals. Europeans believed in "Social Darwinism" that whites are the most superior race. Europeans believed in the "White Man's Burden" that they had a responsibility to civilize the world.

Economic Competition

One of the causes of imperialism is this because demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies. The Industrial Revolution caused a huge demand for more raw materials, so countries could make more factory-produced goods. It also caused a huge demand for new overseas markets to sell their finished goods.

Nationalism

One of the causes of imperialism is this because to gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade. Each country in Europe wanted to be the most important and powerful nation. Having a lot of overseas colonies showed power. This turned into an all-out race for the best colonies and most numerous colonies.

Anti-Imperialism

People who were against imperialism claimed that the only burden the white man wanted to take up was the burden of colonial wealth.

Religious piety and strict rules of behavior

Reformers in parts of Africa and Asia generally stressed these things.

New ideas

Russia hoped to gain the Dardanelles, but Britain had other ideas and even joined the Turks in fighting them over it in the Crimean War. Germany had thoughts of building a railroad to Baghdad.

Dardanelles

Russia wanted to control this land mass because it would give them access to the Mediterranean Sea.

Christian Missionaries

Spread Christianity; built schools and taught in them (teaching things like Social Darwinism and European history); cared for the sick and helped establish and operate hospitals; and spread knowledge of medicine, hygiene, and sanitation.

Farm conversion

The British forced Indian farms to convert from food production to cotton production.

Asia

The Crusades and Age of Exploration caused interest in this continent because of the exotic goods like silk, spices, and gold. This continent was the "treasure box" for explorers and imperialists. In the 1500s, European trade with this continent began. In the 1800s, European imperialism with this continent began.

Sepoy

The East India Company had its own army of Indian soldiers.

Ethiopia (independent Africans)

The Ethiopians kept their freedom through a successful military resistance. Emperor Menelik II modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools. When the Italians invaded, they were defeated so badly by Menelik that no other Europeans tried to take Ethiopia.

Britain

The Suez Canal is built by French with Egyptian labor in 1858 and connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas. In 1875, Egypt defaulted on loans to build it and had to sell it to the British because he was unable to repay loans he had contracted for the canal and other modernization projects. In 1882, nationalist revolt erupts and this country, now with an active interest in protecting investment, steps in and makes Egypt a protectorate. They were particularly interested in protecting oil.

Indian Nationalism

The impact of British Imperialism in India: - Good: England built railroads, telegraphs, sewer and water systems, hospitals, and schools. - Bad: England did not allow Indians to govern themselves; forced India to trade only with England, and converted farms to cotton plantations. - Bad: About 7 million Indians died during the famine of 1876 when the British forced India to grow cotton instead of food.

Fashoda Incident

The race for African colonies led to a near war between France and England. England's north-south "empire" overlapped France's east-west "empire" near a town in Sudan. This incident showed how serious imperialism was to Europeans.

The Qajar shahs

The ruling family of Persia from 1794-1925.

Muslim Empires

There were three, giant ones: The Ottomans in the Middle East, the Mughals in India, and the Safavids in Persia.

Other Countries Imperialize

These nations gained minor colonies: - Spain and Portugal due to poor economies and bad kings. - Germany and Italy because they were the last 2 nations in Europe to unify.

Industrialized nations

These people in these nations felt they should spread Western ideas and knowledge around the world. People were considered lacking if their religion or culture differed from that of the West.

Concessions

These were special rights given to foreign companies or individuals, and the money was supposed to be used to modernize the country of Persia. However, the money from this was often wasted on the extravagant Persian court. They protested these even more after Russia sent troops to protect these.

Cecil Rhodes

This British entrepreneur moved to South Africa and made his fortune in diamond mines. He and many others in the British government wanted to create a huge African empire from Cairo (in Egypt) to Cape Town (in South Africa).

France

This country gained Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco (where 1 million of these people settled); dreamed of a huge empire stretching East-West across Africa near the Sahara Desert.

Urban middle class Persian Nationalists

This group of people wanted to move swiftly to adopt Western ways.

Cotton

This new agricultural product improved Egypt's economy.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist leader who lived from 1881-1938 and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular. In 1924, he abolished the caliphate. His nickname means Father of the Turks. He grew up in modest circumstances. He originally was not smart but was able to work up his way in school and graduated with the name "Kemal" meaning perfect. He became an officer in Constantinople but was sent to prison for opposition to the government. The opposition party in Turkey wanted Western-style reform movements and wanted greater self-determination and autonomy in the empire rather than the absolute power of the sultan. He said about Western Europe: "There are different cultures, but only one civilization, the European one." He became a lieutenant colonel in 1914 in the Ottoman embassy and was a great leader. People praised him after the Gallipoli campaign in WWI even though there were hundreds of thousands of Ottoman lives lost. He was promoted in 1916. The empire collapsed after the war. He became a political and military leader in a subsequent war. The Armenians and the Greeks were the groups of people targeted and killed in Turkey at this time. His body was honored in a museum and then moved to an even bigger museum.

David Livingstone

Until the 1800s, little was known about Africa except its coastal areas until this man began to explore the unknown areas in Africa. It caused a huge interest in Africa and a mad race for colonies from 1880-1914. Starting in 1885, 14 European nations partitioned (divided) Africa, and by 1914, 90% of Africa was controlled by the Europeans.

Africa (before Imperialism)

West Africa had local control. - Sokoto Caliphate: Usman dan Fodio and the Fulani people cultivated a large successful, peaceful Islamic empire. - Asante: traded with both Europeans and Muslims. Lack of unity exploited by Europe. - Sierra Leone and Liberia: colonies of former slaves. North Africa - Ottoman control. East Africa - Swahili trading states still active (slaves, copper, ivory). Southern Africa - Zulu Wars, Boer settlers disrupted life.

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Where the modern Wahhabi are influential.

Muhammad Ahmad

Widespread government corruption and discontent in the late 1800s was leading to Islamic revivals. In South Sudan, this man proclaimed himself savior of the faith (Mahdi) and would later fight off British colonialism. Nickname was founder of Modern Egypt.

Divided Empire

Within the empire, no one agreed on the level of western influence that should be allowed in. A population boom caused by better tech and medicine led to even more unrest as people fought for resources. Sultans fought to keep western culture out but didn't address popular problems... modernity did.