Unit 1- prep u
What is a priority concern for a client who has a hip dislocation? Pain Tendonitis Edema Blood supply to the femoral head
Blood supply to the femoral head
Intracellular buildup of substances that can be either normal or toxic occurs in which area of the cell? Cell wall Lysosome Protein DNA
Lysosome
Which clinical manifestation would lead the nurse to suspect a client has developed fluid volume excess? increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased blood pressure weight gain decreased urine output
weight gain
A group of student nurses are reviewing the bones in the human body. What is the term for spongy bone? Cartilage Cancellous Compact Densely calcified
cancellous
The nurse is teaching an older adult about adapting to age-related physiologic changes. Which statement by the client prompts the nurse to provide additional teaching? "I will change positions from lying to standing slowly." "I will use a moisturizing lotion after my bath." "I will ensure to keep rooms well lit in my home." "I will reduce my total daily fluid intake."
"I will reduce my total daily fluid intake."
The client asks, "What is reduction?" How will the nurse respond? "It means the fracture is healed." "It is what happens when the fracture is immobilized." "It means the fracture will be casted." "It refers to realigning the bone."
"It refers to realigning the bone."
A nurse is evaluating the progress of a client with chronic fatigue syndrome. Which statement by the client indicates successful symptom management? "My schedule includes yoga and a weekly club meeting." "I often find it is too much work to fix a meal." "My family wants me to volunteer at the animal shelter." "I work until I run out of energy, and then I rest."
"My schedule includes yoga and a weekly club meeting."
A nursing faculty member is explaining the function of red bone marrow to students. Which statement made by a student indicates that teaching was successful? "Red bone marrow is composed of adipose cells." "Hematopoietic activity only occurs in infants." "In the adult, red marrow is located in the long bones." "Red bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation."
"Red bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation."
A client with osteomalacia asks, "How can I be deficient in vitamin D?" Which of the following is the nurse's best response? "You do not go out in the sun enough." "You must be deficient in phosphate." "Tell me about your typical daily food intake." "You should ask your doctor."
"Tell me about your typical daily food intake."
A nurse is caring for four clients. Which client is at greatest risk for high blood levels of lead? A 17-year-old student who takes a woodworking class A 30-year-old office worker with asthma A 62-year-old smoker with hypercalcemia A 2-year-old anemic child who lives in a turn-of-the-century home
A 2-year-old anemic child who lives in a turn-of-the-century home
The nurse is caring for the following group of clients. Select the client most likely to be diagnosed with respiratory alkalosis. A 26-year-old female with anxiety who has been hyperventilating A 45-year-old male with pneumothorax after a car accident An 18-year-old female who has overdosed on an opioid A 63-year-old male with a 40-year history of smoking and chronic lung disease
A 26-year-old female with anxiety who has been hyperventilating
In a child, the epiphyses and metaphysis are separated by: Diaphysis Trabeculae Synarthroses A growth plate
A growth plate
Of the following clients, who would be at highest risk for developing hyperkalemia? An older adult client experiencing severe vomiting and diarrhea as a result of influenza A postsurgical client whose thyroidectomy resulted in the loss of some of the parathyroid glands A client diagnosed with an ischemic stroke with multiple sensory and motor deficits A male admitted for acute renal failure following a drug overdose
A male admitted for acute renal failure following a drug overdose
Which client would be an example of an individual experiencing cellular atrophy? A female client with the change in uterine size as a result of pregnancy A hypertensive, noncompliant client who has developed a progressive increase in left ventricular mass A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation A postnephrectomy client whose remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for the loss
A middle-aged female experiencing menopause due to loss of estrogen stimulation
The health care provider is evaluating a client with a suspected benign bone tumor. Which description on the radiology results correlates with this finding? A uniform and well-defined area with well-demarcated edges An area of partially destroyed bone adjacent to completely normal areas Abnormal bone merging with surrounding normal bone tissue A moth-eaten pattern of bone destruction
A uniform and well-defined area with well-demarcated edges
In the adult, red blood cell production decreases and red marrow is gradually replaced by yellow bone marrow. Yellow marrow is composed largely of: White blood cells Adipose cells Osteoprogenitor cells Red blood cells
Adipose cells
We have both red and yellow bone marrow in our bodies. What is yellow bone marrow largely composed of? Hematopoietic cells Osteogenic cells Cancellous cells Adipose cells
Adipose cells
What concept will the nurse need to explain to a client with cancer about the purpose and action of chemotherapy? Depolarization Apoptosis Osmosis Pinocytosis
Apoptosis
A client suffers a musculoskeletal injury while participating in a sporting event. Which treatment is most appropriate initially? Applying a splint after straightening the limb Applying ice and sitting out the rest of the game Applying an elastic wrap and returning to the game Applying heat and massaging the limb
Applying ice and sitting out the rest of the game
A child presents to the emergency room with suspected trauma to the growth plate in the ankle during a soccer game. Which step is the best intervention? Tell the parents to take the child to their family physician. Take the child to an orthopedist. Assess the child for pain and prepare for diagnostic studies. Tell the parents to make an appointment with a specialist.
Assess the child for pain and prepare for diagnostic studies.
A client has been instructed to increase vitamin D in the diet. What foods will the nurse make certain are included in the diet? Chicken and french fries Beans Spinach salad, steak, and potatoes Baked fish and whole milk
Baked fish and whole milk
A gymnastics student hurts the ankle and is diagnosed with a torn cartilage. The health care worker states it may take months for this injury to heal. What is the basic physiologic reason behind the prolonged recovery of cartilage? Cartilage has low tensile strength. Cartilage is the main secretor of an extracellular matrix. Cartilage lacks minerals. Cartilage lacks blood vessels.
Cartilage lacks blood vessels.
A client presents for a scheduled Papanicolaou (Pap) test. What type of problem will the clinician examining the cell samples look for? Presence of unexpected cell types Abnormally high numbers of cells in a specified field Changes in cell shape, size, and organization Ischemic changes in cell samples
Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
The older adult client tells the nurse that she believes she is getting shorter. The nurse explains to the client that height loss is caused by which occurrence with aging? Decreased lean body mass Osteoarthritis Reduction in muscle strength Compression of the vertebral column
Compression of the vertebral column
A client has suffered nerve damage in his right arm. What can the nurse expect to happen to the muscles in that arm? Changes in the form of the cells (metaplasia) Increase in number of cells (hyperplasia) as they adapt to change Decrease in the size of the cells (atrophy) Increase in size (hypertrophy) as the cells adapt to the change
Decrease in the size of the cells (atrophy)
Osteoporosis is a disease caused by demineralization of bone. What is the clinical method of choice for diagnosing osteoporosis? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest cavity and femur Serum calcium levels Body mass index (BMI) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the spine and hip
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the spine and hip
When exercising outside on an extremely warm day, the client can feel his heart pounding very rapidly. Thinking in terms of the ability of the aorta to stretch to accommodate more blood circulating during exercise and the warm environment, this is an example of the function of which fibrous protein? Reticular Ligaments Elastin Collagen
Elastin
The client develops osteomyelitis that has originated from infectious organisms that reach the bone through the bloodstream. This is known as which type of osteomyelitis? Vascular insufficiency Hematogenous Chronic Direct penetration
Hematogenous
Select the statement that best describes apoptosis. Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells The release of products of cell death is uncontrolled. Responsible for initiating an inflammatory response Unregulated by enzymatic digestion of cell components
Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells
A client with diabetes and severe peripheral vascular disease has developed signs of dry gangrene on the great toe of one foot. The client asks, "How this can happen?" Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse explain to this client? Inappropriate activation of apoptosis, which means death of your cells. Metaplastic cellular changes in your toe. Bacterial invasion into the foot and toe. Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe.
Impaired arterial blood supply to your toe.
Which statement accurately explains function of cellular components? Mitochondria make energy for the cells to use. Plasma membranes are impermeable. Microtubules aid in cell motility. Microfilaments help conduct electrical signals between cells.
Mitochondria make energy for the cells to use.
An older adult female is admitted with a hip fracture. Her lab test reveals an increase in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase. The nurse determines which physiologic activity is causing this lab level to rise? Osteoclasts removing the mineral content of bone Osteocytes maintaining the bony matrix Osteoblast activity Increase in bone density
Osteoblast activity
Following a fall, an 83-year-old male has fractured his femoral head. His care provider has stated that the healing process is occurring at a reasonable pace, and that the man will regain full function after healing and rehabilitation. Which cells are most responsible for restoring the integrity of the man's broken bone? Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteomas
Osteoblasts
What type of cell is responsible for building bone in the body? Red blood cells Osteoblasts Osteoprogenitor cells Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
A client sustains a musculoskeletal injury of the wrist. Which manifestation would the nurse expect to accompany the strain? Catching and limited motion Pain and stiffness Joint deformity and swelling False motion and discoloration
Pain and stiffness
Which statement is true concerning human cell division? Parent cell divides and each daughter cell receives chromosomes identical to the parent. Within 24 hours the organism is a morula. Gene activity is needed for the electrical and chemical signaling systems within human cells. All cells divide within a human organism daily.
Parent cell divides and each daughter cell receives chromosomes identical to the parent.
Mechanical forces that produce tissue trauma would be classified as which type of cellular injury? Nutritional factors Chemical agent Biologic agents Physical agent
Physical agent
each joint capsule has tendons and ligaments. What are the tendons and ligaments of the joint capsule sensitive to? Position and movement Position and turning Position and elevating Position and lowering
Position and movement
A client with a compound fracture of the femur is in balanced skeletal traction. Which assessment data must be reported immediately? Wiggles toes every few minutes Uses trapeze to shift position Redness and heat at fracture site Clear drainage around pin insertion sites
Redness and heat at fracture site
An infant is born with a clubfoot. The nurse should anticipate which treatment measures will be instituted? Serial manipulations and casting Surgery prior to leaving the hospital Skeletal traction with pins inserted into affected bones Administration of muscle-relaxing medications
Serial manipulations and casting
The effective circulating volume is the major regulator of water balance in the body. What else does it regulate? Magnesium Calcium Potassium Sodium
Sodium
A Jewish couple that is trying to conceive ask the nurse if they should receive genetic counseling. The nurse is aware that an autosomal recessive disorder that causes a deficiency in hexosaminidase A may be present. What disorder should the couple be tested for?
Tay-Sachs disease
Which assessment finding is a negative cardiac response to exercise? The client's heart rate increases. The client's stroke volume increases. The client's diastolic blood pressure increases. The client's venous return increases.
The client's diastolic blood pressure increases.
A 2-year-old has bowing of the legs (genu varum). When should the health care professional should be concerned? When there is a large separation between the knees greater than 15 degrees When there is a separation between the knees less than 10 degrees When the child is overweight When the child sits in the "tailor" position (with knees pointed out)
When there is a large separation between the knees greater than 15 degrees
Smooth muscle contractions are typically characterized as: voluntary. motor based. somatic. involuntary.
involuntary.
A 16-month-old boy has a normal weight for his age but a height far below the normal range. His list of symptoms includes a protruding abdomen, lethargy, bow legs, muscle weakness, and irritability. His teeth have not yet developed and he has difficulty standing. What is the child's mostlikely diagnosis? Rickets
rickets
The organelle responsible for synthesis of proteins by bound ribosomes is called: smooth endoplasmic reticulum. proteasome. rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus.
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Which assessment finding leads the nurse to suspect a child has Blount disease (tibia vara)? bilateral inward angulation of the knees unilateral rotational deformity of the proximal tibia bilateral rotational deformity of the hip joints inability to walk by age 4
unilateral rotational deformity of the proximal tibia
When working with a client who has end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is receiving peritoneal dialysis, the concept of diffusion can be explained by which statement? "You will need to give yourself a potent diuretic so that you can pull the potassium into your bloodstream and filter the potassium out in your kidneys." "If you can get very warm in a sauna, you will heat up your K+ particles, and the kinetic movement of the particles will increase and pass through the cell membranes faster." "If your potassium level is high, then K+ particles will move from your peritoneal cavity into the dialysis solution, where the concentration of K+ is lower." "Your potassium molecules are lipid soluble and will dissolve in the lipid matrix of your cell membranes."
"If your potassium level is high, then K+ particles will move from your peritoneal cavity into the dialysis solution, where the concentration of K+ is lower."
A month after surgical repair of a rotator cuff tear of the shoulder, a client tells the nurse, "This is not getting any better. I still have a lot of pain and limited motion." Which response by the nurse is most accurate? "Schedule an appointment with your surgeon for an evaluation." "Add massage therapy to your exercise routine to stretch tissues." "Keep taking your steroid medication and the inflammation will subside." "The shoulder joint is complex and can take up to 6 months to heal depending on the injury."
"The shoulder joint is complex and can take up to 6 months to heal depending on the injury."
A client is experiencing severe pain in his back to the point of being immobile and running a temperature. The client also has swelling in his lower back (vertebrae). Following biopsy, the results show spinal tuberculosis. The nurse will anticipate explaining which priorityintervention to this client? Drain the abscess in the lower back Log-roll the client while he is on bed rest Administer the four-drug antimicrobial medications Locate a chiropractor for pain control
Administer the four-drug antimicrobial medications
Which client would be considered high risk for falling and fracturing the hip? An 81-year-old woman taking medication for osteoporosis
An 81-year-old woman taking medication for osteoporosis
What is the term use to describe a tumor that while growing slowly does not destroy the surrounding tissues? Osteosarcoma Malignant Benign Ewing sarcoma
Benign
What are the closed sacs that are formed from the synovial membrane (but are not part of the joint) called? Intra-articular menisci Ligaments Bursae Tendons
Bursae
When caring for a client with hypomagnesemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of which body system? Endocrine Cardiac Pulmonary Hepatic
Cardiac
The nurse is assessing a client who sustained a fractured radius. A cast was applied to the extremity approximately 1 hour ago, and the client is now complaining of increased pain and numbness to the finger tips. The client is most likely experiencing: Complex regional pain syndrome Compartment syndrome Fracture blisters Thromboemboli
Compartment syndrome
The nurse is caring for a client who states that he is suddenly having severe pain at a leg fracture site. The nurse notes increased swelling in the limb and difficulty palpating a pulse. The nurse suspects that the client may have: Compartment syndrome Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Fracture blisters Hematogenous osteomyelitis
Compartment syndrome
A client's condition has resulted in a decrease in work demands of most cells in the body. Which change within the cell will likely result from this decrease in work? Decreased programmed cellular death Decreased size of organelles Increased oxygen consumption Increased mitochondrial growth
Decreased size of organelles
Which situation causes atrophy? Select all that apply. Increased endocrine stimulation Denervation Decreased blood flow Disuse Increased nutrition
Disuse Denervation Decreased blood flow
Which form of signal transduction resulting from ligand-receptor binding has the potential to produce effects in the entire body system? Local mediation Paracrine Endocrine Autocrine
Endocrine
A nurse is caring for a client with hypoparathyroidism. Which imbalance is a major concern for the client? Hypokalemia Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Hypernatremia
Hypocalcemia
The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind chill factor is -10°F (-23°C). When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which type of cellular injury? Hypoxic Endogenous Chemical Mechanical
Hypoxic
A client with ethylene glycol toxicity is restless, and stating he has flank pain. What intervention should the nurse perform to minimize complications? Give aspirin for pain Encourage ambulation Increase IV fluids Reduce dietary calcium
Increase IV fluids
In a client diagnosed with osteomalacia, what would be recommended to aid with improvement of the condition? Increasing dietary consumption of vitamin D
Increasing dietary consumption of vitamin D
A public health nurse is conducting a wellness seminar in which a participant has asked how to minimize the potentially harmful effects of free radicals. What should the nurse recommend? Monitor blood glucose levels regularly and avoid tobacco use. Monitor blood cholesterol levels and get sufficient sleep each night. Exercise regularly and take acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 81 mg daily. Make dietary changes and limit UV exposure.
Make dietary changes and limit UV exposure.
Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy? Cell size increase with hypoxia Muscle mass increase with exercise Lung size increase in emphysema Heart size increase in hypertension
Muscle mass increase with exercise
A school nurse is teaching a class on immunity. Which statement contains an accurate explanation about cellular defenses? Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down. Ion channels allow rapid polarity changes, which inactivate invading organisms. Active transport draws invading organisms through cell channels to be destroyed. Cells release enzymes into the extracellular fluid and this degrades invading organisms.
Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down.
What are the three main parts of a typical cell? Select all that apply. Cell wall Nucleus Cell membrane Vacuole Cytoplasm
Nucleus Cell membrane Cytoplasm
The nurse is caring for a child who presented to the emergency department with multiple fractures in various stages of healing all over the body. The nurse collaborates with the physician on care for a client with which potential condition? Developmental dysplasia of the hip Recessive trait disorder Osteogenesis imperfecta Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Which statement correctly describes osteogenesis imperfecta, or brittle bone disease? Osteogenesis imperfecta is an extremely rare disease, with only about 2,000 cases in the United States. Osteogenesis imperfecta results in a thickening of the bones. Osteogenesis imperfecta is not a hereditary disorder. Osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by deficiencies in the synthesis of type I collagen.
Osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by deficiencies in the synthesis of type I collagen.
An older adult female client with a history of osteoporosis and previous hip fracture arrives at the emergency department following a minor fall. An X-ray reveals another fracture in the same hip. Which statement best describes the fracture? Greenstick fracture Pathologic fracture Idiopathic fracture Compound fracture
Pathologic fracture
The Golgi complex, or Golgi bodies, consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs within the cell. These Golgi bodies are found near the nucleus and function in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). What is one purpose of the Golgi complex? Produce bile Produce small carbohydrate molecules Produce excretory granules Receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism
Receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism
What is the purpose of the meniscus? Shock absorption Prevents injury to the hip Supports the toe joints Supports the vertebrae
Shock absorption
Fall prevention in older adults should focus on which types of exercise? Stretching and toning Brisk walking and tai chi Swimming and running Strength building and balance
Strength building and balance
What determines the number of mitochondria in a given cell type? The type of activity the cell performs. The amount of nutrition it is provided. The number of like cells within the organism. The gender of the host organism.
The type of activity the cell performs.
Which role does adipose tissue play in the body? Thermal insulation Make collagen Balance electrolytes Manufacture energy
Thermal insulation
Magnetic resonance imaging of a client's knee reveals the presence of bursitis. What is the primary purpose of bursae? To strengthen the integrity of the articulating capsule To maintain close articulation between the two long bones at a synovial joint To prevent friction at a tendon in a synovial joint To strengthen the attachment between skeletal muscles and bones
To prevent friction at a tendon in a synovial joint
Which of the following should the nurse teach a client about syndactyly? "This condition can be prevented." "This is a simple webbing of the fingers or toes." "There is no cure for this condition." "This is a rare abnormality."
"This is a simple webbing of the fingers or toes."
The nurse educates a client with a suspected myocardial infarction (MI) about the blood test to evaluate troponin levels. Which statement by the client indicates the education has been successful? "An elevated level means I need to increase calcium intake." "This test is specific to components found in my heart muscle." "My lifestyle changes will help this level drop quickly." "If my first result is negative, it means I did not have a heart attack."
"This test is specific to components found in my heart muscle."
A client is concerned about bone strength and development and asks the nurse if dietary sources of vitamin D will cause immediate activity within the skeletal system. The bestresponse by the nurse would be: "Dietary consumption is not necessary; the body has stored supplies." "It is important to contact your health care provider before consuming any food with vitamin D." "Vitamin D has little or no activity until it has been converted to physiologically active compounds." "Results will begin immediately after you consume milk."
"Vitamin D has little or no activity until it has been converted to physiologically active compounds."
Which individuals would be considered to be at risk for the development of edema? Select all that apply. A client who has suffered extensive burns in a job-related accident A client with a diagnosis of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus A client with hypoalbuminemia secondary to malnutrition and anorexia nervosa A client who has an active gastrointestinal bleed and consequent anemia A client with right-sided heart failure and hypothyroidism
A client with right-sided heart failure and hypothyroidism A client who has suffered extensive burns in a job-related accident A client with hypoalbuminemia secondary to malnutrition and anorexia nervosa
A client with a complete tear of the rotator cuff in the right shoulder was given the choice between surgery and stem cell transplant. The client chose to try the stem cell injection. The client asked the health care provider, "How does this work on my shoulder?" The best response would be: The stem cells will circulate through your arterial system and come to rest in any area that is inflamed and in need of repair. Stem cell injection is similar to a blood transfusion in that the cells will bring more oxygen and nutrients to the damaged tissue. Bone marrow stem cells have been shown to generate cartilage, bone, and muscle when injected directly into the injured site. In addition to stem cells, the physician will give you some growth factor to help your body build more muscle mass.
Bone marrow stem cells have been shown to generate cartilage, bone, and muscle when injected directly into the injured site.
The physician is reviewing lab results for his client with cancer and finds the client to be hypercalcemic. What will the physician prescribe? Calcitonin Potassium chloride Estrogen Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
While discussing hormonal control of bone formation, one should note that which hormone lowers blood calcium levels and decreases bone resorption? Calcitonin Prolactin Phosphate Vitamin D
Calcitonin
Which measures should a public health nurse recommend to middle-aged women to reduce their chances of developing osteoporosis later in life? Calcium supplementation and regular weight-bearing activity
Calcium supplementation and regular weight-bearing activity
When caring for a client with hyperkalemia, the nurse prioritizes assessment of which body system? Hepatic Cerebrovascular Pulmonary Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular
Which activity is most likely to create a spiral fracture? Running 10 miles per day training for a marathon Stopping a fall by landing on a straightened arm Falling on a ski hill with bindings that do not release Slipping on ice and landing on one side
Falling on a ski hill with bindings that do not release
A client is admitted after losing 44 lb (20 kg) over the past 3 months, largely due to frequent vomiting. What intervention should the nurse anticipate in the treatment of the client's resulting acid-base imbalance? Administration of intravenous sodium bicarbonate as prescribed Supplementary oxygen using a non-rebreather mask Mechanical ventilation and administration of supplementary oxygen Fluid replacement with an intravenous solution containing electrolytes as prescribed
Fluid replacement with an intravenous solution containing electrolytes as prescribed
The client has a cast applied for a fractured tibia. Which physiologic response to the fracture places this client at risk for compartment syndrome? Muscle atrophy from lack of ability to exercise Joint immobility due to the cast placement Inflammation causes increase in volume but cast limits compartment size Extremity elevation on pillows makes it hard for blood to circulate
Inflammation causes increase in volume but cast limits compartment size
Which intervention is a priority for the nurse when caring for a client with hypokalemia? Analyzing arterial blood gases (ABGs) Monitoring hemoglobin and hematocrit Initiating cardiac monitoring Monitoring intake and output
Initiating cardiac monitoring
Which is an important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? breakdown of protein (proteolysis) lipid synthesis regulation of calcium protein synthesis
protein synthesis
The nucleus is called the center of the cell because it has the ability to do which of the following? It breaks down and digests worn-out parts of the cell. It contains the DNA that is essential for protein synthesis to keep the cell alive. It transforms organic compounds into energy that is accessible to the cell. It carries and copies DNA instructions for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm.
It contains the DNA that is essential for protein synthesis to keep the cell alive.
Athletic injuries fall into two types: acute or overuse injuries. Where do overuse injuries commonly occur? Wrist Neck Knee Fingers
Knee
A client has these arterial blood gas values: anion gap 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L), pH 7.29, PCO2 37 mm Hg (4.92 mmol/L), HCO3- 11 mEq/L (11 mmol/L), base excess -6 mEq/L (-6 mmol/L). With what condition do these values correspond? Hyperkalemia Lactic acidosis Multiple myeloma lithium toxicity
Lactic acidosis
Which statement is true in relation to lead exposure? Increased calcium levels increase the risk of lead poisoning. Lead is absorbed through the skin. Increased iron increases the risk of lead poisoning. Lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs.
Lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs.
Which condition is a cause of osmotic edema? Local injury and inflammation Congestive heart failure Low blood levels of albumin Varicose veins
Low blood levels of albumin
Select the organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of excess and worn-out cell parts as well as foreign substances that are taken into the cell. Lysosomes Peroxisomes Ribosomes Proteasomes
Lysosomes
When explaining to a class of nursing students the effects of dysregulation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway, the instructor emphasizes that this plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of which bone diseases? Select all that apply. Neoplasia of the bone Osteoporosis Bone necrosis Genu varum Osteomalacia
Neoplasia of the bone Osteoporosis
A client has developed increased resorption of bone with removal of mineral content. This is most likely the result of: Osteoprogenitors Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
The nurse concludes that the participants of a community education class on prevention of osteoporosis are understanding the information when they identify which cause as a potential risk factor? Select all that apply. Alcoholism Large bone structure Smoking High-protein diet Excessive caffeine intake
Smoking High-protein diet Alcoholism Excessive caffeine intake
A nurse is caring for a client with a low sodium level and increased water retention. Hematocrit and blood urea nitrogen levels are decreased, urine osmolality is high, and serum osmolality is low. A chest x-ray shows a possible lung mass. Based on these findings, which problem could the client be diagnosed with? Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) Diabetes insipidus Liver disease with ascites Hyperglycemia
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
A physiology instructor asks the class, "What role do osteoblasts play in the physiology of bone tissue?" Which student gives the best answer? Maintenance of calcium balance Differentiation into mature bone cells Resorption of the bone matrix Synthesis and secretion of the bone matrix
Synthesis and secretion of the bone matrix
Which property determines the osmotic activity of a solution across a semipermeable membrane? Lipid-soluble properties If the particle is large Positively charged particles The number of particles
The number of particles
A client with a long history of alcohol abuse has been admitted to the emergency department after several of days of heavy drinking. The nurse can best promote the restoration of the client's acid-base balance by: administering intravenous sodium bicarbonate as prescribed. administering intravenous magnesium sulfate as prescribed. encouraging pursed-lip breathing and deep breathing and coughing exercises. positioning the client in an upright position when in bed and mobilizing the client frequently.
administering intravenous sodium bicarbonate as prescribed.
The nurse is providing care for an adult client whose current medication regimen includes calcitonin and a bisphosphonate. The nurse should recognize the likely need for: bone density testing on a scheduled basis. assessment for the presence of genu varum or genu valgum. orthopedic surgery. limitations on weight-bearing exercise.
bone density testing on a scheduled basis.
A 16-year-old adolescent suffered a fracture of the ulna. The fracture does not protrude through the skin and there are several pieces of broken bone evident on the x-ray. Which term should the nurse use to describe this fracture? closed greenstick fracture closed comminuted fracture open spiral fracture transverse fracture
closed comminuted fracture
When describing the covering on bones to the students, the instructor asks, "Why is periosteum an important part of the bone covering?" The student responses should mention which of the following? It: supplies yellow bone marrow to assist with adipose cell production. is composed of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells. is the site of red blood cell development. contains blood vessels that assist with providing nutrition to bone tissue.
contains blood vessels that assist with providing nutrition to bone tissue.
When performing an assessment on a school-aged child, the nurse notes that the mucous membranes along the gum margins have a noticeable blue-colored line. At this point, the nurse should ask the parents about possible: second-hand smoke exposure. liver problems as an infant. exposure to lead. congenital heart problems.
exposure to lead.
In a genetic disorder called xeroderma pigmentosum, an enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by: white, scaly patches of skin that appear on black people after they have a sunburn. photosensitivity and a decreased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun. extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun. patches of pink, leathery pigmentation that replace normal skin after a sunburn.
extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun.
A client with a fractured clavicle is told that the bone will heal well if immobilized for the next 6 to 8 weeks, but there will be a large "bump" where the break occurred. This bump will be caused by: accumulation of dead white cells. formation of scar tissue. localized infection. formation of a bony callus.
formation of a bony callus.
A client who has just completed running a marathon reports muscle weakness, cramping, and general fatigue despite drinking adequate amounts of water. The nurse suspects which type of hypotonic hyponatremia? hypovolemic hypervolemic normovolemic euvolemic
hypovolemic
A 70-year-old client is being treated for a recent ischemic stroke that has left the client with deficits. These deficits likely result from which mechanism of cell injury? hypoxia and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion interference with DNA synthesis apoptosis impaired calcium homeostasis
hypoxia and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion
A client with a blood glucose reading of 673 mg/dl (37.4 mmol/l) is diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Blood gas results are as follows: serum pH 7.29; HCO3− level 19 mEq/dl (19 mmol/l); PCO2 level 32 mm Hg. The nurse should prepare for which initial treatment orders? institution of an hourly cough and deep-breathing schedule administration of potassium chloride initiation of an insulin IV infusion along with fluid replacement administration of supplemental oxygen
initiation of an insulin IV infusion along with fluid replacement
A female client with a history of chronic renal failure has a total serum calcium level of 7.9 mg/dL (1.98 mmol/L). While performing an assessment, the nurse should focus on which clinical manifestation associated with this calcium level? Heart rate of 120 beats/min associated with diaphoresis (sweaty) Reports of shortness of breath on exertion with decreased oxygen saturation levels Intermittent muscle spasms and reports of numbness around her mouth Difficulty arousing the client and noticing she is disoriented to time and place
intermittent muscle spasms and reports of numbness around her mouth
A daughter is concerned because her elderly parent has been diagnosed with osteomalacia. The daughter asks the nurse why this happened. The best response would be that: intestinal absorption slows as natural aging occurs. her parent is not using any sunscreens to help with absorption. there is an absorption of too much vitamin D. her parent is consuming a diet high in calcium.
intestinal absorption slows as natural aging occurs.
The radiologist is reviewing potential types of radiation therapy for a client. Which type of radiation directly breaks down chemical bonds in a cell? sunlight radiation ultraviolet radiation non-ionizing radiation ionizing radiation
ionizing radiation
A client has developed cell atrophy. The most likely cause would be: ischemia. overuse. reinnervation. endocrine stimulation.
ischemia.
While reviewing the basic information related to hemodialysis, the nurse explains that water molecules move through adjacent phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane by: secondary active transport. diffusion. osmosis. active transport. vesicular transport.
osmosis.
A child with Osgood-Schlatter disease most often presents with which assessment finding? pain in front of the knee inability to walk pain in the hip no symptoms
pain in front of the knee
The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as: metaplasia. physiologic hypertrophy. dysplasia. physiologic hyperplasia.
physiologic hypertrophy.