UA HY 102 Exam 2

Napoleon Bonaparte

"First Consul" got rid of privilege fair system of taxation

Enclosure Acts

- enclosed fields instead of open field system -peasants disliked and began to move to urban areas and work in factories

Oath of the Tennis Court

-3rd estate meets on tennis court after their vote not being taken seriously -create National Assembly and a constitution

Marie-Jean Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet

-8 ages of the world and embarking on 9th -optimism in 18th century -believed in women's rights

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

-Assembly's response to "Great fear" -did not include women -defined liberty and made to restore order -got rid of medieval rights

Joseph II

-Austrian emperor -co-led with mother -tried to change all of Austria to enlightenment all at once -tried to rid country of serfdom in a day -changed national language to German -chose enlightenment over rational power

Reflections on the Revolution in France

-Edmund Burke -political pamphlet -essay against excesses of French Revolution

levee en masse

-France mobilizing entire society -young men responsible to join national guard -women make cartridges or bandages

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

-Nationalized Catholic Church in France -required clergy to swear oath of loyalty to King -taxed clergy property

Assignat

-Paper currency initially backed by sale of church land -failed to boost economy

Maximilian Robespierre

-Reign of Terror -hyper rationalized -new calendar & get rid of christianity -was eventually beheaded himself

Alexander I

-Russian emperor -helped to defeat Napoleon -wanted to save those from which Napoleon had conquered

Peterloo Massacre

-after corn laws -British gov victory over citizens

Henri de Saint-Simon

-aristocratic socialist -blends industrialization and conservatism

Blood sports

-bear baiting -boxing

Hidalgos

-class of poor nobles in Europe -Fernando Cortez(speculators)

Edmund Burke

-conservative -Reflections on the Revolution in France -change should be slow and based on precedent -government is a scared trust between generations

Klemens von Metternich

-driven by legitimacy -trying to restore Europe to birth rights so he doesn't lose power -terrified of another general war

William Pitt the Elder

-during 7 years war he pushed to take France's empire -took India and Canada -won 7 years war for Britain fired by George III

Berlin and Milan decrees

-economic policy -enforced Continental system

Continental System

-economic warfare against England -blockade obtrude for France and neutrals -ended up hurting some French commerce and ultimately failed because it stretched French armies to thin -sparked Napoleon's invasion of Russia

What is the Third Estate?

-everyone in France who is not noble or the clergy -heads of wealthy trading houses and farmers

Reform Bill of 1832

-expanded the electorate for the House of Commons -gave voting rights to new industrialized populations

Directory

-five men after reign of terror -called upon Napoleon

Concert of Europe

-formed to make sure there are no more wars that encompass all of Europe's major powers -Metternich big voice -goal was to talk before going to war -only lasted for 10 years

pottage

-grain soup that had little nutritious value

Committee of Public Safety

-head: Robes Pierre -remove all threats of revolution

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke)

-humans not born with concept of right and wrong -we are born as blank slates

"volkgeist"

-individual spirit of a group of people -language and history make nation -not exclusive to Jewish people in Germany

John Stuart Mill

-intellectual side of classical liberalism -wrote On Liberty -full political and economical rights to women

David Ricardo

-law of wages and rents

Lord John Russell

-liberal reform wrote reform bill of 1832

On Liberty

-marketplace of ideas -people should be free in human expression

Adam Smith

-moral philosopher -on economical side of classical liberalism

Maria Theresa

-mother of Joseph II -very conservative catholic

Johann Gottfried Herder

-nationalist -each group of people have individual spirit "volkgeist"

Trafalgar, Oct 1805

-naval battle -shattered Napoleon's plans to invade England

Seigneur

-owned property and was like a feudal lord -own food processing rights take rights in form of labor and food

Bernard de Fontanelle

-popularized science and a way of thinking -reject tradition

Abbé Emmanuel Sieyes

-said there is a nation -3rd estate is the nation because they are the workers -Estates General should represent 3rd estate -Kingdom of subjects to republic of citizens

Battle of Yorktown

-siege -Americans fought on field and French navy blockaded British (Cornwallace) from fleeing -Britain surrendered and started negotiations

Emmalyn Pugachev

-starts revolt and claims to be Peter III -causes Catherine to get rid of constitution in order to make alliances

The Wealth of Nations

-state's job to create level playing field on which economy works -natural laws will govern trade

Edward Jenner

-studied dairymaids -started inoculation

The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)

-systematic inequalities of of capitalism

Catherine the Great

-takes power in Russia after husband is overthrown -tries to bring enlightenment -drafts constitution -starts to modify serfdom -ultimately chose power of enlightenment

Carnival

-time for peasants to have freedom from societal roles and can escape -before lent

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

-took advantage of changing culture -sold sheet music -shift from client/patron to music for middle class -makes music for others to perform

Code Napoléon (Code Civil)

-uniformity and individualism -abolished feudal privileges -property rights -subordination of women and children -

The Social Contract

-written by Rosseau -an entire society agreed to be governed by its general will

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Austerlitz, Dec 1805

Battle of the three emperors -Napoleon's greatest victory -Austria had to make peace with France

Waterloo

British and Prussian army defeat Napoleon after he returns from Elba

The Progress of the Human Mind

Condorcet

Immanuel Kant

Created definition of enlightenment philosophy

Louis XVIII

French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated. -bourbon dynasty

Candide

French satire by Voltaire

Voltaire

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

Frederick Engels

Helped write the Communist Manifesto Founded the Marxist theory, wrote The Condition of the working class in England

Richard Arkwright

Inventor of the Water Frame in 1769

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia -no commoners in high military ranks -tolerant of religion -reduced judicial torture -believed he was enlightened

Estates General

Louis XVI tried to raise taxes but nobles said call it -hadn't been called in almost 100 years

George Stephenson

Steam powered locomotive

The Spirit of the Laws

Written by Montesquieu. Emphasized separation of powers.

guerilla

a member of a small group of soldiers that attacks suddenly and disappears into hiding -significantly hurt Napoleon

Concordat

agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

citizens give up some individual rights for general will of society

Eli Whitney

cotton gin

Mary Wortley Montague

cultural relativism

Duke of Wellington

head of the British troops during the Battle of Waterloo

James Watt

invented steam engine

The Persian Letters

not true but things Secondat finds weird about France

Charles de Secondat, Baron Montesquieu

pairs of Persians traveling through France writing on what they see

Gin acts

reduced consumption of spirits which were said to cause more crime in London

Thermidorian Reaction

supporters turned on Robespierre he is guillotined -July

Luddites

trade unionist who destroyed machines who they felt were threatening their livelihoods

smallpox

viral disease -was conquered through inoculation of cowpox