UARK PSYC 3173 Judah Module 4

d

a stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for _________. a. testing reflexes b. assessing regional blood flow c. measuring blood pressure d. placing an electrode in the brain

b

an electroencephalograph measures ______. a. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain b. the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain c. the electrical resistance of hair d. action potentials in an individual neuron

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

application of magnetic stimulation to a portion of the scalp - inactivates neurons in a narrow area below the magnet producing a "virtual lesion" that outlasts the magnetic stimulation itself

evoked potentials/evoked responses

brain activity/activity in response to a stimulus

CT/CAT (computerized axial tomography)

brain image that detects tumors and abnormalities, by injecting dye into the blood and then scans the head in a scanner, x rays pass through the head and are recorded by detectors on the opposite side and the computer constructs an image of the brain

c

computerized axial tomography creates an image from _________. a. gamma rays b. infrared rays c. x rays d. microwaves

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

device applies powerful magnetic field to align all the axes of rotation, and tilts them with brief radio frequency field. when the field is turned off, nuclei release electromagnetic energy as they relax and return to original axis. shows tiny anatomical details in image

stereotaxic instrument

device for precise placement of electrodes in the brain

d

evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n) _________. a. MRI b. CAT scan c. PET scan d. EEG

Paul Broca

french neurologist, found in 1861 that a patient who lost the ability to speak had damage to the left frontal cortex, and others had the same thing. that are of the brain is now named after him. started the idea that different parts of the brain serve different functions

PET (positron emission tomography)

high resolution image of activity in living brain by recording emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals. injection of glucose or other chemical with radioactive atoms which release a positron which collides with an electron, emitting 2 gamma rays in opposite directions. the persons head is surrounded by gamma ray detectors so when the detectors record 2 rays at the same time they identify a point in the middle as the point of origin. areas with the most radioactivity are presumably the most active neurons

c

how does the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation of brain areas differ from magnetic inactivation? a. brain inactivation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation b. brain activation results from long, intense magnetic stimulation c. brain activation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation d. brain inactivation results as the magnets are simply reversed

MEG (magnetoencephalograph)

measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity - identifies the approximate location within approximately 1 cm.

approximately 0.3

most studies find _________ correlation between brain size and IQ

Franz Gall

person who related skull anatomy to behavior, process known as phrenology

optogenetics

pioneered by Karl Deisseroth, uses light to control a limited population of neurons

EEG (electroencephalogram)

records brain and electrical activity through electrodes attached to the scalp, measures activity of cells under the electrode

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

records energy released by water molecules after removal of a magnetic field. modified version of an MRI based on hemoglobin instead of water

ablation

removal of a brain area, generally with a surgical knife. surgical removal for tiny structures below the surface is difficult so sometimes lesions are made with a stereotaxic instrument

d

suppose you are interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing. which method would be the best choice? a. PET b. fMRI c. rCBF d. CAT

d

thus far, it appears that the brain feature most strongly correlated with IQ in humans is the ________. a. volume of the hippocampus b. brain-to-body ratio c. brain weight d. amount of gray matter

d

which method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow? a. fMRI b. magnetic stimulation c. CAT d. PET

d

which method would be best suited to answer questions about which specific brain areas in humans are activated while performing a mental task> a. CT/CAT b. ablation c. EEG d. fMRI

b

which technique is dependent upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules? a. rCBF b. fMRI c. PET d. MRI