Topic 7 World History

Noble women ( contribution to the economic system )

"lady of the "manor" took over men's duties while they were in battle; supervised vassals, household duties, agricultural, medical, sometimes even war to protect the estate;

geographic regions of of Russia

1. forests, lumber, fur animals, no farming, hunting 2. fertile, farming, crops, 1st civilization, mild climate, "breadbasket" 3. steppe, open, treeless, grassland, pastures, herds, nomads, no natural barriers, 4. rivers, trade, transportation, goods

role of universities in unifying society

1000s cathedral schools to universities; students traveled to different cities to study different subjects at different universities; brought prestige and profit to cities

how did Innocent III increase the power of the church

1198; embodied the triumph of the church; claimed supremacy over all the other rulers; strengthened papal power; crusades; excommunication; reformed church courts;

How did Justinian contribute to the flourishing of the Byzantine empire after Rome's decline?

He rebuilt the church of Hagia Sophia; Justinian's Code; Absolute rule; economic and military power.

what caused conflict between Henry II and the church

Henry's efforts to extend royal power over the clergy led to a bitter dispute with the church; Thomas Becket was killed

what happened at the church council at constance

Barbarossa arranged marriage between his son, Henry and Constance; entangled Germans into Italy

how were Ivan the Great and Ivan the terrible similar to William the conqueror and Henry II

Both William and Ivan the Great set foundation and worked with the church; they had a good sysytem going; Ivan the Terrible and Henry II were both unstable rulers and did almost the exact opposite of their preceding rulers; both had conflicts with the church

How did Justinian's Code have an impact beyond the Byzantine empire?

By the 1100s, it had reached Western Europe and its monarchs; they modeled their laws and principals on it; guided legal thinkers who put together our law system today.

how did christianity spread during the middle ages

Byzantine influence; Charlemagne spread Christianity throughout hid conquered lands; the church shapes everyday life; missionaries

importance of Byzantine scholars

Byzantine scholars preserved the classic works of ancient Greece and Rome; produced their own books mostly history; contributed to the cultural flowering which became known as the renaissance

Chaucer

Canterbury Tales; English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket's tomb; each character tells a story; adds to the picture of medieval life.

how did Charlemagne reunite Western Europe?

Charlemagne worked with the church to spread Christianity to create an unified Christian Europe; appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions; revived Latin learning; set up a strong efficient government

how did Byzantine christianity influence russian orthodox christianity

Christian missionaries; Cyrillic alphabet used to translate the Bible into slavic tongue; religious art, music and architecture; Church & state

What strategy did Clovis use to gain loyalty of the Gaul people?

Clovis gained the support and respect of the Gaul people after converting to their religion, Christianity; he also gained an ally in the pope.

What made Constantinople a good location for trade?

Constantinople had an excellent harbor and was guarded by water on three sides; key trade routes linking Europe and Asia; the city's favorable location made it Europe's busiest marketplace

Dante

Divine Comedy; 1300s; imaginary journey to purgatory and hell; describes a vision of heaven; talks with the people of history about how they earned a place in hell; contains tragedy and comedy; moral and ethical questions were raised; actions in life reflect your fate n the afterlife; spiritual understanding

effects of Mongol rule on Russia

Golden Horde; over 150 years; lenient rulers; asked for tributes from each region; some fled from the taxes and raids; some converted to Islam; new trade routes; model for absolute power/rule; cut off contact with Western Europe at the time of art and science advances

what was the Magna Carta (and its significance)

King John angered his nobles by abusing his power and taxes; a great charter; privileges and rights of the people; showed that nobles had rights and that the monarch must obey the law; shaped later legal ideas and traditions; lasting impact;

how might the reconquista have affected Spain's economic and cultural life

Spain achieved religious unity, but they lost many skilled educated people contributed to economy and culture; conditions for Jews worsened

Thomas Aquinas

Summa theologica; concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony; response to Aristotle's question; both lead to truth; brought together Greek philosophy and Christian faith; "common good"

explain the conflict between King John and his nobles. How did this eventually lead to the creation of the parliament

The nobles were being unfairly taxed and were tired of John abusing his power; They wanted to make their right clear; due process of law; habeas corpus; "power of the purse"

church power

a place for worship and a social center; easter, baptism, marriage, and burial; enormous influence on secular affairs; papal supremacy;

Why was the Corpus Juris Civilis important?

aka "Body of Civil Law" or Justinian's Code; had legal & political impact; reached Western Europe monarchs; set foundation for many law systems.

interdict

an order that excludes a town, region or kingdom from receiving most sacraments and christian burial; happened when a leader or noble went against the church; may cause revolts

education during the middle ages

as economic and political conditions improved, the need for education increased; the Church and royal rulers needed educated members; oral tests & had to memorize lectures; women not allowed to attend universities; few children received education

lay investiture

banned by Gregory VII; when a non-clergy member invested bishops from their office

what did the french kings do to increase royal power

bureaucracy; taxes; royal government; Estates General

bubonic plague (causes) (impact: economical & social)

caused by bacteria on fleas that are carried on rats; rats infested almost every home; traveled on merchants' clothing; killed 35 million in China; social upheaval (suicide, magic, wild pleasures, blame); economic impact (less workers, less production, higher prices); revolts; ended medieval Europe

what resulted from the concordat of worms

declared the church sole power over to elect bishops; ended the investiture struggle; new battles between popes and emperors

Causes and outcomes of the crusades

desire to serve Christ/ defend the church; fame & fortune; adventure; fighting for fun; most failed after the 1st crusade; poorly organized and lack of leadership; weakened feudal system; expanded commercial activity

Causes and results of Hundred years' war

devastated France and drained England; Joan of Arc; causes (rivalry, invasions of France); effects (English monarchy weakened, French monarchy strengthened, knights replaced w/ soldiers for hire, weapon advances)

what role did monks and nuns play

devoted their lives to spiritual goals; looked after the poor and sick; set up schools for children; missionaries; most had little education;

what was the importance of using vernacular language

everyday languages; French, German, Italian; captured spirit of late middle ages; appealed to more audiences; for ordinary people too

how did William increase royal power in England

exerted firm control; granted fiefs but kept land for himself; complete census called the Domesday Book; efficient taxing system; finance & law

Feudalism

made because of need of protection from the invasions; foundation of life in the Middle Ages; lords divided their land between the vassals

Serfs/ peasants

made up a majority of the population in a manor; bound to the land; lived and worked on the manor; lifetime of labor in exchange for food, protection and housing

excommunication

most severe and terrifying punishment; cut off from the Church and salvation; basically meant condemnation; popes began using this punishment in monarchs which caused great division between rulers and the Church

what were the causes and effects of the growth of town and cities

need for more goods; new trade routes and trade fairs; enlarged population; rich cities; merchants; overflowing cities; packed in houses; filthy, smelly, noisy, and crowded; disease;

Great Schism (How, consequences, reactions of patriarchs and popes)

permanent split between eastern and western christianity; Eastern Orthodox church; Roman Catholic Church; 1 pope vs multiple patriarchs; east rejected papal supremacy while western supported; Greek vs Latin; holidays; icons; same faith; both excommunicated each other

treatment of Jewish people during the middle ages

persecution; accepted in Muslim Spain & northern Europe; excluded from certain jobs; anti-Semitism; blame for famine, disease, and disaster;

how did Russian geography influence its development

small kingdoms; battered w/ invasions; brought in many different people; had many resources; no natural barriers; cultural highway

how did the church gain secular power

the Church became the most powerful institution in Western Europe because the Church controlled life's basic events and was a social center; army of clergy that influenced political affairs; armies; vast wealth; selling of sacraments/indulgences; taxes

canon law

the Church's own body of laws; had its own courts; based on religious teachings; governed behavior of the clergy, morals, marriages, and wills

why was the invasion of the Byzantine empire by the Seljuk Turks significant

the Turks took over the Holy Land and took control over the trade routes; disrupted travel; caused the pope to call war

What was the significance of Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne?

the pope showed his gratitude by crowning Charlemagne; Pope Leo III revived the ideal of a united Christian community which came to be called Christendom; outraged the eastern roman emperor

How did the collapse of the western roman empire affect western europe?

the roman empire included much of western europe; once rome withdrew from its provinces in West Europe, the lands suffered severe blows such as invasions, wars, decline in trade, towns emptying, and the cease of learning.

manor life

the vassal supervised the serfs while they worked and provided goods for the lord; crops, pastures, and forests; no schooling or education for peasants

what push and pull factors affected the Jewish people during the Middle Ages

they were forced to convert to Chritianity and be baptised or killed; Jews preserved the oral and written laws that were central to their faith; Jewish communities grew and prospered but at times, were used as a scapegoat and persecuted

Nobles

trained from young men to be knights; rigorous training

Knights ( chivalry ) ( positive effects )

trained from youth; tournaments/jousts; chivalry required knights to be brave, loyal, and true; shaped modern ideas of romantic love because of the respect for women.

benedictine rule

used by monasteries and convents; organized by a monk named Benedict; rules to regulate monastic life; three vows; manual labor; supported medieval life