Transport Chapter 1 and 2 -> history and shit
bricks and bitumen road construction
x
What're hallow ways ?
- Foot and hoof traffic damaged the path surface it would become 'deep' and called hollow ways
Roman Pavements Construction What additives did they use
- Greeks used Lime mortars - Roman took lime mortar and added volcanic pozzolans = stronger and durable mortar - Added gravel to mortar = concrete
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology What did McAdam contribute
- He noticed that narrow iron-tyred wheels and high speeds degraded the roads - He realised that 250mm layers of compacted broken angular small stone would provide the same strength and stiffness as a better-running surface than a more expensive pavement with a foundation of large stone blocks - He's different from Tresaguet and Telford by recognising a layer of broken angular stone would behave as a coherent mass - He was able to reduce the stresses on the subgrade to an acceptable level (only if the subgrade was kept relatively dry and drained)
Roman Pavements Construction Describe 1st Major Roman Road
- It was 150 Km, between Rome and Capua - Started construction in 312 BC - Called Appian Way - In 280 AD, 80Mm of the road was first class - It ringed Mediterranean, covered Asia Minor and Europe south-west joining Istanbul, Vienna, Cologne and Edinburgh
What are composite pavements classified as
- Rigid composite - Flexible composite
Chapter 2 What're Ridgeways?
- Rose from water-logged valleys to allow for drier, less densely vegetated, safer higher contours - When it descends into a valley to ford a river it is a harrow way - Date from 4000BC to 3000BC, mainly used as trade routes (salt, tin and rushes)
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology Name McAdam pavement structure
- Stone size was important - Cambered well drained and dry formation level - Low pavement layer of 200mm thickness commonly of 75mm broken stone - Upper surface course layer of 50mm thickness commonly of 20mm broken stone
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology Name McAdam Construction Method
- Strength and stiffness of compacted angular stone came from mechanical interlock, between individual pieces of stone
Define the Access and movement of Transportation in NZ
- TS can influence AS - Value of land depends upon the easy access for people and movement between different locations - A change in TS affects land value which affects activities (AS) undertaken on the land
Modern Road Construction Practice Name 3 modern developments of impermeable surfacing
1 - Asphalt / tar 2 - Concrete 3 - Sprayed bitumen surfaces
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology The 18th century, name 3 people who made contributions to road technology
1 - Tresaguet in France 2 - Telford in UK 3 - McAdam in Uk
Government investment in roads
- 1.6 billion a year on constructing, maintaining and renewing NZ state highway system (also on walking and cycling) - With local authorities provides 600 million - 275 million for public transport
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology Name Telford Construction Method
- A level foundation - stones with a flat face on the subgrade - Broken stone wedged into the surface between tapering near vertical faces - Surface running layer of 20mm gravel
The importance of transportation
- Allows access to natural resources, markets - Maintaining competitive edge over regions - Nations are linked to quality of their transportation system -
What were animals used for ? What were common animals used
- Beasts of burden - Haulers of sled - Pull carts and carriages. - Cattle, horses, asses, mules, donkeys, dogs, goats, camels, elephants, llamas and humans Animals (horses for riding and cattle for hauling) allowed man to cut travel time. Bridle ways and track ways were necessary for animals as they required larger horizontal and vertical clearances than man
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology What did Tresaguet contribute
- Between 1716 - 1796 he developed a cheaper method of road construction - Based on using large 200mm pieces of quarried stone - Used smaller pieces of broken stone that were compacted into spaces between larger stones = level surface - The running surface made with a layer of 25mm sized broken stone
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology What did Telford contribute
- Built bridges, harbors, canals and buildings - Founded Institution of Civil Engineers - He became involved in 1801
Describe the purpose of corduroy log roads
- Carriageways couldn't adapt to steep slopes and tight curves - They need firm surfaces, extra width, flatter grades and wider curves - Trackways preferred the flatter grade in the valleys and the firm smooth surface (can't be to smooth cause then there'll be no traction) - Corduroy Log Roads offered passage over swampy ground
Roman Pavements Construction Describe common layers in Roman roads
- Composed of stone 50mm - Cement or mortar 250mm thick composed of smaller stone - Broken brick or similar material compacted into place - On the surface 250mm thick hexagonal fitted flagstones
Roman Pavements Construction Describe their pavements construction mathod
- Constructed on firm-formed subgrade - Strengthed weak areas with wooden piles - On both sides of the road they placed drains - Constructed agger (raised platform = 1m high and 15m wide) and made with material from excavation of side drains and topped with sand - Agger aided with moisture control in the pavement
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology Name developments of McAdam
- Developed well-graded mixes which proved to be less permeable and easier to compact
Wheeled vehicles
- Developing in 5000BC in Mesopotamia - Most important part is the axle because it joins 2 wheels, giving it stability and capacity to carry useful loads - Due to wheeled vehicles, new pathways were needed cause they're heavier and wider than animals
Define Transportation engineering
- Evaluate the balance or society for fast transportation - Planning, design, implementation and operation - Facilitate the social and economic activities of the community via Movement of people and goods in a Sutainable, integrated, safe and responsive manner
What is the main purpose of transport ?
- Facilitating trade, commerce, conquest and social interaction - Economic - Personal travel ( search for food or work) - Exchange goods and commodities - Exploration - Personal fulfilment - Improvement of society / nation The movement of people and goods
List 5 example of transport needs
- Farmer transporting produce to a market - Doctor going to see a patient in home/office/hospital - Salesman visiting clients - Student attending classes - Builder going to purchase / transport resources
After the Romans What did they do for maintenance
- Filled holes and ruts with brush, branches and other rottable organic material - High crowns placed on road surfaces to persuade surface water to run off the road and onto the roadside - This worsened rather than improved the situation
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology Name Telford Construction Notes
- Flat subgrade relied on an impervious pavement structure to give maximum strength - He raised pavement structure above ground level to avoid drainage problems - When he couldn't raise the pavement he drained the area surrounding the roadside
What are pavements generally classified by the structural action as
- Flexible - Rigid type pavements
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology Name Tresaguet Construction Method
- The total structure was placed in a trench, to keep the running surface level with surrounding countryside - Trench method had big drainage problems - To counteract the drainage problem they made the surface as impervious as possible, cambering the subgrade and provided deep side ditches
After the Romans What happened when Roman disappered in 406 AD
- Their road systems and human skills decayed - Charlemagne in France attempted to construct roads and place them under central control - Cordova, Spain paved streets in 850 - Paris, France street paved in 1184 by Phillip 2 - Norse road from Baltis South to Constantinople and the Silk road routes to the east
Roman Pavements Construction Who did the Romans learn how to make roads from and what fundementals did they learn
- They learned from the Greeks, Etruscans and Carthaginians - They learned that good drainage, good material and good workmanship.
What organizations that define Transportation administration in NZ
- Transport policy in NZ managed by Ministry of Transport, with a series of crown agencies (ie.NZ transport Agency) which work underneath them and monitor day-to-day activities - Local level is looked after district, city and regional councils look after development of community (side paths, streets, terminals, ports) and public transport (bus, ferry, train services)
What are pavements layers described as
- Unbound (macadam type) - Bound layers
Modern Contributions to Road Pavement Technology Name the problems Tresaguet encountered
- Using large stone made bumpy surfaces - High contact stresses at local points in the subgrade - French countered by placing large stones over the entire foundation so that the formation was subjected to reasonable uniform and low stress -
Before 1830, what damage did tyres do to road surfaces
1830 < Tyres were made of heavy iron segments bolted to wooden wheels. Iron tyres allowed were narrow and allowed for low rolling resistance but high contact pressures = increase damage to roads 1741 - Weighing machines legalised in Britain to preserve roads 1622 - 1661 - James 1 of England said "2 wheeled vehicles only, can't carry loads greater than 1 tonne" 1555 - Dublin introduced weight scales
Construction examples - Who and what technique was used in 4000 BC
For an adequate running surface, cobblestone paving was used by Assyria
How is economic growth related to Transportation
For society to grow it must have strong transportation system of roads and rails and links to the world through air and sea. Transport it a byproduct of society needs and desires because people and goods travel from one place to another. The availability of transportation facilities influence the growth and development of a nation
Construction examples - Who and what technique was used in 2000 BC
From Knossus to Cortina in the mountains of Crete 200mm basecourse of sandstone in clay-gypsum mortar and 4m running surface of basalt blocks
Construction examples Persian road making
In 500BC built a royal road which duplicates the used Susa to Mediterranean. This route was only used by oryal messangers so they wouldn't be delayed by travellers. Also to protect the surface.
Travel patterns and sustainability
In urban areas people will use cars because of accessibility especially in non congested roads
Construction examples Give some Indian road examples
India had advanced road techniques in 1000BC by using brick paved streets and sub-surface drainage. There may be evidence that there was pavement in 3000BC and it has the earilest records of using cement bound surfaces
Construction examples Describe the 1st major arterial road
It was 2.5Mm, built by Assyria between its capital of Susa via Ninevah. It linked the Mediterranean ports of Western Turkey in 2000BC
How do financial resources affect maintaining NZ infrastructure
It's expensive to establish and maintain its infrastructure is recognized and NZ governments are investing into it now
Why're road important
Most NZ'ers get around by car, bus, walk or bicycle to get to their destination
How does the geography of NZ affect Transportation
NZ is far from other developed countries and the topography and nature of the population and where people live increases the cost of transport infrastructure. It is expensive to build, maintain because of these issues, the air and sea ports should be well connected to road and rail networks
Purposes of trips, origins and destination
Origin (leave a starting position) and travel to work/school (destination) Returning home, many people make stops along the way to purchase or do something before they go home Net effect = multiple trips per person per day on various travels modes
RoNS
Roads of National Significance
What're the problems with soft natural material and rock
Soft Natural Material - Can be formed into smooth well graded surfaces but can't handle the weight of a solid wheeled vehicle, especially when the material is wt - Rock is strong enough to handle the weight under and moisture conditions but it's hard to form into good running surfaces
What is the flow pattern between Transportation system (TS) and Activity system (AS)
The Activity system facilitates the activities and land use. - Assist economic development - Assist safety and personal security - Improve access to community facilities - Protect and promote public health - Ensure environmental sustainability
Construction examples Describe the silk road
This road radiated out from Assyrian administrative and trading hub in, Persian Gulf. The silk road (caravan route) brought jade and silk from China. In 500BC another caravan route linked north-west India to Assyrian hub
What's the war between Pavement operators and maintainers
Transport Operator - Wants to reduce the weight of the wheel and rolling resistance by making the rolling surface narrow Road maintainers - Want operators to use wider and less damaging wheels - Attempt to restrict the loads carried
What is the Transportation system and what is its role in society
Transportation is a blend of technology and institution Technology - networks (roads, railway, terminals, ports and airports) + vehicles and vessels Institution - Central, Regional, local governments and agencies, private sector operators (train, bus, taxi and truck operators) and user associations
How does social cost benefit Transportation
Transportation systems require large energy, material and land resources There is also a risk factor with transportation system - HMS orpheus NZ - 1860 - Titanic - 1912 - Wahine NZ - 1968 - 280 road deaths on average in NZ and 1.2 million worldwide Transportation also creates noise and without proper design and construction, it can spoil natural beauty, pollute the air and water and consume energy resources
Carriageway widths
chapter 2, page 3
Construction examples Describe 1st recorded road builders
in 1100BC, ummani of Assyrian kings constructed a well aligned mountain road
