Unit 1- New Imperialism and India
Why Sepoy Rebellion was a key event leading to independence
Begining of mistrust in British and begging of road to independence- unified Indians
How British rule in India leads to partition
British wanted to be able to keep complete control/suppress their activities/draw a unified front/quell antibritish attitudes that might spread, some Muslims wanted more positions of authority, most Hindus did not want this
Consequences of colonial rule:
Changed west society/colonies... established global economy Colonies- natuve culture/industry destroyed. Living poor bc natural wealth funneled to the mother countries Confrontation- western nations had control and imperials exploited/abused people (China and India) but also new medicine/sanitation Political problems- unites people under single gov. (Rwanda/Nigeria), ethnic issues/ tensions among western powers
Indira Gandhi leadership as prime minister, initiatives, assassination, why important to Modern India
Daughter of Nehru. Became Prime Minister during a period of monumental change for India- The Green Revolution. Nationalized India's largest banks and, later, its insurance companies and coal mines. Country's economy stagnated and corruption sapped the government's strength to deal with economic concerns. India tested its first nuclear device in 1974.A 1975 court decision declared Gandhi's 1971 election victory had been illegally managed by a government employee. In response, she declared a state of emergency, suspended civil liberties, and jailed thousands of opponents. She was victorious in 1980. Gandhi used massive military force to expel Sick extremists who had taken over a shrine. . In retaliation, two of Gandhi's own Sikh bodyguards gunned her down.
Benefits of British Imperial Rule in India for British
Economic- new markets to se;ll what they could not on their own continent, new resources for cheap labor and raw materials, Colonies were crucial to military power and social status, and now british has navy safe harbors (coaling stations) (for war time) Great source of natural resources and its 300 million people were a large potential market for British made goods British set policies that forced India to give Britain raw materials, buy British goods, and prohibited competition to their trade- Britain created a monopoly and wouldn't let other countries trade with India
Jawaharlal Nehru leadership as prime minister, initiatives, why important to Modern India
First prime minister after India got its independence. As a socialist, he created five year plans to increase industrial production. India dedicated itself to democracy and secularism. New constitution made parliamentary government. Nehru tried to be a leader of non-aligned nations, those siding with neither the United States nor the Soviet Union. India was humiliated. Daughter is Indra Gandhi. He helped to make the struggle of the people in the princely states a part of the nationalist movement for independence. Nehru was also given the responsibility of planning the economy of a future India and appointed the National Planning Commission in 1938 to help in framing such policies.
Indian National Congress when/why formed, goals, leadership, why an important organization in struggle for independence
In 1885 In Bombay, seventy educated Indian men (one former British official) gathered to discuss their concerns about British rule. They were frustrated with the British for excluding Indians from the government- Indians lacked a voice in the top levels of administration and in the local assemblies. The group met every year and became known as the Indian National Congress. By the turn of the century, the Congress took on a new role in mass political organizing. The majority of its members were Hindu. Organized mass anti-British and pro-independence movements- such as the swadeshi movement.
Relationship between Independent India and Pakistan trade, defense, territorial disputes
India and Pakistan have a difficult relationship. The tensions between the two countries have been high for many years. Kashmir, a state in the Himalayas, has been disrupted over for a very long time. Packistans Justifications- Kashmir was overwhelmingly Muslim, it belonged to the Muslim community of which Pakistan envisioned itself. India's justifications- India's justifications were that as a secular nation, it could encompass all of its ethnic and religious communities. India also argued that Kashmiri peasants, although Muslims, were drawn to India's promise of land reform. Have a more stable economy in terms of industrialization and diversification. Pakistan is more agricultural. India has more civil liberties. These disputes have caused both countries to amp up their nuclear warfare. This is very concerning for the rest of the world because these two, non-aligned nations are posing the threat of nuclear warfare.
Modern India form of government and challenges after indpendence and results
India has a democratic form of government. The Prime minister is the head of government and the president is the head of state. Despite the internal conflicts in India, the idea of democracy has thrived. India is a democratic and socialist nation, with a strong government using its influence to make a strong nation. India has capitalism and a free market economy. Very different from times of Imperialism in India. Challenges: They will have to figure out a new sense of government They have to figure out trade partners Out of jobs Very few highly educated individuals who were taught by Western powers to teach The new colonies are not unified They don't have their own cultures, as it has been influenced off of the other country because they have different cultures, religions, etc. Determine their type of economics- what the Europeans left and what they took The nation has faced religious violence, casteism, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies. India has unresolved territorial disputes with China which in 1962 escalated into the Sino-Indian War, and with Pakistan which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999.
Mohandas Gandhi philosophy, role in advancing independence and social equality, major campaigns, and assassination ahimsa civil disobedience, satyagraha, boycott
Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. Wrote a famous letter to people of Britain. Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of India's non-violent independence movement against British rule and in South Africa who advocated for the civil rights of Indians. Born in Porbandar, India, Gandhi studied law and organized boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience. Gandhi's first major achievement was in 1918 when he led the Champaran and Kheda agitations of Bihar and Gujarat. He also led the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Swaraj, and Quit-India movement against the British government. Gandhi identified his overall method of nonviolent action as Satyagraha.
Negatives of British Imperial Rule in India
Made them farm food to make money (instead of food to eat) ex:tea. They were not making enough food. British has too much political and economic power: Emphasis on cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency for many villagers Reduced food production and caused famine native culture/industry destroyed. Living poor bc natural wealth funneled to the mother countries
Massacre at Amritsar effects and why key event in road to indpendence
Many violent protests Gandhi called of his satyagraha campaign and launched the non-cooperation movement setting into motion a process of decolonization that profoundly shaped the 20th century. The events at Jallianwala Bagh, in the Indian city of Amritsar, marked the beginning of the resistance against colonial governance throughout the world
Muhammad Ali Jinnah role in Indian independence/partition, and Pakistan
On Indian National Congress, then joined Muslim League and gained it widespread support. At the Muslim League's 1940 annual convention in Lahore, a city in Punjab, Jinnah demanded that Muslims be recognized as a nation deserving of its own "homelands." Jinnah's declaration became known as the Lahore Resolution. (was somewhat vague) Jinnah's claim that Muslims represented a separate nation, not just a religious minority, showed to Congress and the British that the League expected an equal seat at the table when it came to discussing India's future.
Modern Pakistan form of government, challenges after independence and results
Pakistan has a more autocratic form of government leadership. People tried to make the country more democratic. But, their attempts failed. Leaders who followed Jinnah and Ali Khan often used repressive measures. In 1953, a precedent was established for the military to help rule. Army used to take full power. Several rulers ruled directly and it was common for them to use martial law and imprison their political opponents. Two civilian prime ministers relied on their personal power, often engaging in patronage and nepotism. Challenges: Pakistan had little funding and The on-going conflict with India cut off Pakistan's major market. Most of the commercial leaders of West Pakistan were Hindus or Sikhs who fled the area. In addition, Pakistan had a border dispute with its fellow Muslim nation of Afghanistan (the only nation to vote against Pakistan's admission to the United Nations in 1947 In 1956 Pakistan was declared an Islamic Republic, but the meaning of those words were debated among three groups- Liberals, fundamentalists, and traditional religious leaders How could a modern economy exist with a religious prohibition against the charging of interest? Like India, Pakistan still searches for its vision. Unlike India, Pakistan has not had much opportunity to practice democracy. Don't know whether to be Islamic State or State for Muslims. Results: East Pakistan revolted and became part of Bangladesh
Motivating Factors for New Imperialism social, political/national, technological, economic
Social- Darwinism- survival of the fittest (natural selection). Countries thought they were superior so in order to save everyone else, it was their duty to civilize them by conquering them. Believed it was their "moral obligation" to "civilize" other nations. Colonies were also status symbols. Empire building associated with national greatness, and social and religious reasons that promoted the superiority of Western society over "backward" societies. political/national- colonies were crucial to military power, national security, and nationalism (strong navy too), needed safe harbors and coaling stations (for war time). Colonies were also status symbols Technological- Tech and improved medical knowledge(allowed Euopeans to travel and survive diseases) helped to foster imperialism. Steamboats allowed Europeans to travel to diff. Countries, telegraphs to communicate, and machine guns to get people to accept control. Economic- to expand their markets globally to sell what could not sell on their own continent Need for cheap labor/ raw materials >>>> industrial nations control unexplored areas Businessmen and bankers had excess capital to invest, and foreign investments offered the incentive of greater profits, despite the risks. Only by directly controlling these regions, which meant setting up colonies under their direct control, could the industrial economy work effectively Religious- Missionaries believed colonization would help them spread Christianity
examples of social, political, and economic consequences of imperialism-
Social- brought confrontation between cultures. The pressures to westernize forced the colonial people to reevaluate their traditions and to work at discouraging such customs as foot binding in China and sati in India. Political- European nations disrupted many traditional political units and united rival peoples under single governments that tried to impose stability and order where local conflicts had existed for years (ex: Nigeria and Rwanda). Ethnic conflicts developed in the latter half of the twentieth century in many of these areas. Tension developed among the Western powers. (ex: Rivalries between France and Great Britain over Sudan, between France and Germany over Morocco, and over the Ottoman Empire) Economic- the transfer of goods, money, and technology regulated in an orderly way to ensure a continuous flow of natural resources and cheap labor for the industrialized world. Because colonies were used as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods, colonies couldnt develop industries and natives got nothing back in return
effects of sepoy rebellion
Some effects of the rebellion were a bitter legacy and a mistrust on both sides. The rebellion also resulted in the brutal massacre of British men, women, and children. Tensions were high and with the failure of this violent mutiny arose peaceful protests in later years in order to be released from British rule. British tried to strengthen their authority by reorganizing the military, restricting Indians through legislation, etc... It led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through passage of the Government of India Act 1858.
Sepoy Rebellion causes
The Sepoy Rebellion was caused by the lack of respect of Indian culture by the British who truly believed that they were the superior race. As the British EIC policies increase economic problems for Indians, so did their feelings of resentment and nationalism. tried to force the Indians to convert to Christiranity putting missionaries on the streets to tell them their religion was fake putting cow and pig meat into the gun cartridges The English intended to make all Brahmins Christian and to break the castes by making them eat beef or pork There were no native Indian representatives in the Indian Legislative Council sepoys in the East India Company army saw their pay decline The new officers did not have the same sympathy or respect as the previous generation did The Doctrine of Lapse: allowed the British to extend its control into an Indian territory when the native ruler died Company used this Doctrine to take over the town of Oudh Oudh was such a rich and historic part of India that this seizure was seen as a cultural insult and considered to be the final outrage of British conquest.
New Imperialism
The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.a period of colonial expansion by Western European powers, the United States, Russia and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (gained its impetus from economic, military, political, humanitarian, and religious reasons, as well as from the development and acceptance of a new theory—Social Darwinism— and advances in technology)
Massacre at Amritsar causes and storyline
Weeks after a very violent protest in Amritsar against the British, a crowd of villagers from surrounding towns met in the square of Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar without realizing that a ban on public gatherings had gone into the effect the previous day. They had no intention to riot or use violence, but the British perceived them as a threat. British General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire upon the crowd. At least 370 Indians were killed and approximately one thousand wounded
Muslim League when/why formed, goals, leadership, why an important organization in struggle for independence
While the swadeshi movement was still underway, British planned to give Indians representation in government. A group of wealthy Muslims (landholders) feared that Congress, as the largest political party at the time, would win all legislative seats open to Indians. From their view, Congress was an organization with a larger number of Hindu members and, therefore, would not be concerned with the interests of the Muslim upper class. A delegation from this group petitioned Viceroy Minto to reserve a number of seats on legislative councils for Muslims. They argued that reserved seats would ensure Muslim interests were heard. The delegation that met with Minto founded a political party known as the Muslim League. Formed in 1906 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
direct versus indirect rule and examples benefits and challenges
definition of direct rule- local rulers removed/replaced w/ set of officials from mother country. (Especially in the case when local rulers resisted colNot onization.) (ex: Burma) definition of indirect rule- a system of government of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers. (Made it easier to gain access to an area's natural resources. It also lowered the cost of government, because fewer officials had to be trained. Indirect rule also had less impact on local culture. ex : Dutch east Indies) Indirect rule- Benefits: Made it easier to gain access to an area's natural resources. It also lowered the cost of government, because fewer officials had to be trained. Indirect rule also had less impact on local culture. ex : Dutch east Indies). Challenges: hard to control any resistance and hard to gain the trust of those leaders Direct rule- Benefit: Only by directly controlling these regions, which meant setting up colonies under their direct control, could the industrial economy work effectively. Challenge: cost more money and fewer trained colonial officials
definition of history and differences in 3 different types of sources
definition of history- The study of the human experience over time definition of primary source and examples- raw data, original sources of data before they have been analyzed (ex: interviews, diaries, speeches, birth certificates) definition of secondary source and examples- sources that analyze or interpret primary data. They do not offer new information. (Biographies, journal articles, textbooks) definition of tertiary source and examples- sources that compile data on a particular topic (ex: encyclopedias, indexes, literature reviews)
Definition of Nationalism
identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
Extra info:
impact of WWII and nationalist resistance movements on decolonization- World war two crystallized opposition to empires and fueled self-determination and nationalism for many people and accelerated the decolonization of many empires. (Turkish Ottoman Empire). After WW2, the number of independent nations more than doubled. Nationalist movements emerged in response to imperialism in South Asia, China, and Africa. In each area, elite groups of Western-educated intellectuals led resistance to imperialism.
examples of institutions established by European imperialist nations-
military, police department, schools, newspaper, libraries, fire-department, navies, roads, transportation, mail, hospitals/health care, etc...
Positives British Rule in India for India
now had the 3rd largest railroad network: Increased its value to Britain even more as India could now easily transport raw materials from interior to the ports Railroads also led to the development of a modern economy and unity among the regions
value extraction and its effects on European nations and colonized nations (raw materials exported)-
the capturing of value from other stakeholders, either outside or inside the corporation, by manipulating the competitive market process to the company's advantage. In the same way businesses used value extraction to conduct affairs, Western Europeans were "buying up" their competition through colonization/imperialism. Exists when certain groups contain an unfair advantage in a market- (wester european powers more powerful and have advantage because of colonies). All about the mining.- gold, silver, copper, silk, etc... Rubber exports- anything of value taken out of the colony itself. (today: oil/naturalgas/copper/coal)