TX HISTORY,!!

Compare James Bowie and Davy Crockett

-they both were legends or the frontier -well-known public figure

Mier Expedition

Angry Texans demanded that Houston clear Mexican forces from north of the Rio Grande. 22 To meet their demands, in November Houston ordered General Alexander Somervell and over 700 volunteers into the region. Somervell found no signs of the Mexican army. In December 1842, he turned his force toward home.nAbout 300 of Somervell's soldiers, angry with Mexico's recent actions, refused to turn back. They decided to invade Mexico, instead. Commanded by Colonel William S. Fisher, they crossed the Rio Grande and late in December attacked the Mexican town of Mier. The Texans expected an easy victory. About 900 Mexican troops arrived to protect the town, however. After a two-day battle, the outnumbered Texans of the Mier Expedition surrendered. The Mexican army began marching the Texans to Mexico City. The Texans escaped, but 176 were recaptured about a week later. Santa Anna, who was now back in power in Mexico, ordered every tenth Texan to be executed as punishment for the escape. The prisoners were made to draw beans from a jar. Those who drew the 17 black beans were shot. Those who drew white beans went to prison near Mexico City. The surviving prisoners were finally released in September 1844.

Runaway Scrape

As news spread of Houston's retreat and the advancing Mexican army, hundreds of settlers living between the Colorado and Brazos Rivers fled. By this time, many of the most able-bodied men and young boys had left to join Houston. The settlers who remained were old men, women, and children. In a few short days, Stephen F. Austin's colony disappeared, as many settlers packed what belongings they could and quickly left. The event became known as "The Runaway Scrape."

Augustus Allen

Augustus Chapman Allen, along with his younger brother, John Kirby Allen, founded the City of Houston in the U.S. state of Texas. He was born on July 4, 1806, in Canaseraga Village, New York, to Sarah and Roland Allen.

Why did houston order fannin to retreat

By March 1836, Santa Anna was confident that his army had crushed the Texas rebellion. The Texan army appeared to be destroyed, and the Texans' defeat seemed inevitable. So confident was Santa Anna that he considered returning to Mexico, although his officers talked him out of it. He ordered his soldiers to burn every town, farm, and house. The Mexican army divided into five separate columns as it advanced to cover more ground and do more damage.

How many men fought on both sides at San Jacinto?

By this time, Houston's force had grown to about 1,200 men, but many now left to be with their families. On March 30, Houston and his men made camp at the plantation of Jared Groce on the Brazos River near present-day Hempstead.

Mexican Cession-

Claimed by the republic of Texas, Mexico secede to U.S

Fannin

Colonel James W. Fannin had about 450 men in Goliad.

Where were the capitals of Texas during different terms

Columbia, Houston & Austin

Mier y Teran report

Concerned about the region, Mexican officials sent an inspection party to Texas, led by General Manuel de Mier y Terán. After touring Texas for about two months, Mier y Terán wrote his report. He expressed concern about the growing American influence in Texas. Mier y Terán made it clear that prompt action was essential. He recommended several steps. He urged the government to place more troops around the settlements, work to attract more Mexican and European settlers, and develop more trade between Texas and Mexico

Henery Smith

Delegates chose Henry Smith of Brazoria as governor and James W. Robinson of Nacogdoches as lieutenant governor. Both Smith and Robinson belonged to the War Party, but most of the people chosen for the general council represented the Peace Party

What countries recognized Texas Independence, and what one didn't?

England & the United States recognized Texas Independence, however, Mexico did not.

Fredonian Rebellion

Enlisting the support of Richard Fields, a Cherokee chief, Benjamin and a small band of followers proclaimed the creation of a new independent state. They called it the Republic of Fredonia and signed a Declaration of Independence on December 21, 1826. When Mexican troops from San Antonio approached Nacogdoches in January 1827, the Fredonian Rebellion collapsed. Some of the Fredonia's were captured, but most fled across the Sabine River into the United States

John Allen

Founded the city of Houston with the help of his brother Augustus Allen.

Santa Anna

In 1835 Antonio López de Santa Anna ignored the Constitution of 1824 and made himself dictator. His attempts to assert more control in Texas caused tension to grow. The delegates of a second group, the Peace Party, were just as committed to fighting Santa Anna's rule. They blamed Santa Anna for the troubles, saying that they had fought only for protection and to defeat him. They urged all citizens of Mexico to join their struggle against Santa Anna's military dictatorship. Also, the delegates said that due to Santa Anna's treatment, they were no longer bound by the union of Texas with Mexico. The convention made other decisions, as well. It passed a resolution requiring all males ages 17 to 50 to serve in the Texas army. The delegates also offered land grants of 1,280 acres (518 hectares) to those people who volunteered for the army and remained in service until the war ended. They did all this work in only two weeks, during which time they received almost daily reports about the Mexican invasion and the dramatic events at the Alamo in San Antonio .a small group of Texans was holding out against Santa Anna's approaching army. The war with Mexico influenced the decisions and activities of the convention. Because of Santa Anna's progress toward San Antonio, the delegates knew they had to act quickly. The Consultation also chose Stephen Austin, William Wharton, and Branch T. Archer as commissioners to the United States. Their task was to go to the United States to secure the troops, money, and supplies necessary to carry out a war for independence from Mexico. The delegates had few doubts that war was coming

Outcomes of the U.S. - Mexican War

It was a frizzled boundary between U.S and Mexico, paid 10 million for area to make it become known.

Turtle Bayou resoultions

News reached Turtle Bayou that Santa Anna had won a battle in Mexico against Centralist forces. The news heartened the Texans at Turtle Bayou. On June 13, 1832, they met and adopted the Turtle Bayou Resolutions. In these resolutions, or formal statements, they declared their loyalty to Mexico, but not to the Mexican government. The Texans stated their support for Santa Anna and Mexico's Federalists.

Gadsden purchase

Paid 10 million to make Gadsen a boundary

TX constitution

Ratified by most popular votes 3 levels of inferior courts Citizens is defined No mention of land grants Very difficult to amend Husband and wife share ownership of land and property Seizure for debt has protection for homestead (money) Said slavery was legal

US constitution

Ratified in state Unidentifiable Types of inferior courts Citizenship not denied Community property is left to states Easy to amend Ownership not addressed No protection of homestead No mention of slavery

Santa Fe Expedition

Relations between Texas and Mexico grew worse in 1841. This was due to Lamar's attempt to annex Santa Fe to the republic. Santa Fe was a busy trading center in New Mexico, which was still a territory of Mexico. Its location east of the upper Rio Grande placed it in an area that Texas and Mexico both claimed. Lamar saw control of New Mexico as the first step in the republic's expansion to the Pacific Ocean. When the Congress failed to approve Lamar's plan for New Mexico, he went ahead anyway. In June 1841, he sent José Antonio Navarro with more than 300 soldiers and merchants to invite Santa Fe to join the Republic of Texas. Heat, shortages of food and water, and attacks by Native Americans plagued the Texans on the long journey west. As they neared Santa Fe, the Texans were stopped by Mexican troops and forced to surrender. The Texans were marched from Santa Fe to prison in Mexico City. Many died along the way. The survivors were freed in April 1842 thanks to the efforts of British and U.S. diplomats. Because the expedition occurred late in Lamar's term of office, an angry Congress took no action against him.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Said mexico would give up all land claims to Texas,Also mexico would expect Rio Grande as a boundary between the U.S and west texas and the pacific ocean.

Sam Houston's view on if the Texans should be at the Alamo-

Sam Houston occupied the abandoned mission known as the Alamo. They intended to turn it into a fortress.

Which of SFA colonies was the most successful-

San Felipe/Nacodoches

What were Santa Anna's ultimate goals?

Santa Anna wanted to defeat the Rebels and regain control of the region.

Juan Seguin

Seguín joined the Texas Revolution in response to Santa Anna's repeal of the Constitution of 1824. Assigned to supply the troops with food and provisions, he was among the Tejanos at the Alamo over the winter of 1835-1836. He was not there at the time of the battle, however, because he had been dispatched as a courier to raise more volunteers.

Southern Vs. Northern Democrats

Southern-Newly claimed territory, Northern-did not want to be apart of Texas.

Who was appointed Army of the people during the Revolution-

Stephen F Austin Sam Houston

Why is the Alamo considered a historical Landmark? -

Texans saw the situation differently. The stand at the Alamo had inspired them Texans were still willing to fight. The Texan army learned some valuable lessons from these problems and setbacks. Houston would work hard not to let them happen again.In the meantime, word of the defeats at the Alamo spread rapidly throughout Texas. "Remember the Alamo" as a rallying cry in the struggle for Texas independence.

Pearce Plan

Texas agreed to give up all land claims to Mexico in exchange for 10 million, the money was used to pay of Texas debt.

Battle of Salado Creek

The Battle of Salado Creek was a decisive engagement in 1842 which repulsed the final Mexican invasion of the Republic of Texas. Colonel Mathew Caldwell of the Texas Rangers led just over 200 militiamen against an army of 1,600 Mexican Army soldiers and Cherokee warriors and defeated them outside of San Antonio de Bexar along Salado Creek. As a result of this action, Mexican commander General Adrián Woll retreated south and back into Mexico.

Convention 1833

The Convention of 1833 adopted resolutions like the ones adopted the year before. However, this meeting went further than asking to make Texas a separate state. It actually drew up a constitution for the proposed state. Sam Houston served as chairman of the committee that wrote the draft of the constitution

Law april 6 1830

The Law of April 6, 1830 was issued because of the General Mier y Terán Report The Law of April 6, 1830 angered many Mexicans, Tejanos, and Anglos alike in Texas. This decree placed a severe halt on American immigration to Mexico. The Texans wanted the 1824 General Colonization Law (Constitution of 1824) to be restored.

Advantage of Alamo fortress

The Texans had some advantages. For example, the walls of the old mission were 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 m) thick and 12 feet (3.7 m) high. Twenty-one canons helped to fortify, or strengthen, the defenses

Battle of San Jacinto

The Texans' approach went unnoticed. Santa Anna had not ordered any sentries or scouts to watch for enemy forces. Not until the Texan army was near the Mexican barricade did the Mexican bugles sound a warning. By then the Mexican cannon was useless. It was positioned on slightly higher ground, and when it fired, the shells soared over the heads of the Texans. The men in charge of the Twin Sisters had hauled the cannons across the plain and positioned them just in front of the Mexican barricade. Once the cannons had blown a hole in that barrier, the Texans stormed through, shouting the battle cries, "Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!" Some Mexican soldiers stopped fighting and surrendered. Others tried to run to safety across the prairie, only to be stopped by Lamar's cavalry. In just 18 minutes, the battle was over. The Texan troops spent several more hours chasing down enemy soldiers who tried to escape.

General Cos

The arrival of General Martín Perfecto de Cós with additional troops brought the number of Mexican soldiers in San Antonio to 650. Rumors spread that General Cós was planning to arrest all Texan leaders and march them back to Mexico in chains. General Cós, however, commanded about 650 soldiers. Meanwhile, another hundred Mexican soldiers arrived to reinforce General Cós at San Antonio de Béxar. Thinking that the caravan might be transporting bags of silver to pay Cós's soldiers at San Antonio, the Texans planned an attack. Burleson ordered a cavalry unit, soldiers on horses, and an infantry unit, or foot soldiers, to take the caravan. The packs the animals carried were not full of silver but of grass to feed the animals in Cós's command. The nature of the cargo gave the skirmish its name—the "Grass Fight."The siege of Béxar had divided the Tejanos of San Antonio. Most stayed neutral, some helped Cós, and more than 100 joined the Texan Army of the People

Battle of Gonzales

The first conflict between Mexican troops and Texan colonists came at Gonzales on October 2, 1835, (on had taken place at Lexington, Massachusetts, when British soldiers attempted to take arms and ammunition away from the colonists.) Because of the similarity in circumstances of the two revolutions, Gonzales is known as the "Lexington of Texas." The people of Gonzales had a small brass cannon that Mexican authorities had given them in 1831 for protection against Native American attacks. The Texans did not want to give the cannon to the Mexicans so they hid it under ground and a blacksmith brought it out Texas decorated it and it said come and take it and as the Mexicans came to get it the blacksmith fired the cannon at them. They were happy after the battle of Goliad because they just won two battles in a row

Texas Constitution of 1845-

The governor had a 2 year term,and they had a limited of time in office, they also had 2 houses

Santa Anna- The main difference in Euless Texas constitution

The loss of San Antonio to the Texans in December 1835 angered Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna. The loss of Goliad added to his determination to defeat the rebels in Texas and regain control of the region. The distance from Mexico City to Texas meant that it would take several weeks for Santa Anna to form an army and reach Texas. General Santa Anna was determined to end the rebellion in Texas and maintain Mexico's territory.

What were the Twin Sisters and why were they Important?

The twin sisters were two 6 pound cannons. They were a major part in the battle because they were used as a weapon during the fight.

John Moore

These volunteers, under the command of Colonel John H. Moore, decided to attack the Mexican forces. On the morning of October 2, the Texans advanced toward the Mexican troops, and then the blacksmith fired the cannon at the Mexican soldiers. Castañeda arranged for a parley, or a brief truce, with Moore. He asked why the Texans had attacked his men without cause. Moore replied that they were fighting to keep the cannon and to uphold the Constitution of 1824. Unable to find a common ground, the two leaders broke off their talks. The fighting began again, but Castañeda did not want to start a full-scale war. He ordered his troops to withdraw toward San Antonio. One Mexican soldier had been killed and several others wounded. No Texans died in the confrontation

Travis

Travis had experience as an officer in the regular Texas army. This caused the ongoing conflict between volunteers and the regular army to arise again. The large number of volunteers did not want to have Travis's leadership forced upon them, and they insisted on a vote. p The fact that Travis had only recently arrived was a factor. Travis agreed to the vote, and the volunteers—who outnumbered the regulars—voted in favor of Bowie. The two men settled the situation with a compromise. Travis would command the regular army soldiers and Bowie the volunteers. When they issued orders, both signed them to prevent any questions about whether they should be followed.

Who commanded the troops at Goliad?-

Urrea

Cordova Rebellion

While Sims was negotiating peace with some Native Americans, other groups were getting ready for war. The Cherokee had moved into East Texas in the 1820s. They were angry that after the revolution many Americans had settled on land claimed by Native Americans. At the same time, many Tejanos in the region had remained loyal to Mexico and were not happy that Texas was independent. They were also upset by the government's unwillingness to protect the property and political rights of the Tejano population. With Mexico's help, a Tejano from Nacogdoches named Vicente Córdova secretly raised a force to rebel against the republic. He convinced some Cherokee and other East Texas Native American groups to join his revolt. In August 1838 Córdova's rebels and Anglo Americans fought briefly. The Anglos gathered volunteer forces to attack the rebels. Córdova's group was defeated in a fight near Seguin in March 1839, and the rebellion died out. When they were questioned, Cherokee leaders said they had not taken part in the rebellion, and Houston took no action against them.

Who wrote Letters to the U.S. from the Alamo asking for help?-

William B travis

Trearies of Velasco

With the victory at San Jacinto, President Burnet moved the government to the town of Velasco, at the mouth of the Brazos River. Santa Anna was taken there to sign two treaties with the government. On May 14, 1836, the two treaties were signed. Only one of the treaties was made public. The other was kept secret. The public treaty included the provision that Santa Anna would never again fight against Texas. Also, Mexican troops were ordered to leave Texas immediately. The small Texas Navy played an important role in forcing the remaining Mexican troops from Texas. The navy's few boats prevented supplies from reaching the Mexicans, helping lead to their withdrawal. Another provision of the treaty stated that Texan and Mexican prisoners of war were to be exchanged. Finally, all property seized by Mexican forces during the war was to be returned to its owners. In the secret treaty, Santa Anna agreed to try to convince Mexico's government to recognize the independence of Texas. In return Santa Anna was to be released by the Texas government and escorted back to Mexico. Santa Anna also agreed to attempt to make the Mexican government set the Texas boundary at the Rio Grande.

Sam Houston

a leading San Antonio businessman, to tell Austin that his request,had been approved by the government. His victory at San Jacinto suffered the independence of Texas from Mexico. Elected governor of 2 states. Elected governor of Tennessee .He supported annexation. Became a key leader in the Texas Revolution.

What is a Tariff?

a tax imposed on goods and services

Why was the Texas Victory at San Jacinto surprising?

because if Santa Anna escaped, he could very well have raised a new army and continued fighting. At Houston's request, Santa Anna signed an order instructing General Vicente Filisola to withdraw all Mexican troops to south of the Rio Grande. Also, because they made a treaty that Santa Anna signed that said he would never again fight against Texas.

Compromise of 1850

california admitted as a non free slave state

Stephen F Austin

he was an empresario, Stephen F. Austin was called upon to take command of the 300 Texans who had gathered in Gonzales. Although Austin lacked military experience, the colonists had confidence in his judgment and leadership. Austin's troops, known as the Army of the People, started their advance toward San Antonio. More joined as they marched until they numbered almost 400. The Consultation also chose Stephen Austin as a commissioner to the United States. His task was to go to the United States to secure the troops, money, and supplies necessary to carry out a war for independence from Mexico. The volunteer Texan forces who were laying siege to the Mexican forces garrisoned at San Antonio de Béxar were commanded by Stephen f. Austin.

Treaty of 1844-

texas would join the United States as a territory and in return the U.S would pay off Texas debts.

What led to the clash at Anahuac-

they put tax on goods in anahuac that made people mad so there was a clash at the port where people on the ships bombed and exploded the goods on the ships

Peace Party goals

they wanted independence but they did not want war but they would if they had to the two main goals was to fight Santa Anna rule, and join the federalist in Mexico

War party goals

they wanted independence from Mexico and they wanted war, both war and peace party had different beliefs so the government often quarreled the co leader of the war party was Henry smith

Election of 1836

when Texas became independent they had an election and Sam Houston won Sam Houston as President Policies Mirabeau Lamar as President Policies

Bill of rights in TX constitution

yes, Texas's constitution contained a Bill of Rights that guaranteed basic rights