Unit 10 Fluid, Electrolyte, pH

Normal K+ concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L.

3.5-5.0

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

50

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

60

The normal blood pH range is

7.35-7.45.

Alkalosis:

may occur after prolonged vomiting due to loss of stomach acid

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis.

Prolonged vomiting can result in

metabolic alkalosis.

When pure water is consumed,

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

A solution with a H+ concentration of 1 x 10-6 is:

acid

A substance that has a sour taste and a pH of 3 is most likely a(n):

acid

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?

aldosterone

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone.

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

alkalosis

Intracellular fluid is found only within

the cells of the body.

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys.

Movement of water by osmosis from one fluid compartment to another will have an effect on the electrolyte concentrations in the compartments.

true

Normally, intracellular and extracellular fluids are isotonic to each other.

true

An increase of Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluids would lead to:

water moving by osmosis from cells into the extracellular fluids.

A solution that will not change in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base is called a:

buffer solution

A solution that resists large changes in pH is a:

buffer system

________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

buffer system

All of the following factors cause potassium excretion except

decreased pH of extracellular fluid.

Acidosis occurs when the blood pH:

drops below 7.35.

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed

fluid shift

A red blood cell in an isotonic solution will:

have no concentration change, therefore no change in cell size.

Compared to intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid has which of the following?

higher Na+ and Cl- concentrations.

Substantial loss of bodily fluids, such as occurs in severe diarrhea, could lead to:

hypovolemia. loss of electrolytes. both a and c.

An increase in sodium concentration in the interstitial fluid would lead to a(an):

increase in interstitial fluid volume.

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

kidneys

Cholera causes devastating diarrhea. This will lead to:

loss of water and electrolytes

The concentration of Na+ is higher inside the cells than it is outside the cells.

False, because it is constantly pumped out of the cell by active transport.

Which statement is true:

K+ (potassium) is the major cation found in the intracellular fluids

If a cell is placed in a large volume of hypotonic solution, which of the following statements would be correct?

The cell will swell.

Which of the following is NOT true of the pH scale?

The pH scale ranges from 1 - 12.

If you drank 2 liters of isotonic fluid, which of the following statements would be correct?

The plasma volume would increase.

The ________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system

If a large amount of water were added to the interstitial fluid, what would most likely occur?

Water would move into the cells.

In order to maintain fluid balance in the body, there must be:

an electrolyte balance

A pH range of 7.35 - 7.45 is normal for the:

blood

Which of the following electrolytes is a major extracellular fluid anion and functions in water balance?

chloride

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

consequence of prolonged vomiting

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

increased by aldosterone. associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. reduced when the exchange pump binds H+. All of the answers are correct.

In the image above, the letter "X" represents which fluid?

interstitial

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

intracellular

Na+ and Cl- are to interstitial fluid as K+ and HPO4-2 are to:

intracellular fluid

Fluid and electrolyte balance in the body:

is an important part of homeostasis

Aldosterone

is secreted in response to decreased blood volume. promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. helps increase blood volume and raise blood pressure. All of the answers are correct.

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.

The main difference in the chemical composition of plasma and interstitial fluid is that:

plasma contains considerably more proteins.

Which of the following electrolytes contributes most to intracellular osmotic pressure?

potassium

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

potassium.

Hyperventilation will ________ pH.

raise (increase)

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis.

Consuming a meal high in salt will

result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

The predominant cation in the extracellular fluid that functions in fluid balance is:

sodium.

Antidiuretic hormone

stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.

Distilled water is injected into a blood vessel. In response to this, the red blood cells surrounded by the water would:

swell