Unit 1, Period 1: Native American Societies before European Contact through Permanent English Settlement, 1491 - 1607
Who most likely wrote the following passage: "The Spanish have a perfect right to rule these barbarians of the New World... they are as inferior to the Spanish as children to adults"
Juan de Sepulveda
Woodland mound builders
(northeast) An American Indian community that constructed mounds for cultural and residential purposes. The mounds helped with natural disaster and flooding, which attracted more American Indian communities to ally, creating an expandments of hunting and agriculture
Iroquois Confederation
(northeast) a matriarchal union of five tribes who's livelihood was farming, hunting, and fishing. has a multi-tribe alliance with the New York region, because of the large council hunting and agriculture was done more efficiently, with the women attending to the crops and men hunting
Algonquian
(northeast) a society and type of language spoken by various American Indians. The language and its people used to communicate more easily between the tribes in order to farm, fish, and hunt.
Pueblos
(southwest) A group of Native Americans in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that created complex societies supported by farming maize. They used advanced irrigation systems to support this farming in this dry region
Catholic Church and their Missions:
: Another force of colonization was the Catholic Church. Catholicism was the only religion allowed from Mexico south in the new territories. By the seventeenth century, Catholic mission's goal was to convert natives.
Valladoid Debate
A formal debate over the role of Indians in the Spanish colonies. Establishing arguments on the justice of Indians.
Native American Reaction
After the natives Americans interacted with the new Europeans and faced discrimination they tried everything in order to survive. Diplomatic negotiation within the tribes allied themselves with different European powers
Explorer Vasco de Balboa:
Another Spaniard, Vasco de Balboa fought his way across the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. Balboa was the first European to see the great ocean which separated America from China and the Indies.
Exploration and Conquest:
Beginning around 1400, the Portuguese expanded overseas. Portugal also took the leading role in the African slave trade. Spain also undertook Europe's first conquests in the Americas.
Domestic livestock to the New World:
Cattle, Sheep Pigs, Horses.
The Europeans Arrive: Crusades:
Caused Europeans demand for spices and other Asian goods from the markets of the east. European merchants were blocked from the sources of these goods by Islamic powers in the Middle East and took a different route to Asia, leading them to find the Americas.
European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic, and military competition, and a desire to spread _
Christianity
The movement of people, animals, crops and diseases between the Western Hemisphere and Europe is known as:
Columbian Exchange
Why Maize Cultivation:
Corn or maize planting reached the present-day America Southwest as early as 2000 BCE. The spread of maize cultivation from present-day molded the Pueblo culture. The Pueblo peoples in the Rio Grande valley built intricate irrigation systems to water the cornfields.
1519:
Cortes enters Mexico
Harnando Cortes:
Cortes led a military expedition of about 600 men into Mexico. Cortes had been a Spanish government official in Cuba for fourteen years and with little success. Instead of finding gold, he met a strong resistance from the Aztecs.
Midwest Settlements
East of the Mississippi River, the Wood land American Indians supported by hunting, fishing, and agriculture, many permanent settlements developed in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. The Adena-Hopewell culture (centered in Ohio) famous for the large earthen mounds it created Cahokia (near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois), with as many as 30,000 inhabitants.
The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported:
Economic development, Settlement, Advanced irrigation, Social diversification among societies.
Europe Looks Westward:
Europeans were almost entirely unaware of the existence of the Americas before the fifteenth century. A few wanderers, such as Leif Erikson, an eleventh century Norse seaman, had crossed the Atlantic to the New World. However, after the fifteenth century, new technologies, and conditions allowed for exploration and growth.
Colombian exchange
Exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Columbus:
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain sponsored the voyage landing on the island in the Bahamas (San Salvador). Wanted to convert natives to Christianity. Encomienda system: forcing Natives to Spanish plantations, exchange for benefits of Spanish protection. Columbian Exchange: flow of products across the Atlantic.
Motivations of the Exploration in the New World:
For religious convictions, Columbus was fulfilling a divine mission. Columbus was also interested in geography and trade.
The causes of European exploration of the Americas can be summarized by which phrase?
God, Gold, and Glory
Hernando de Soto:
Hernando de Soto also had a futile search for gold, silver, and jewels in the New World. Led several expeditions (1539 to 1541) through Florida. First white man to have crossed the Mississippi River.
English Claims
John Cabot, an Italian sea captain who sailed under contract to England's King Henry VII, who explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497
Dutch Claims
Netherlands sponsored voyages and hired Henry Hudson (Hudson River) established claims to the surrounding area that would become New Amsterdam (and later New York).
A New Complex Racial Hierarchy:
New settlers from the Spanish Empire outnumbered European women from ten to one. Spanish immigrants had substantial sexual contact with native women. Intermarriage became frequent and new mixed race between Spaniards and Natives are called mestizos.
Florida
Spanish established a permanent settle ment at St. Augustine in 1565
Labor and Slavery:
The Canary islands were used as naval base. Europeans used it to conduct raids of villages and capture Africans to sell into slavery. Eventually, some Africans participated in the slave trade and usually sold members of warring groups to Europeans. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World Into Spheres of influence between Spain and Portugal. Overall, the native people and resources who were most affected by the Treaty did not fare well.
Spanish Agricultural Economy:
The Spanish settlers also traveled to the New World to create a profitable agricultural economy. The Spanish settlers helped established elements of European civilization in the Americas that permanently altered both the landscape and the social structure.
1492:
Voyage of Columbus to the Americas
The Europeans Arrive: Portugues:
developed the caravel (sailing ship for long ocean voyages) and improved navigation aids including astrolabe and compass.
Woodland Indians-
first people encountered by English settlers. Lived in the eastern forests and spoke Algonquian and Iroquoian.
Inca-
largest empire in America; capital Cusco Peru. South parts of Chile and Argentina; capital Cusco Peru. South parts of Chile and Argentina through north portions in modern Columbia. Had a road system.
Which technological improvements promoted European exploration of the Western Hemisphere in the 15th and 16th centuries
sextant, joint stock company, compass, caravel
Puebloans-
southwest . Had villages and towns
Europeans introduced new food crops:
sugar and bananas
Context
understanding an event or document in relation to what else was happening at the same time, in the same area, or within the same long-term process.
The Tuscaroras
were farther south in the Carolinas and Georgia.
The Encomienda system
● Early 16th century ● Spanish system of control over natives and much of the Americas ● Nicolas de Ovando creator ● It gave royal grants of land from the Spanish crown to Spaniards ● In return the Spanish promise to Christianize the natives living on the land; Spanish gained tribute from the natives ● Most natives were treated harshly; heavy manual labor- building roads and infrastructure ● Encomiendas became wealthy due to the discovery of gold and silver
Native American pre-contact
● Maize also known as corn was a significant for sores in present day Mexico and South West US ● NW US native hunted, finished, and foraged. ● Great basin and plains- predominately hunting lack of natural resources ● NE US- mix of agriculture and hunting
Great city of Cahokia (Illinois):
1200s may have been home to 20,000 people
Reasons For European Exploration:
3 G's- gold, glory, and god Search for new resources of wealth- gold and silver Economic and military competition: English defeat of the Spanish Armada Desire to spread Christianity: Major goal of the Spanish (Catholicism) Mission System: outposts throughout the Americas to help convert natives
Bartolome de Las Casas
A European who became an advocate for better treatment of Indians. Persuaded the king to institute the New Laws of 1542 that gave native Americans some freedom
Lakota Sioux
A Native American tribe that lived in the Great Plains, who hunted buffalo in order to survive. They were introduced to horses and this resulted in amore agile form to obtain buffalos when they would go hunting, this caused migration of the tribe and increase of population within the tribe
Juan de Sepulveda
A priest who argued that Indians were less than human. Played part of the debate in the role of treatment of the Indians which neither side won
Feudalism
A social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return. This system was transferred to the Americas during colonization
Capitalism
A way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people. This system was popular in Europe during the time of colonization
New Technology used by the Explorers:
Advances in technology such as the sextant helped the explorers navigate sea travel. A sextant is an instrument used for navigation for determining latitude and longitude. Ships, called caravels, were able to sail the Atlantic from Europe to the Americas. By 1450, the Portuguese mariners overcame obstacles and developed a caravel. Caravels allowed early explorers to sail with the wind.
Asiento system:
African slaves brought to the Americas and required the spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas. West African groups negotiated with Europeans, resulting in thousands of slaves coming to the Americas and contributing to Slave labor.
Northeast Settlements
Adena-Hopewell culture spread from the Ohio Valley into New York. The Iroquois Confederation, a political union of five independent tribes who lived in the Mohawk Valley of New York. The five tribes were the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk.
Christianity as a Tool of Control:
After the Crusades, Christians felt as if their reason for being was to spread the gospel. Often forcefully, missionaries imposed their religious views on others. Natives who were either forced to convert or did so voluntarily, often merged their traditional religious practices with the tenets of Christianity. Similarly, Africans also merged their traditional forms of worship with those of Christianity. Both Africans and Native Americans developed a creolized form of Christianity that was reflective of their respective cultures.
The English settlers in North America encountered the Woodland Indians who lived on the bounty of the eastern forests, hunting and gathering their food; two major languages were
Algonquian and Iroquoian.
Language
American Indian languages constituted more than 20 language families (400 distinct languages). Among the largest of these were Algonquian in the Northeast, Siouan on the Great Plains, and Athabaskan in the Southwest.
Increased Migrations and Resulting Conflict:
And other European groups came to the New World, they competed with each other for land, resources, and the conquest of native populations. The first permanent settlement in North America was St. Augustine, Florida, established by the Spanish in 1565. The first British permanent settlement in North America was not established until 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. As we shall see in later videos, the development and progress of the new colonies in North America relied as the foundation for success and survival. In time, the competition among Europeans resulted in major conflicts including the defining Seven Years' War, The French and Indian War, between 1756 and 1763, that secured British dominance in the New World.
Atlantic Seaboard Settlements
Area from New Jersey south to Florida lived the people of the Coastal Plains Descendants of the Woodland mound builders, built timber and bark lodgings along rivers, which provided a rich source of food.
Rapid Review:
Economic difficulties in Europe, the desire for geographic knowledge, the desire to acquire lands, riches, and raw materials, and the desire to spread christianity all caused Europeans to become interested in the Americas. Cortes, Francisco Pizarro, and other Spanish conquistadors entered much of Central America, South America, the southeastern section of North America, and the area now known as Florida, conquering the Aztecs, the Incas, and other Native American tribes. Guns, horses, and diseases brought from Europe all aided the Spanish in their efforts to defeat the native tribes. The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of animals, plants, diseases, and ideas that took place between the Western Hemisphere and Europe as a result of initial Spanish and Portuguese exploration
Native American Societies Before European Contact:
Geographic and environmental factors including competition over and debates about natural resources. The contact shapes the development of America and fosters regional diversity in the Americas or the New World. This unit illustrates the diversity of different Native societies in the Americas.
French Claims
Giovanni da Verrazano explored part of North America's eastern coast, including the New York harbor. Jacques Cartier (1534-1542), who explored the St. Lawrence River extensively. Permanent settlements in America was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River. Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette explored the upper Mississippi River, and in 1682, Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi basin (Louisiana)
Bartholomeu Dias
In 1486, rounded the southern tip of Africa in the Cape of Good Hope. under the command of Pedro Cabral, and the fleet was blown off the coast westward and ended up on the coast of Brazil.
Vasco de Gama
In 1497 to 1498, proceeded all the way around the cape to India. under the command of Pedro Cabral, and the fleet was blown off the coast westward and ended up on the coast of Brazil.
Pueblo Revolt or Pope's Rebellion of 1680:
In the Southwest, the conquistadors settled in the Rio Grande Valley in 1598. Led by Don Juan de Onate, the Spaniards cruelly abused the Pueblos they encountered. In the Battle of Acoma, in 1599, the victorious Spanish severed one foot of each surviving Indian. The Spanish later proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico in 1609 and founded its capital at Sante Fe, the following year. The Spanish settlers did not find gold and only a few furs but instead they found Indians to convert to Catholicism. The Roman Catholic mission became the central institution in colonial New Mexico. In order to suppress the native religious customs, the Pueblos revolted in what is called the Pope's Rebellion in 1680. The Pueblos rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed many priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers. Consequently, it took over half a century for the Spanish to fully reclaim New Mexico from the Indians.
Protestant Revolt in Northern Europe
In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome, known as the protestant reformation led to series of wars
New laws of 1542
Laws that the king instituted in order to end Indian slavery, halted forced Indian labors, and began to end the encomienda system, The treatment of the native Americans was changed for the better.
Why Did Early Attempts to Colonize North America:
Many early European settlers thought Asia and the New World were replete with Silver, Gold and other riches- particularly the Spanish , who sought to conquer and convert "natives" to Catholicism (or Christianity). Part of this colonization was to use natives as a free (involuntary) labor pool. Additionally, Africa was also said to be a source of untold wealth. In the 15th century, Europeans began an earnest trade in enslaving Africans.
Aztecs-
Mexico empire centered in the city of Tenochtitlan. Had canals, great temples, and palaces.
2500 BCE:
Migration of Asians to the Americas across the Bering Strait begins
Catholic Victory in Spain
Moors (Islamic Invaders from North Africa) rapidly conquered Spain. Spanish Christians reconquered and set up several kingdoms. Two of the largest of these king doms united when Isabella, queen of Castile, and Ferdinand, king of Aragon, married in 1469.
The South
Most elaborate early civilization in South and Central America and today, Mexico. In Peru, the Incas had the largest empire in the Americas. The Meso-Americans, are the people in today's Mexico and Central America.
Third Largest Language Group:
Muskogean
Cultural Interactions Between Europeans , Native Americans, and Africans
Mutual misunderstandings between the aforementioned groups defined early years of interaction. Over time, conflicts and compromise created creolized versions of the different cultures. Native Americans did their best to defend their land and maintain their indigenous religious, political, and social practices by entering a series of treaties with the settlers and engaging in military resistance.
Varied Labor System European Created:
Natives in the Spanish Empire were principal labor source for the Europeans. Commercial, agricultural and mining enterprises of the Spanish and Portuguese depended on Indian workforce. Indians were sold into slavery and later they disappeared or pergaps died due to illnesses, diseases, and war.
Great Plains
Nomadic hunters, hunted buffalo and lived in tepees. The farming tribes hunted buffalo, they lived perma nently in earthen lodges often along rivers. They raised corn (maize), beans, and squash while actively trading with other tribes.
Mississipians-
North America spreaded midwestern and southeastern United States. Had urban development and mounds.
Northwest Settlements
Pacific coast from what is today Alaska to northern California, people lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses. Diet based on hunting, fishing, and gathering nuts, berries, and roots. To save stories, legends, and myths, they carved large totem poles.
Francisco Pizarro:
Pizzaro conquered Peru from 1532-1538. Revealed to the Europeans the wealth of the Incas. He opened the way for advances to South America.
Henry the Navigator:
Portugal prince who sponsored voyages of exploration. Influenced the beginning of the period of European nations finding new sources of wealth, economic, and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity, the result of this was exploring and conquering the New World.
Slave Trading
Portuguese began trading for slaves from West Africa. They used the slaves to work newly estab lished sugar plantations on the Madeira and Azores islands off the African coast. Producing sugar with slave labor was so profitable that when Europeans later established colonies in the Americas, they used the slave system there.
Sixteenth-century Incursions:
Portuguese traders traveled south and east. Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile financed Columbus into the Caribbean. Ferdinand and Isabella sought trade and building their empire by subsidizing the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Catholic Missions:
Presidios, military bases, were often near the missions. After the era of the Conquistadors came to an end, priests and friars accompanied most colonizing adventures. The gospel of the Catholic Church extended throughout the South and Central America, Mexico, and the South and Southwest of the present U.S.
A Difference of Interpretation:
Prior to exploration, most Europeans did not have contact with those who were different largely because many Europeans felt as if their way of life was civilized. When contact with other groups was established, Europeans felt as if their way of life was civilized. When contact with other groups was established, Europeans viewed themselves as civilized and others as NOT.
New Mexico
Pueblo people revolted in 1680 and the Spanish were driven from the area until 1692.
nation-states/unification of Spain:
Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon married and their kingdoms united. In order to find new sources of riches and spreading Christianity, they used their power to fund voyages, including Christopher Copumbus' voyage resulting in the discovery of the New World.
Encomienda system 16th century:
Royal grants of land from Spanish crown to Spaniards, Spanish settlers promise to Christianize natives, Spanish gained tribute.
Archaic Period:
Scholarly term associated with the period of 5000 BCE and beginning in 8000 BCE. Hunting and gathering in this region of the Great Plains. Throughout much of the Americas, agriculture is based on corn (maize). Squash and beans were also important crops in the Americas.
Iroquois included five distinct northern "nations":
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk
1520-1530:
Smallpox epidemic devastates Native American populations in many parts of South and Central America, virtually wiping out some tribes
California
Spanish established permanent settlements at San Diego in 1769 and San Francisco in 1776. In 1784, a series of missions or settlements had been established along the California coast by members of the Franciscan order. Father Junfpero Serra founded nine of these missions.
Texas
Spanish established settlements, these communities grew in the early 1700s as Spain attempted to resist French efforts to explore the lower Mississippi River.
1542:
Spanish explorers travel through southwestern United States.
American foods were brought to Europe:
Squash, Pumpkins, Beans, Sweet potatoes, Tomatoes, Peppers, Potatoes, and Maize (Columbus)
Lasting Effects of Warfare and Disease:
The Conquistadores subjugated, and in some areas, almost exterminated the native populations through a combination of warfare and disease. By the 1570s, in addition, the Spanish laws called the Ordinances of Discovery, banned the most brutal military conquests, but continued their colonization of the New World.
The Mayan Civilization:
The Olmec people in today's Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, created a written language, a numerical system, which was compared to Arabic numerals, and an accurate calendar. Also had an advanced agricultural system. They established important trade routes into other areas of the continent.
The Conquistadores (Conquerors):
The Spanish claimed the New World except for today's Brazil that was reserved for the Portuguese. The Spanish tried to enslave the Indians and find gold in the New World.
Cuba and Hispaniola:
The Spanish enslaved Africans in New World areas of Cuba and Hispaniola. Both areas were important producers of sugar and their by-products. In 1501, the first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola. After contact with Europeans (particularly Portuguese and Spanish), indigenous members of the two areas died at high rates, due to disease and warfare. Therefore, enslaved Africans were brought to the region
Lasting Effects of the Spanish Invasion:
The Spanish invaders killed, invaded, enslaved and infected countless natives from California and Florida to Tierra del Fuego in South America. The Spanish forced their culture, laws, religion, and language onto the natives' societies. The Spanish left new nations in the Caribbean, and Central and South America. The Spanish also intermarried with Native Americans and incorporated the indigenous culture into their own.
Spain was the richest and most powerful nation in Europe because
The conquistadores sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain increasing the gold supply by more than 500 per cent
The Europeans Arrive:
The conquistadors incorporated the subjugated Native Americans into a vast new empire that was soon sending a glittering stream of gold and silver back home to spain.
Exchanges
The contact between the americas and the Europeans resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time. Europeans learned about many new plants and foods, including beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco. They also contracted a new disease, syphilis. Europeans introduced to the Americas sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, and horses, as well as the wheel, iron implements, and guns.
Protestant Reformation:
The name given to the event of certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolting against the authority of the pope in rome. This led to the people of Spain, Portugal, England, and Holland wanting to spread their own version of Christianity to places including the "New World".
Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of _ _.
The ocean
Comparison
This skill deals with making historical connections by comparing and contrasting events, societies, or perspectives.
In 1494, Spain and Portugal moved the pope's line a few degrees to the west and signed an agreement called the
Treaty of Tordesillas
European traders partnered with some _ _ groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract precious metals and other resources.
West African
Resistance to Enslavement and Forced Labor:
While some assume that Native Americans and Africans did not rebel or try to escape their plight as enslaved beings, they did. Whenever possible, Natives could escape and disappear into the larger areas of the country. They knew the land and, therefore, had an advantage the settlers did not. Africans, on occasion, were also able to escape and create communities of formerly enslaved people called Maroon Colonies or Maroon Communities. The largest Maroon Colony (about 2,000 people) in what eventually became the United States, was located in the Virginia/ North Carolina Great Dismal Swamp. In the late 1600s, they joined communities of Native Americans who had made the swamp their refuge.
Smallpox:
a contagious disease that the Europeans and the Columbian Exchange brought to the Americas. Millions of Native Americans died because they were unimmune to the Smallpox epidemic.
Sailing compass-
a technological advancement during the Renaissance originated from the Chinese and Arab merchants learned about it, which helped navigate voyages. The sailing compass led to a more organized and easier way to navigate ships for international trades.
Mississippian (North American):
around A.D. 800 to 1600 in River Valley and then spread into what is now the Midwestern and southeastern United States known for its urban development and the mounds they built.
English Policy
began settling in areas with few Native Americans and initially coexisted with each other. This caused shared ideas of how to grow crops and hunt, they also traded weapons for fur.
The Europeans Arrive: Aztecs:
believed Cortes was a god, the Aztec rule, Montezuma, treated him as a guest and Cortes killed him. In 1521 Cortes destroyed the Aztec Empire.
The Europeans Arrive: Christopher Columbus:
believed sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean would reach China and open a trade route that would allow the treasures of the East to flow into Europe. His sponsor for the voyage was King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain and gave him all of the resources. Landed on an island in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador. He believed he reached the East Indies and called the natives "Indians"
Effects of the Columbian Exchange:
brought significant changes to Europe and the Americas. There were social, cultural and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. First and most profound was the exchange of diseases to the New World. Importation of European diseases to the New World had devastating effects on Native Americans: Influenza, Measles, Chicken pox, Mumps, Typhus, Smallpox.
Puebloans (southwest):
built villages and towns, sometimes in the faces of cliffs for greater protection
Indians located East of Mississippi River:
hey had common linguistic roots. Largest language group was the Algonquian. Dominated Canada to Virginia. Iroquois were centered in upstate New York.
Aztecs (Mexico):
carved out an empire centered on their magnificent city of Tenochtitlan, crisscrossed with canals and adorned with great temples and palaces
The Spanish developed a _ _ that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.
caste system
Which historical reasoning skill is necessary to answer the question: What was a long term consequence of the Civil War?
causation
Causation
chronological reasoning skill. It involves understanding cause-and-effect relationships throughout history.
Which historical reasoning skill is necessary to answer the question: What are the similarities and differences between the ways that native Americans adopted to and transformed their environments?
comparison
Which historical reasoning skill is necessary to answer the question: To what extent did the European exploration of North America change Native American societies in the 16th century?
continuity and change
The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution:
created new ideas and perspectives on the world, and new experimental approach to the acquisition of knowledge about the natural environment
Inca:
created the largest empire in the Americas; with its capital in Cusco, Peru, the Inca Empire stretched south to parts of what are now Chile and Argentina, and north to portions of modern Columbia with a developed road system.
Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of _ and _ not found in the Americas.
crops/ animals
As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands of their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender rations through _ _ and _ _.
diplomatic negotiations/ military resistance
Horses/pigs:
domesticated animals that the Europeans introduced to the Native Americans. Some of these horses and pigs contained diseases that killed several Native Americans.
The Europeans Arrive: The Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation:
dominated international relations in Europe, and this period accounted for inventions of technology crucial to exploration.
Portuguese Explorer Ferdinand Magellan:
employed by the Spanish found the strait that bears his name at the southern end of South America.
In the _ _, Spanish colonial economies marshaled native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
encomienda system
The Europeans Arrive: The encomienda system:
forced Native Americans onto Spanish plantations in exchange for the dubious benefit of Spanish protection; those who refused died.
Encomienda system:
forced Native Americans onto Spanish plantations in exchange for the unrealistic benefit of Spanish protection; those who refused died. The encomienda system increased agriculture, but several Native Amricans died because of their living environments and harsh labor.
Hernando Cortes:
in 1519 with 500 men went to Cuba to Mexico. Encountered with Aztecs, later on the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and killing ruler montezuma. In 1521 he destroyed Aztec Empire. Overthrew native's states in Mexico, Central America, and Peru sending gold/silver to Spain.
Muskogean
included tribes in the southernmost region of the eastern seaboard: Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles. Rarely did tribes unite in opposition to challenges from European invaders.
Southwest Settlements
includes New Mexico and Arizona, groups such as the Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos evolved multifaceted societies supported by farming with irrigation systems.Before the European arrived extreme drought and hostile natives had taken toll on the groups.
The Europeans Arrive: Cortes in Mexico:
led a small army of 500 men from Cuba to Mexico, encountered representatives of the Aztec Empire; and made his way to the Axtec capital of Tenochtitlan and killed the king and fled, and came back with more of his forces and enemies. One of the first and greatest of the Spanish conquistadors to overthrow the native states of Mexico, Central America, and Peru.
The Europeans Arrive: Vasco da Gama:
led an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope and sailed on to India, he was the first person to succeed in opening a direct link between Europe and the markets of Asia.
In 1493, the pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map, called the _. The pope granted Spain all lands to the west of the line and Portugal all lands to the east.
line of demarcation
The Mohawk Indians
links to the Cherokees
The Europeans Arrive: Columbian exchange:
low of products across the Atlantic permanently altered both continents
The Reformation and Catholic counter-Reformation dominating international relations in Europe. Portuguese-
made caravels (sailing ship capable of long ocean voyages) astrolabe and compass (voyages more practicable)
The spread of _ _ from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.
maize cultivation
The Conquistadors and Mining Expeditions:
managed to get rich by taking gold and silver out of the mines for over 300 years, beginning in the sixteenth century. These riches from gold and silver made Spain one of the wealthiest and most powerful nations at the time.
Improvements in _ _ and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as _ _, helped drive changes to economies
maritime technology, joint-stock companies
Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely _ _
mobile lifestyles
Explorer Pedro Cabral:
n 1500, the next fleet of explorers were bound for India. They were under the command of himl, and the fleet was blown off the coast westward and ended up on the coast of Brazil.
In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of _ _
permanent villages
Portugal:
prince Henry the Navigator sponsored voyages; discovering Azores in the Atlantic and coast of Africa (mid-1400s). Portuguese mariners reached the Cape of Good Hope, Southern tip of Africa (1488). Vasco de Gama expedition around Cape of Good Hope reaching India; succeeded opening line of trade between Europe and Asia (1st)
Explorer Prince Henry the Navigator:
principal interest was not in finding a sea route to Asia, but in exploring the western coast of Africa. The Portuguese explorer dreamed of establishing a Christian empire in Africa and to aid his country's wars against the Moors of Northern Africa. did not achieve his dreams, but some of Henry's mariners went as far south as Cape Verde, on Africa's west coast.
Crusades-
spices and other Asian goods in the markets of the East; Europeans were blocked by the Islamic powers of the middle East and the used a different route to Asia leading Columbus to the Americas
The Europeans Arrive: Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal:
sponsored voyages of discovery to the Azores in the Atlantic and along the coast of Africa in the mid-1400s, portuguese mariners continued their explorations reaching the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the _ of Africans and Native Americans
subjugations
Woodland Indians:
Many tribes lived in the Eastern third of the United States. had great farming, hunting, gathering, and fishing. The South had large trading networks based on corn (maize) and other grains grown in the Mississippi River Valley. In Cahokia, near present day East St. Louis, Illinois had a peak of 1200 AD. Had a population of about 10,000 and contained a great complex of large earthen mounds.
The Southwest:
the Native groups in the region built elaborate systems of large irrigation systems to allow farming on dry land. Cultivation of corn (maize) spread across the Americas from the Mexican heartland. Corn began to transform nomadic hunters into settled agricultural villagers.
Continuity and Change
this skill asks you to look for patterns in the way that events unfold across time and place.
Civilizations of the North:
tribes had complex civilizations. The tribes had hunting, gathering, fishing. They constructed towns that had centers of trade, crafts, religious, and civic rituals. The Great Plains had sedentary farming for corn (maize) and other grains. There were also small nomadic tribes that had buffalo hunting.
Mutual _ between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some _ _ of each other's culture
useful aspects
Christopher Columbus and the Caribbean:
Although he was seeking a new route to Asia, he found himself in the Bahamas instead. Columbus called the native inhabitants, Indians and the islands, West Indies. He claimed the islands for Spain and explored more Caribbean islands. Demanded tribute from the local Taino, Arawak, and Carib natives. Columbus left 40 men on the island of Hispaniola and returned to Spain. Hispaniola is an island shared today by Dominican Republic and Haiti. Columbus's celebrated accomplishments made him a popular hero for a long time, but his life ended in obscurity. The name for the America went not to Columbus, but to Amerigo Vespucci, a member of a later Portuguese expedition to the New World
Christopher Columbus:
An ambitious and adventurous explorer from Genoa, Italy. Columbus set sail in August 1492 and after six weeks of sailing. He disembarked in present-day Bahamas on the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria. He thought he had reached Asia or "The Indies"
A Reawakening of Commerce
Bubonic plague had decimated Europe. Killing more than a third of Europe. Advances in navigation. Shipbuilding made long distance travel more feasible. Explorers were looking for and finding new markets. Opening new trade routes that were rapidly increased with new technology.
Context for Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System:
By the 15 century, spanish explorers invaded the Canary Island for sugar. They captured indigenous peoples to work as slaves on the sugar plantations. The Spanish also claimed the lands for spreading Christianity to the natives. Sugar growing, harvesting and production requires intense, hard labor and slaves endured working in unsafe conditions and grueling heat. Sugar was also used for producing alcoholic beverages for trade such as wine. Because of the intensity of labor for sugar production, enslaved Africans were used. Portuguese and Spanish settlers found the heat oppressive and the labor to be excessive. In 1482, Portuguese used enslaved Africans to build Elmina Castle as a holding place for captured Africans and a place to trade gold for humans.
The _ _ brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
Columbian Exchange
Defining Superior and Inferior/Civilized and Principle:
Racism and the notion of Civilized were the measures by which Europeans viewed others. Western ideals of Religion (Christianity), Family (two parents/monogamy), Gender Roles (women focused on domesticity), and Government (male dominated elected officials, assemblies, and legislatures) were the standards by which others were regarded.
After Prince Henry's Death:
Spain and Portugal divided Portugal's "Heathen Lands" of the New World with Spain. Spain secured Columbus's discovery for Spain in the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494. Most of the New World went to Spain, and Portugal received lands in Africa and Asia, as well title to lands that would later be Brazi; in South America.
Other European Explorers:
Spain devoted greater resources to maritime exploration. Spain replaced Portugal as the leading seafaring nation.
Caste System:
Spanish developed a caste system placing themselves first, other Europeans second, Native Americans third, and Africans last. The Spanish expanded their exploration to the Philippines, and areas in North Americas that eventually became the US. A social hierarchy was the hallmark of the Spanish ideal for colonization. Patriarchy was the foundation of the hierarchy. A family's status was often measured by its service to expand the Spanish empire. Among the Spanish themselves, the following indicates the pyramid of social hierarchy. Spaniards placed themselves at the top of the social hierarchy, favoring the Sango Puro, or those of pure Spanish blood. Next, were Criollos, Spanish who were born in the colonies. Last were the Mestizos who were of mixed parentage. Usually a Spanish father and Native American mother.
European Religion and Languages to the Americas:
Spanish spread Catholicism to the New World. New languages were also spread to the New World. Portuguese in today's Brazil in South America, Spanish in the Americas, where Spain took over: Mexico, Central America, South America.
Revised Systems of Repression:
The encomienda system was designed to force natives to embrace christianity and to serve as unpaid laborers for the Spanish. It was eventually replaced with a system that was father reaching. In 1499, the repartimiento system replaced the encomienda system and made Native towns supply a free labor pool for the Spanish Overloads, it was the law by 1575
Columbian Exchange:
flow of products such as, animals, plants, diseases, and ideas across the Atlantic ocean. This exchange led to European nations thriving from new sources of plants and foods, leading to Capitalism.
Francisco Coronado:
traveled north from Mexico (1540 to 1542) to what is now New Mexico in a fruitless search for gold and jewels. Coronado helped open the Southwest to the United States to Spanish settlement.
European contact
● Colombian exchange: Exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas ● Impact on Europe: population growth corn and potatoes; shift from feudalism to capitalism ● Impact on natives: diseases killed many; Horse and guns transformed way of life hunting and warfare ● Impact on Americans: increase in slave trade (Portuguese and Spanish in the west Africa)
Contextualization of Unit 1:
● Context refers to the historical circumstances surrounding an event in larger context ● There will be contact with the Europeans, and the Africans who were enslaved, and who will be forced to the New World and brought to the Americas. ● Usually two-three sentences will explain contextualization in your essay. You may relate an event in history that you learn in Unit 1 for example to something you learn in Unit 2. ● You will explain how a specific development or process is situated within a broader historical context. ● Historians know that any event can only be understood in context. Two levels of context, an immediate or short-term context and a broad, or long-term context ● What went to Europe from North America: Pumpkins, Turkeys, Sweet potatoes, Pineapples, Beans, Tomatoes, Peanuts ● At the same time, these products went from Europe to North America: Coffee beans, Peaches, Pears, Bananas, Onions, Grains-rice, wheat, oats, and barley. ● What went to North America from Europe: Livestock: Cattle, Horses, Pigs, Sheep Diseases: Smallpox, Influenza, Measles, Typhus
The transformation of the Americas
● Impact of Spanish contact: New caste system and racially diverse populations, Mestizo (mixed Spanish and native ancestry), Mulatto (mixed Spanish an African ancestry) ● Encomienda system 16th century: Royal grants of land from Spanish crown to Spaniards, Spanish settlers promise to Christianize natives, Spanish gained tribute. ● Natives impact: many were treated harshly, heavy manual labor- building roads and infrastructure. ● Eventually the system was replaced by African slave labor ● Debate over treatment of natives: Bartolome de Las Casas. ● How was treatment of Africans and natives justified: White superiority, religion, uncivilized view of groups ● Conflicts with natives: European sought to change natives' way of life and worldview; native sought to preserve autonomy Independence or self rule. ● Africans adapt to the western hemisphere: sought to preserve autonomy combined Christianity with African religions, maroon communities made up of runaway slaves
Downfall of the Encomienda system
● Many Catholics began to protest the harsh treatment of the natives ● Mestizos (individuals of Spanish and native ancestry) cannot be forced to work the encomienda system ● In time this helped lead the decline of the system ● Gradually the system was replaced by African slave labor, like many areas of the Americas
Increased international trade
● Maritime technology ● Sexton could be used to find exact position on earth more precise sailing ● Caravel faster ships ● Joint-stock companies is used to raise and for explorations
Columbian Exchange:
● Spread of crops, diseases, people, and ideas ● New introductions to Europe from America: Potatoes, Maize increase in European population. ● New introductions to Americas from Europe: horse, guns, disease: drastically decreased Native populations. ● Influx of gold (Spain): helped transform Europe from feudalism to capitalism
European exploration goals
● Technological improvements that helped promote contact and trade sextant and joint stock companies ● Reasons for exploration: wealth Gold, Power and status glory, and spread Christianity God.
