Ultrasonic Testing Level II

166. When testing a part with a rough surface, it is generally advisable to use a: A. lower frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface B. higher frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface C. higher frequency transducer and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface D. lower frequency transducer and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface

A. lower frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface

186. The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface: A. may result in a screen pattern that does not contain back reflection indications B. makes it difficult to locate discontinuities that lie parallel to the entry surface C. usually indicates that a porous condition exists in the metal D. decreases the penetrating power of the test

A. may result in a screen pattern that does not contain back reflection indications

33. During straight beam testing, test specimens with nonparallel front and back surfaces can cause: A. partial or total loss of back reflection B. no loss in back reflection C. a widened (broad) back-reflection indication D. a focused (narrow) back-reflection indication

A. partial or total loss of back reflection

109. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing include: A. particle motion normal to propagation direction, and propagation velocity that is about one half the longitudinal wave velocity in the same material B. exceptionally high sensitivity due to low attenuation resulting from longer wavelengths when propagating through water C. high coupling efficiency because shear waves are less sensitive to surface variables when traveling from a coupling liquid to the part D. high sensitivity as a result of having a greater wave velocity than longitudinal waves in the same material

A. particle motion normal to propagation direction, and propagation velocity that is about one half the longitudinal wave velocity in the same material

167. Reflection indications from a weld area being inspected by the angle beam technique may represent: A. porosity B. backwall C. initial pulse D. hot tears

A. porosity

47. A primary purpose of a reference standard is to: A. provide a guide for adjusting instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are considered harmful to the end use of the product B. give the technician a tool for determining exact discontinuity size C. provide assurance that all discontinuities smaller than a certain specified reference reflector are capable of behind detected by the test D. provide a standard reflector, which exactly simulates natural discontinuities of a critical size

A. provide a guide for adjusting instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are considered harmful to the end use of the product

87. In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as the: A. pulse length or pulse width B. pulse amplitude C. pulse shape D. pulse distortion

A. pulse length or pulse width

27. In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, the water distance appears on the display as a fairly wide space between the initial pulse and the front-surface reflection because of: A. reduced velocity of sound in water as compared to the test specimen B. increased velocity of sound in water as compared to the test specimen C. temperature of the water D. viscosity of the water

A. reduced velocity of sound in water as compared to the test specimen

89. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one medium to another whose velocity differs from that of the first medium is called: A. refraction B. rarefaction C. angulation D. reflection

A. refraction

52. Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat disks or other shapes parallel to the surface by: A. rolling B. machining C. casting D. welding

A. rolling

44. When adjusting the discontinuity-locating rule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on the rule must coincide with the: A. sound beam exit point of the wedge B. point directly over the discontinuity C. wheel transducer D. circular scanner

A. sound beam exit point of the wedge

93. A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and ultrasonic waves enter the material being tested in a direction perpendicular to the test surface is: A. straight beam testing B. angle beam testing C. surface wave testing D. lamb wave

A. straight beam testing

76. Water travels distance for immersion inspections should be: A. such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and back reflections. B. exactly 76 mm (3 in.) C. less than 76 mm (3 in.) D. always equal to the thickness of the material being inspected.

A. such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and back reflections.

43. In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge or carriage serves to: A. support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinally B. control the angular and transverse positioning of the scanner tube C. control the vertical and angular positioning of the scanner tube D. raise and lower the transducer

A. support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinally

119. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the time baseline is called a: A. sweep circuit B. marker circuit C. pulser D. synchronizer

A. sweep circuit

91. In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal waves for a given frequency and in a given material because: A. the wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the wavelength of longitudinal waves B. shear waves are not easily dispersed in the material C. the direction of particle vibration for shear waves is more sensitive to discontinuities D. the wavelength of shear waves is longer than the wavelength of longitudinal waves

A. the wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the wavelength of longitudinal waves

172. To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a paintbrush transducer, it is generally necessary to use a: A. transducer with a smaller crystal B. scrubber C. grid map D. crystal collimator

A. transducer with a smaller crystal

95. The speed with which ultrasonic waves travel through a material is known as: A. velocity B. pulse repetition rate C. pulse recovery rate D. ultrasonic response

A. velocity

187. A discontinuity with a concave surface will: A. diffuse the sound energy throughout the part B. cause the reflected to beam to focus at a point determined by the curvature of the discontinuity C. cause mode reinforcement of the ultrasonic wave D. propagate due to sound energy

B. cause the reflected to beam to focus at a point determined by the curvature of the discontinuity

157. Inspection of castings is often impractical because of: A. extremely small grain structure B. coarse grain structure C. uniform flow lines D. uniform velocity of sound

B. coarse grain structure

140. A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of molten metal which may be caused by the splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two streams of metal coming from different directions is called: A. a burst B. cold shut C. flaking D. a blowhole

B. cold shut

65. Acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the inside of a pipe section by the immersion method, use a: A. focused cup lens B. convex lens C. concave lens D. variable pitch lens

B. convex lens

123. The incident angles at which 90 degree refraction of longitudinal and shear waves occurs are called the: A. normal angles of incidence B. critical angles C. angles of maximum reflection D. mode angles

B. critical angles

83. A grouping of a number of crystals in one transducer, with all contact surfaces in the same plane and vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is called a: A. focusing crystal B. crystal mosaic C. scrubber D. single-plane manipulator

B. crystal mosaic

154. The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is: A. directly proportional to velocity and frequency B. directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency C. inversely proportional to velocity and directly proportional to frequency D. equal to the product of velocity and frequency

B. directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency

58. The angle at which 90 degree refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called the: A. angle of incidence B. first critical angle C. angle of maxim reflection D. second critical angle

B. first critical angle

173. An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain an 80% FSH indication from a 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-bottom hole located 46 mm (3 in.) form the front surface of an aluminum reference block. When testing an aluminum forging, an 80% FSH indication is obtained from a discontinuity located 76 mm (3 in.) from the entry surface. The reflective area of this discontinuity is probably: A. the same as the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole B. greater than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole C. slightly less than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole D. about one-half the are of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole

B. greater than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat-bottom hole

34. In the immersion technique, the distance between the face of the transducer and the test surface (water path) is usually adjusted so that the time required to send the sound beam through the water is: A. equal to the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece B. greater than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece C. less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece D. greater or less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece depending on water temperature and wave characteristics

B. greater than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece

177. In general, discontinuities in wrought products tend to be oriented: A. randomly B. in the direction of grain flow C. at the right angles to the entry surface D. at the right angles to the grain flow

B. in the direction of grain flow

28. Using the immersion method, a distance-amplitude curve (DAC) for a 19mm (0.75 in)diameter, 5 MHz transducer shows the high point of the DAC at the B/51mm (2 in.) block. One day later, the high point of the DAC for the same transducer is at the J/102 mm (4 in) block. Assuming that calibration has not changed, this would indicate that the transducer. A. is improving in resolution B. is becoming defective C. has the beam of a contact testing transducer D. has a better definition

B. is becoming defective

3. The only significant sound wave mode that travels through a liquid is: A. shear wave B. longitudinal wave C. surface wave D. Rayleigh wave

B. longitudinal wave

79. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending from the root of the threads, it would be preferable to transmit: A. shear waves at an angle to the threads. B. longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the thread roots C. surface waves perpendicular to the thread roots D. shear waves around the circumference of the cylinder

B. longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the thread roots

55. Using a pulse echo technique, if the major plane of a flat discontinuity is oriented at some angle other than perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, the result may be: A. loss of signal linearity B. loss or lack of a received discontinuity echo C. focusing on the sound beam D. loss of interface phenomena

B. loss or lack of a received discontinuity echo

120. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces visible signals on the screen which are used to measure distance is called a: A. sweep circuit B. marker circuit C. receiver circuit D. synchronizer

B. marker circuit

15. In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic beam, sound intensity is __________the beam center line. A. minimum at B. maximum at c. maximum through out twice the angle (sin y=C/Df) where C is acoustic velocity, D is crystal diameter, and f is frequency at D. not related to orientation of

B. maximum at

137. Thin sheet may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal to the surface by observing the: A. amplitude of the front-surface reflection B. multiple reflection pattern C. attenuation rate D. ratio of shear and longitudinal velocities

B. multiple reflection pattern

12. It is possible for a discontinuity smaller than the transducer to produce indications of fluctuation amplitude as the transducer is moved laterally if testing is being performed in the: A. Fraunhofer zone B. near field C. snell field D. shadow zone

B. near field

182. The property of certain materials to transform electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa is called: A. mode conversion B. piezoeletric effect C. refraction D. impedance matching

B. piezoeletric effect

97. The ultrasonic transducers most commonly used for discontinuity testing utilize: A. magnetostriction principles B. piezoeletric principles C. mode conversion principles D. relative dialectric principles

B. piezoeletric principles

81. The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than the one from which it came and a line drown perpendicular to the interface between the two media is called the angle of: A. incidence B. refraction C. rarefaction D. reflection

B. refraction

128. The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves passing from water into a metallic material at angles other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of the: A. impedance ratio (r=ZwZm) of water to metal B. relative velocities of sound in water to metal C. frequency of the ultrasonic beam D. density ratio of water to metal

B. relative velocities of sound in water to metal

70. In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to check: A. the verification of wedge angle B. resolution C. sensitivity calibration D. distance calibration

B. resolution

40. In immersion testing in a small tank, a manually operated manipulator is used to: A. manipulate the pulser/receiver unit and the display B. set the proper transducer angle C. set the proper index function D. set the proper bridge distance

B. set the proper transducer angle

69. When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave generated within the part will be: A. longitudinal B. shear C. surface D. lamb

B. shear

51. A discontinuity is located having an orientation such that its long axis is parallel to the sound beam. The indication from such a discontinuity will be: A. large in proportion to the length of the discontinuity B. small in proportion to the length of the discontinuity C. representative of the length of the discontinuity D. such that complete loss of back reflection will result

B. small in proportion to the length of the discontinuity

2. Which of the following would be considered application(s) of ultrasonic techniques? A. Determination of a material's coefficient of expansion B. Study of a materials metallurgical structure. C. Determination of a materials chemical composition. D. Evaluation of surface tension through capillary action.

B. study of a materials metallurgical structure.

171. Waves that travel around gradual curves with little or no reflection from the curve are called: A. transverse waves B. surface waves C. shear waves D. longitudinal waves

B. surface waves

35. In a B-scan display, the length of a screen indication from a discontinuity is related to: A. a discontinuity's thickness as measured parallel to the ultrasonic beam B. the discontinuity length in the direction of the transducer travel C. the horizontal baseline elapsed time from left to right D. the vertical and horizontal directions representing the area over which the transducer was scanned

B. the discontinuity length in the direction of the transducer travel

8. The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal: A. the lower the frequency B. the higher the frequency C. there is no appreciable effect D. the lower the attenuation

B. the higher the frequency

163. The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is that: A. all crystals be mounted equidistant from each other B. the intensity of the beam pattern not vary greatly over the entire length of the transducer C. the fundamental frequency of the crystals not vary more than 0.01% D. the overall length not exceed 76 mm (3 in.)

B. the intensity of the beam pattern not vary greatly over the entire length of the transducer

136. The acoustic impedance is: A. used to calculate the angle of impedance B. the product of the density of the material and the velocity of sound in the material C. found by Snell's law D. used to determine resonance values

B. the product of the density of the material and the velocity of sound in the material

111. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if: A. the test frequency is varying at a constant rate B. the velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed constant value for a given material C. water is employed as a couplant between the transducer and the part being tested D. the echo-to-echo mode is used

B. the velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed constant value for a given material

126. The motion of particles in a shear wave is: A. parallel to the direction propagation of the ultrasonic beam B. transverse to the direction of beam propagation C. limited to the material surface and elliptical in motion D. polarized in a plane at 45 degrees to the direction of beam propagation

B. transverse to the direction of beam propagation

75. For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is approximately ___________ the shear velocity. A. equal to B. twice C. half of D. four times

B. twice

105. The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in amplitude in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is the: A. sensitivity B. vertical linearity range C. selectivity range D. horizontal linearity range

B. vertical linearity range

94. The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point it referred to as: A. frequency B. wavelength C. velocity D. pulse length

B. wavelength

42. At 152 mm (6 in) diameter rod is being inspected for centerline cracks. The A-scan presentation for one complete path through the rod is as shown in Fig 2. The alarm gate should be: A. be used between points A and B B. be used at point D only C. be used between points B and D D. not be used for this application

C. be used between points B and D

138. A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections are shown by geometric figures and the path of the signal or energy by lines and / or arrows is called a: A. schematic diagram B. blueprint C. block diagram D. circuit layout

C. block diagram

78. When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the grass or irregular signals that appear in the screen display of the area being inspected could be caused by: A. fine grains in the structure B. dirt in the water couplant C. coarse grains in the structure D. a thick but tapered back surface

C. coarse grains in the structure

108. During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation system will show a: A. plan view of the block, showing the area and position of the hole bottom as seen from the entry surface B. basic test pattern showing the height of an indication from the hold bottom and its location in depth from the entry surface C. cross section of the reference block, showing the top and bottom surfaces of the block and the location of the hole bottom in the block D. cross-sectional view presentation with a vertical signal representing the hold bottom and the horizontal position representing its depth position

C. cross section of the reference block, showing the top and bottom surfaces of the block and the location of the hole bottom in the block

37. On a A-scan display, the dead zone, refers to the: A. distance contained within the near field B. area outside the beam spread C. distance covered by the front-surface pulse width and recovery time D. area between the near field and the far field

C. distance covered by the front-surface pulse width and recovery time

48. Compensation for the variation in echo height related to variations I discontinuity depth in the test material is known as: A. transfer B. attenuation C. distance-amplitude correction D. interpretation

C. distance-amplitude correction

30. At an interface between two different materials, an impedance difference results in: A. reflection of the entire incident energy at the interface B. absorption of sound C. division of sound energy into transmitted and reflected modes D. refraction of the entire incident energy at the interface

C. division of sound energy into transmitted and reflected modes

104. The product of the sound velocity and the density of a material is known as the: A. refraction value of the material B. acoustic impedance of the material C. elastic constant of the material D. Poisson's ratio of the material

C. elastic constant of the material

80. In an immersion inspection of raw steel material, the water travel distance should be: A. exactly 76 mm (3 in.) B. equal to 76 mm (3in.) + 13 mm ) +13 mm (+0.5 in) C. greater than one-fourth the thickness of the part D. equal to the thickness of a material

C. greater than one-fourth the thickness of the part

56. As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread: A. decreases B. remains the same C. increases D. becomes conical in shape

C. increases

189. Angle beam testing of plate will often miss: A. cracks that are perpendicular to the sound wave B. inclusions that are randomly oriented C. laminations that are parallel to the front surface D. a series of small discontinuities

C. laminations that are parallel to the front surface

142. The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a changing magnetic field is referred to as: A. piezoeletricity B. refraction C. magnetostriction D. rarefaction

C. magnetostriction

175. Lower frequency sound waves are not generally used for pulse echo testing of thinner materials because of: A. the rapid attenuation of low frequency sound B. incompatible wavelengths C. poor near-surface resolution D. Fraunhofer field effects

C. poor near-surface resolution

5. When angle beam contact testing a test piece, increasing the incident angle until the second critical angle is reached results in: A. total reflection of a surface wave. B. 45 degree refraction of the shear wave C. production of a surface wave D. a 90 degree angle of refraction for the wave

C. production of a surface wave

162. In the base pulse echo instrument, the synchronize, clock or timer circuit determines the: A. pulse length B. gain C. pulse repetition rate D. sweep length

C. pulse repetition rate

98. Mechanical and electrical stability, insolubility in liquids, and resistance to aging are three advantages of transducers made of: A. lithium sulfate B. barium titanate C. quartz D. rochelle salts

C. quartz

7. The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed at the water surface illustrates the phenomenon of: A. reflection B. magnification C. refraction D. diffraction

C. refraction

4. The acoustic impedance of a material is used to determine the: A. angle of refraction at an interface B. attenuation within the material C. relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interface. D. beam spread within the material.

C. relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interface.

9. The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline structures is a factor in determining: A. the body-centered cubic crystal system B. the angle of refraction C. scattering of sound D. material thickness

C. scattering of sound

67. In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to check: A. distance calibration B. resolution C. sensitivity calibration D. verification of wedge angle

C. sensitivity calibration

23. The ultrasonic testing technique in which a finger damping is most effective in locating a discontinuity is the: A. shear wave technique B. longitudinal wave technique C. surface wave technique D. compressional wave technique

C. surface wave technique

179. In contact testing, discontinuities near the entry surface cannot always be detected because of: A. the far-field effect B. attenuation C. the dead zone D. refraction

C. the dead zone

85. The angular position of the reflections surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the entry surface is referred to as: A. the angle of incidence B. the angle of refraction C. the orientation of the discontinuity D. angle of reflection

C. the orientation of the discontinuity

102. If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through and interface of two materials in which the first material has a higher acoustic impedance value but the same velocity value is as the second material, the angle of refraction will be: A. greater than the angle of incidence B. less than the angle of incidence C. the same as the angle of incidence D. beyond the critical angle

C. the same as the angle of incidence

64. Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact transducers are primarily used for: A. discontinuity detection B. sound wave characterization C. thickness measurement or discontinuity detection in thin materials D. attenuation measurements

C. thickness measurement or discontinuity detection in thin materials

155. The fundamental frequency of a piezoeletric crystal is primarily a function of the: A. length of the applied voltage pulse B. amplifying characteristics of the pulse amplifier in the instrument C. thickness of the crystal D. material testing

C. thickness of the crystal

13. In immersion testing, the near-field effects of a transducer may be eliminated by: A. increasing transducer frequency B. using a larger diameter transducer C. using an appropriate water path D. using a focused transducer

C. using an appropriate water path

147. The equation describing wavelength in terms of velocity and frequency is: A. wavelength = velocity x frequency B. wavelength = z (frequency x velocity) C. wavelength = velocity / frequency D. wavelength = frequency + velocity

C. wavelength = velocity / frequency

112. Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discontinuities oriented along the fusion zone in a welded plate is: A. an angle beam contact method using surface waves B. a contact test using a straight longitudinal wave C. an immersion test using surface waves D. an angle beam method using shear waves

D. an angle beam method using shear waves

66. In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to check: A. verification of wedge angle B. sensitivity calibration C. resolution D. an index point

D. an index point

71. The angle at which 90 degrees refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the: A. first critical angle B. second critical angle C. third critical angle D. angle of reflection

D. angle of reflection

152. The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspecting by the immersion method is by: A. transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface B. using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies C. using a Y-cut quartz crystal D. anulating the search tube to the proper angle

D. anulating the search tube to the proper angle

50. During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a discontinuity indication is detected that is small in amplitude compared to the loss in amplitude of back reflection. The orientation of this is discontinuity is probably: A. parallel to the test surface B. perpendicular to the sound beam C. parallel to the sound beam D. at an angle to the test surface

D. at an angle to the test surface

60. Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid materials, at the test frequencies normally used. The overall result usually observed includes other loss mechanisms, such as: A. temperature B. scan rate C. fine grain structure D. beam spread

D. beam spread

82. The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to as: A. angulation B. scanning C. correcting for a distance-amplitude variations D. calibration

D. calibration

169. In an A-scan presentation, position along the horizontal baseline indicates: A. a square wave pattern B. a sweep line C. a marker pattern D. elapsed time

D. elapsed time

168. During a test using a A-scan equipment, strong indications that move at varying rates across the screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is impossible to repair a particular screen pattern by scanning he same area. A possible cause of these indications is: A. porosity in the test part B. an irregularly shaped crack C. a blowhole D. electrical interference

D. electrical interference

101. The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity is not dependent on the: A. size of the discontinuity B. orientation of the discontinuity C. type of discontinuity D. filter setting

D. filter setting

190. Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a transducer by using a delay tip results in: A. improved distance-amplitude correction in the near field B. reduced frequency of the primary ultrasonic beam C. reduced ability to detect discontinuities in the near field D. improved accuracy in thickness measurement of thin plate and sheet

D. improved accuracy in thickness measurement of thin plate and sheet

1. The wave mode has multiple or varying wave velocities is : A. longitudinal waves B. Shear waves C. transverse waves D. lamb waves

D. lamb waves

62. Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in: A. scatter, which becomes less pronounced as grain size approaches wavelength B. increased penetration C. have no effect of a higher frequency used D. large grass or hash or noise indications

D. large grass or hash or noise indications

148. When an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two dissimilar materials, it can be: A. 100% reflected B. 100% absorbed C. partially reflected and refracted, but not absorbed D. partially reflected, refracted, and transmitted

D. partially reflected, refracted, and transmitted

116. In an ultrasound instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of time is known as the: A. pulse length of the instrument B. pulse recovery time C. frequency D. pulse repetition frequency

D. pulse repetition frequency

88. The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its propagation within the same medium is referred to as: A. divergence B. impedance C. angulation D. reflection

D. reflection

141. The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second material is called: A. the acoustic impedance of the interface B. Young's modulus C. Poisson's ration D. refractive index

D. refractive index

176. In immersion testing, the accessory equipment to which the search cable and the transducer are attached is called a: A. crystal collimator B. scrubber C. jet-stream unit D. search tube or scanning tube

D. search tube or scanning tube

159. The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quartz crystal is: A. sin 0 = diameter r 1/2 x wavelength B. sin 0 diameter = frequency x wavelength C. sin 0 = frequency x wavelength D. sin 0/2 = 1.22 x wavelength / diameter

D. sin 0/2 = 1.22 x wavelength / diameter

125. the mode of vibration that is quickly damped our when testing by the immersion method is: A. longitudinal waves B. shear waves C. transverse waves D. surface waves

D. surface waves

145. The factor that determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials is: A. the index of rarefaction B. the frequency of the ultrasonic wave C. Young's modulus D. the acoustic impedance

D. the acoustic impedance

158. Lamb waves may be used to inspect A. forgings B. bar stock C. ingots D. thin sheet

D. thin sheet

117. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that coordinates the action and timing of other components is called a: A. display unit B. receiver C. marker circuit or range marker circuit D. timing section

D. timing section

129. In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the test material by: A. placing an X-cut crystal directly on the surface of the materials an coupling through a film of oil B. using two transducers on opposite sides of the test specimen C. placing a spherical acoustic lens on the face of the transducer D. using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that sound enters the part at an angle

D. using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that sound enters the part at an angle

68. In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to check: A. sensitivity calibration B. distance calibration C. resolution D. verification of wedge angle

D. verification of wedge angle

150. Of the piezoeletric materials listed below, the most efficient sound transmitter is: A. lithium sulfate B. quartz C. barium titanate D. silver oxide

C. barium titanate

113. An ultrasonic testing instrument that displays pulses representing the magnitude of reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of metal is said to contain: A. a continuous wave B. an A-scan presentation C. a B-scan presentation D. a C-scan presentation

B. an A-scan presentation

121. Most basic instruments use: A. automatic readout equipment B. an A-scan presentation C. a B-scan presentation D. a C-scan presentation

B. an A-scan presentation

146. A quartz crystal cut to that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axis and perpendicular to the X axis is called: A. a Y-cut crystal B. an X-cut crystal C. a Z-cut crystal D. a ZY-cut crystal

B. an X-cut crystal

197. A quartz crystal cur so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axis and perpendicular to the X axis is called: A. a Y-cut crystal B. an X-cut crystal C. a Z-cut crystal D. a ZY-cut crystal

B. an X-cut crystal

110. One of the most common applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is for the: A. detection of discontinuities in welds, tube and pipe B. determination of elastic properties of metallic products C. detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plate D. measurement of thickness on thin plate

A. detection of discontinuities in welds, tube and pipe

192. The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector from different directions might be used to enable the technician to: A. distinguish between different types of discontinuities B. predict the useful service life of the test specimen C. distinguish between discontinuity indications and spurious or false indications D. accept and indication that appeared to be rejectable from the first test direction

A. distinguish between different types of discontinuities

84. The angle of reflection is: A. equal to the angle of incidence B. dependent on the couplant used C. dependent on the frequency used D. equal to the angle of refraction

A. equal to the angle of incidence

10. The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is mostly affected by the: A. frequency of the transducer B. the sound beam exit point C. length of transducer cable D. diameter of the transducer

A. frequency of the transducer

185. Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the transducer will: A. increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the instrument B. increase the resolving power of the instrument C. have no effect on the test D. decrease the penetration of the sound wave

A. increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the instrument

19. As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens: A. increases B. decreases C. remains the same D. cannot be determined unless the frequency is known

A. increases

188. Rayleigh waves: A. are generated at the first critical angle B. are generated at the second critical angle C. are generated at either critical angle D. travel only in a liquid

B. are generated at the second critical angle

153. Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the wavelength of the beam transmitted through a medium, and it: A. increases if the frequency or crystal diameter decreases B. decreases if the frequency or crystal diameter decreases C. increases if the frequency increases and crystal diameter decreases D. decreases if the frequency increases and crystal diameter decreases

A. increases if the frequency or crystal diameter decreases

24. Lamb waves can be used to detect: A. laminar-type discontinuities near the surface of a thin material. B. lack of fusion in the center of a thick weldment. C. internal voids in diffusion bonds D. thickness changes in heavy plate material.

A. laminar-type discontinuities near the surface of a thin material.

21. If a contact angle beam transducer produces a 45 degree shear wave in steel, than angle produced by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen wold be: (V steel=0.323 cm/hs; Val=0.310 cm/hs) A. less than 45 degrees B. greater than 45 degrees C. 45 degrees D. unknown; more information is required

A. less than 45 degrees

133. A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5 degrees from the normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is: A. less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave B. equal to the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave C. greater than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave D. not present at all

A. less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave

151. Of the piezoeletric materials listed below, the most efficient sound receiver is: A. lithium sulfate B. quartz C. barium titanate D. silver oxide

A. lithium sulfate

114. At a water-steel interface, the angle of incidence in water is 7 degrees. The principal mode of vibration that exists in the steel is: A. longitudinal B. shear C. lamb D. surface

A. longitudinal

115. In a liquid medium, the only mode of vibration that can exist is: A. longitudinal B. shear C. lamb D. surface

A. longitudinal

124. Compression waves whose particle displacement is parallel to the direction of propagation are called: A. longitudinal waves B. shear waves C. lamb waves D. Rayleigh waves

A. longitudinal waves

135. In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in: A. longitudinal waves B. shear waves C. surface waves D. lamb waves

A. longitudinal waves

178.In immersion testing of round bars, the back surface contour may result in: A. loss of back reflection B. additional indications following the direct back surface reflection C. inability to distinguish the actual distance to the back-surface reflection D. false indications of discontinuities near the back surface

A. loss of back reflection

57. A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, for example, flat bottom holes, is called a set of: A. distance-amplitude standards B. area-amplitude standards C. variable frequency blocks D. beam spread measuring blocks

B. area-amplitude standards

144. When setting up for an ultrasonic inspection the pulse repetition rate of the instrument must be: A. low enough so that transmitted waves will not interfere with reflected signals B. immaterial as the pulse repetition rate does not affect the ability to detect indications regardless of size C. slow enough to allow the instrument display to refresh with each pulse D. fast enough for the operator to be able to rely on the discontinuity alarm instead of constantly watching the screen

A. low enough so that transmitted waves will not interfere with reflected signals

160. The resolving power of a transducer is directly proportional to its: A. diameter B. bandwidth C. pulse repetition D. Poisson's ratio

B. bandwidth

11. The difference in signals received from identical reflectors at different material distances from a transducer may be caused by: A. material composition B. beam divergence C. acoustic impedance D. the piezoeletric effect

B. beam divergence

164. Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four different mechanisms that lead to: A. attenuation B. refraction C. beam spreading D. saturation

A. attenuation

63. The total energy losses occurring in all materials is called: A. attenuation B. scatter C. beam spread D. interface

A. attenuation

31. When using focused transducers, non-symmetry in a propagated sound beam may be caused by: A. backing material variations B. mode conversion C. diffraction characteristics D. irregular sound beam exit point

A. backing material variations

22. Rayleigh waves are influenced most by discontinuities located: A. close to or on the surface B. 1 wavelength below the surface C. 3 wavelengths below the surface D. 6 wavelengths below the surface

A. close to or on the surface

130. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: A. decreases B. remains unchanged C. increases D. varies uniformly through each wavelength

A. decreases

174. As the impedance ratio of the two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of sound coupled through an interface of such materials: A. decreases B. increases C. is not changed D. may increase or decrease

A. decreases

18. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle beam of divergence of a given diameter crystal: A. decreases B. remains the same C. increases D. varies uniformly through each wavelength

A. decreases

156. Acoustic velocities of materials are primarily due to the material's: A. density and elasticity B. material thickness C. temperature D. acoustic impedance

A. density and elasticity

74. Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead at 1 MHz. Vl= 2.1 x 10 to the 5th cm/s V= y x f A. 0.21 cm B. 21 cm C. 0.48 cm D. 4.8 x 10 to the 5th cm

A. 0.21 cm

107. Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel ? A. 1 MHz B. 2.25 MHz C. 5 MHz D. 10 MHz

A. 1 MHz

196. Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? A. 1 MHz B. 2.25 MHz C. 5 MHz D. 10 MHz

A. 1 MHz

149. When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following information is known: velocity of sound in water=1.49 x 105 cm/s, velocity of longitudinal waves in aluminum=6.32 x 105 cm/s, and angle of incidence = 5 degrees. The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is approximately: A. 22 degrees B. 18 degrees C. 26 degrees D. 16 degrees

A. 22 degrees

127. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 635,000 cm/s and has a frequency of 1 MHz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is: A. 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) B. 78 mm (3.1 in.) C. 1.9 mm (63.5 ft) D. 30000 A.

A. 6.35 mm (0.25 in.)

161. Acoustic lens elements with which of the following permit focusing the sound energy to enter cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line focus? A. Cylindrical curvatures B. Spherical lens curvatures C. Convex shapes D. Concave shapes

A. Cylindrical curvatures

53. In which zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish exponentially as the distance increased? A. Far-field zone B. Near-field zone C. Dead zone D. Fresnal zone

A. Far-field zone

92. In general, which of the following modes of vibration would have the greatest penetrating power in a coarse grained material if the frequency of the waves is the same? A. Longitudinal waves B. Shear waves C. Transverse waves D. Rayleigh waves

A. Longitudinal waves

106. What kind of waves travel at a velocity slightly less than shear waves and their mode of propagation is both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the surface? A. Rayleigh waves B. Transverse waves C. L-waves D. Longitudinal waves

A. Rayleigh waves

132. The velocity of sound is lowest in: A. air B. water C. aluminum D. plastic

A. air

54. A smooth, flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation may be indicated by: A. an echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back-surface reflection, as well as complete loss of the back-surface reflection B. an echo whose amplitude is steady across the discontinuity surface C. an increase in backwall with no response from discontinuity D. the absence of an indication

A. an echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back-surface reflection, as well as complete loss of the back-surface reflection

77. The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating to discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is called: A. an electronic gate B. an electronic attenuator C. a distance amplitude correction circuit D. a fixed marker

A. an electronic gate

100. The sin 01 over V1 = sin 02 over V2 formula is used to determine: A. angular relationships B. phase velocities C. amount of reflected sound energy D. acoustic impedance

A. angular relationships

184. To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the the first back reflection when inspection aluminum by the immersion method (water is used as a couplant), it is necessart to have a minimum of at least 25 mm (1 in.) of water for every _________of aluminum. A. 51 mm (2 in.) B. 102 mm (4 in.) C. 152 mm (6 in.) D. 203 mm (8 in.)

B. 102 mm (4 in.)

25. The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is approximately: A. 1:8 B. 1:4 C. 1:3 D. 1:2

B. 1:4

165. Because the velocity of sound in aluminum is apprizimately 245,000 in./s, for sound to travel through 25 mm (1 in.) of aluminum, it takes: A. 1/8 s B. 4 hs C. 4 ms D. 1/4 x 10 to the 4th s

B. 4 hs

73. If you were requested to design a plastic shoe to generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum, what would be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy ? Va= 3.1 x 10 to the 5th cm/s Vp= 2.6 x 10 to the 5th cm/s (Trigonometry Tables Required) A. 37 degrees B. 57 degrees C. 75 degrees D. 48 degrees

B. 57 degrees

180. In cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected is smaller than the diameter of the transducer, what can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of angles? A. A scrubber B. A collimator C. An angle plane angulator D. A jet-stream unit

B. A collimator

46. which best describes a typical display of a crack whose major surface is perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam? A. A broad indication B. A sharp indication C. The indication will not show due to improper orientation D. A broad indication with high amplitude

B. A sharp indication

6. Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. Which of the following represents a mode? A. High frequency ultrasonic waves B. A shear wave C. The dissipation factor D. The wave movement in the direction from the point where the energy was introduced.

B. A shear wave

17. Where does beam divergence occur? A. Near field B. Far field C. At the crystal D. At the interface

B. Far field

29. What law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and shear waves? A. Poissons ratio law B. Snells law C. Fresnels law D. Charles law

B. Snells law

131. Which of the following is not an advantage of contact ultrasonic transducers (probes) adapted with plastic shoes? A. Most of the crystal wear is eliminated B. Adaptation to curved surfaces is permitted C. Sensitivity is increased D. Ultrasound is allowed to enter a part's surface at oblique angles

C. Sensitivity is increased

20. When examining materials for planar flaws oriented parallel to the part surface, what testing method is most often used? A. Angle beam B. Through-transmission C. Straight beam D. Dual crystal

C. Straight beam

181. Which of the following is more likely to limit the maximum scanning speed in immersion testing? A. The frequency of the transducer B. Viscous drag problems C. The pulse repetition rate of the test instrument D. The persistency of the ultrasonic instrument display

C. The pulse repetition rate of the test instrument

41. In straight (normal) beam contact testing, which of the following would NOT result in a reduction in the back-surface reflection amplitude: A. the usage of a high-viscosity couplant B. a discontinuity that is normal to the beam C. a near-surface discontinuity that cannot be resolved from the main bang (initial pulse) D. a coarse-grain material

C. a near-surface discontinuity that cannot be resolved from the main bang (initial pulse)

118. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that activates the transducer is called: A. an amplifier B. a receiver C. a pulser D. a synchronizer

C. a pulser

96. A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid is referred to as: A. a couplant B. an ultrasonic dampener C. a wetting agent D. a solvent

C. a wetting agent

45. A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tire-like container filled with couplant is commonly called: A. a rotating scanner B. an axial scanner C. a wheel transducer D. circular scanner

C. a wheel transducer

193. Attenuation is the loss of the ultrasonic wave energy during the course of propagation in the material due to: A. reflection and refraction B. dispersion and diffraction C. absorption and scattering D. composition and shape

C. absorption and scattering

59. The control of voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the instrument display in an A-scan UT setup is performed by the: A. sweep generator B. pulser C. amplifier circuit D. clock timer

C. amplifier circuit

61. The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a flat test part when inspecting by the immersion method is by: A. transmission longitudinal waves into part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface B. using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies C. angulating the search tube or manipulator to the proper angle D. using the Y-cut quartz crystal

C. angulating the search tube or manipulator to the proper angle

183. Surface waves energy levels are concentrated at what dept below the surface? A. 25 mm (1 in.) B. 102 mm (4 in.) C. 1 wavelength D. 4 wavelengths

C. 1 wavelength

14. In Figure 1, assuming a uniform beam pattern, what relationship would you expect to exist between the amplitudes of the reflected laminar signals at positions A and B? A. 12 dB difference B. Equal amplitudes C. 2 to 1 D. 3 to 1

C. 2 to 1

72. In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel at an incident angle of 14 degrees what is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material? Vs= 3.2 x 10 to the 5th cm/s Vw= 1.5 x 10 to the 5th cm/s (Trigonometry Tables Required) A. 45 degrees B. 23 degrees C. 31 degrees D. 13 degrees

C. 31 degrees

49. Which of the following is a reference reflector that is not dependent on beam angle? A. A flat-bottom hole B. A V-notch C. A side-drilled hole which is parallel the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound path D. A disk-shaped laminar reflector

C. A side-drilled hole which is parallel the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound path

134. The velocity of longitudinal waves is the highest in: A. Water B. Air C. Aluminum D. Plastic

C. Aluminum

39. Of the following scan types, which one can be used to produce a recording of discontinuity areas superimposed over a plan view of the test piece? A. A-scan B. B-scan C. C-scan D. D-scan

C. C-scan

36. Which circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display? A. Receiver-amplifier B. Power supply C. Clock D. Damping

C. Clock

16. Which of the following may result in a long, narrow rod if the beam divergence results in a reflection from a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface? A. Multiple indications before the first back reflection B. Indications from multiple surface reflections C. Conversion from the longitudinal mode to shear mode at the perimeter of the beam. D. Loss of front-surface indications.

C. Conversion from the longitudinal mode to shear mode at the perimeter of the beam.

32. Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which of the following types of examination? A. Contact testing of aluminum plates B. Through-transmission testing of impeller shafts C. Longitudinal wave and / or shear wave examination D. Angle beam testing on beam-to-column T-joint complete penetration welds

C. Longitudinal wave and / or shear wave examination

143. The ratio of stress to strain in a material within the elastic limit is called: A. Young's modulus B. the impedance ratio C. Poisson's ratio D. refractive index

C. Poisson's ratio

191. In a plate, skip distance can be calculated from which of the following formulas where (t=plate thickness, 0=angle of sound beam refraction, and V=sound velocity): A. S = (2 x t) / tan 0 B. S = 2 x t x sin 0 C. S = 2 x t x tan 0 D. S = 2 x V x sin 0

C. S = 2 x t x tan 0

26. Which of the following scanning methods could be classified as an immersion-type test? A. Contact angle beam testing B. Surface wave technique with a plastic transducer wedge C. Scanning with a wheel-type transducer with the transducer inside a liquid filled tire D. Through-transmission technique with shear waves

C. Scanning with a wheel-type transducer with the transducer inside a liquid filled tire

170. The greatest amount of attenuation losses take place at: A. 1 MHz B. 2.25 MHz C. 5 MHz D. 10 MHz

D. 10 MHz

103. Which one of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation losses? A. 1 MHz B. 2.25 MHz C. 10 MHz D. 25 MHz

D. 25 MHz

90. Which of the following modes of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength at a given frequency and in a given material? A. A longitudinal wave B. A compression wave C. A shear wave D. A surface wave

D. A surface wave

194. In immersion shear wave testing, waves are normally generated by angulating the transducer beyond the first critical angle. What is the direction of the material's particle motion? A. The same as the wave propagation B. Normal to the material surface C. Parallel to the direction of wave propagation D. Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

D. Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

38. On an A-scan display, what represents the intensity of a reflected beam? A. Echo pulse width B. Horizontal screen location C. Signal brightness D. Signal amplitude

D. Signal amplitude

99. The sin 01 over V1 = sin 02 over V2 formula is referred to as: A. the acoustical impedance ratio formula B. the phase conversion formula C. the Fresnel zone formula D. Snell's Law

D. Snell's Law

195. Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly dampened out when testing by the immersion method ? A. Longitudinal waves B. Shear waves C. Transverse waves D. Surface waves

D. Surface waves

122. The instrument displays a plan view of the part outline and discontinuities when using: A. automatic readout equipment B. an A-scan presentation C. a B-scan presentation D. a C-scan presentation

D. a C-scan presentation

139. A void caused by gas entrapped in a casting is called: A. a burst B. cold shut C. flaking D. a blowhole

D. a blowhole

86. A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called: A. a continuous wave B. a peaked DC voltage C. an ultrasonic wave D. a pulse

D. a pulse