Unit 1 CHAPTER 3 (5)

What parts of cell membranes give flexibility to the structure?

phospholipids and cholesterol

In most proteins, what is the tertiary level of its structure?

the functional form of the protein

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

the number of hydrogen atoms on the triglycerides

Which structural level of proteins is most often associated with their biological function?

the tertiary structure (the tertiary structure is what controls the basic function of the protein and their interactions with other molecules, including other proteins of the same or other types to form quaternary structure)

Carboxyl

-COOH; carboxylic acids such as fatty acids and sugars; acidic properties because it tends to ionize; source of H+ ions. also found in amino acids

Amino

-NH2; amines such as amino acids

Hydroxyl

-OH; alcohols such as ethanol, methanol; helps dissolve molecules such as sugars

Sulfhydryl

-SH; this group is found in some amino acids; forms disulfide bridges in proteins

What are the functions of lipids?

-energy storage -protection of vital organs -insulation

Carbonyl

<CO; ketones and aldehydes such as sugars

What are three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or animals?

Lipids serve to store energy in the form of triglycerides in the adipose tissues, and act as structural molecules in the formation of steroid hormones such as testosterone and progesterone that are produced from lipid cholesterol. Lastly, they are an important component of the bilayer plasma membrane.

How does the formation of nucleic acid polymers differ from the formation of polysaccharides?

Monosaccharides, the building blocks of polysaccharides, bond together through the removal of water, not phosphates. Nucleotides, on the other hand, are the building blocks of nucleic acids and require a phosphate to be removed before they bond with another nucleotide.

Phosphate

PO3 organic phosphate including ATP, DNA, AND phospholipid

What are the differences in the way lipids are found or function in plants and animals?

Plants store starch and do not have bile salts whereas animals store triglycerides as long term energy storage and have bile salts.

How does hydrolysis apply to polymers?

Polymers break by separating water into hydrogen and hydroxyl group that are added to the monomers

How do rumninates digest cellulose?

Specialized bacteria and protists are found in the digestive tracts of these animals making cellulase that result in cellulose breakdown.

Which of these describe some of the similarities and differences between glycogen and starch?

Starch is less branched than glycogen and is an important energy storage molecule in plants and they both serve the function of energy storage pollysaccharides , while glycogen is an important energy storage molecule in animals.

What type of compound functions in hormone production, contributes to membrane flexibility, and is the starting molecule for bile salts?

Steroids serve in the hormone production and cholesterol contributes to membrane flexibility, and precursor for bile salt production.

Why are lipids not composed of polymers ?

bc they are made of many other components such as wax, oils, fats, and steroids

Methyl

CH3; addition of a methyl group affects expression of genes

Where are β-1,4 glycosidic linkages found?

Cellulose is made up of glucose monomers that are linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. There are no αα or 1,6 glycosidic linkages in cellulose.

What is the major difference between chitin and other types of polysaccharides?

Chitin is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, with repeating units of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine, a modified sugar.

What are the the two functions of polysaccharides ?

energy storage -starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants (dench) -glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals vertebrates muscle cells and liver cells structural support -cellulose major component of plant cells walls -chitin exosketon of arthopods such as lobster and insects and cell walls of fungi

Which hormones are made from cholesterol?

estradiol and testosterone

What type of protein carries chemical messages through the body?

hormones

How can energy be supplied to chemical reactions?

hydrolysis, energy is absorbed during dehydration synthesis

Which fat serves as an animal's major form of energy storage?

triglycerides