Unit 10: Personality

Alfred Adler

Inferiority Complex

Carl Jung

Less emphasis on social factors, unconscious= major influence

The most widely used projective test is the ___, in which people are shown a series of __. Critics contend that these tests have (little/significant) validity and reliability.

Rorschach; inkblot; little

Karen Horney

Child's sense of helplessness > Childhood anxiety > Desire for love + security

The psychoanalytic perspective on personality was proposed by ___. A second, historically significant perceptive was the ___ approach, which focused on people's capacities for ___ and ___.

Freud; Humanistic; growth; self-fulfillment

Criticism of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory centers on the fact that is provides ___-___-___ explanations and doesn't offer ___ ___.

after-the-fact; testable predictions

The ego develops (before/after) the id and consists of perceptions, thoughts, and memories that are mostly (conscious/unconscious). The ego operates according to the ___ principle.

after; conscious; reality

The second stage is the ___ stage, which lasts from about age ___ months to ___ months.

anal; 18; 36

Another Freudian idea that has received support is that people defend themselves against ___. According to ___-___ theory, when people are faced with a threatening world, they act to enhance their ___ ___ and may adhere more strongly to the ___ ___ that create meaning in their lives.

anxiety; terror-management; self esteem; world views

Freud believed that all facets of personality arise from conflict between our ___ impulses and the ___ restraints against them.

biological; social

The ego attempts to protect itself against anxiety through the use of ___ ___. The process underlying each of these mechanisms is ___.

defense mechanisms; repression

When a person refuses to believe or even perceive a painful reality, he or she is experiencing ___.

denial

When impulses are directed toward an object other than the one that caused arousal, ___ has occurred.

displacement

According to Freud, it is possible for a person's development to become blocked in any of the stages; in such an instance, the person is said to be ___.

fixated

Today's theories are more ___ and down-to-earth than these classic theories.

focused

The technique later used by Freud, in which the patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, is called ___ ___.

free association

The final stage of development is called the ___ stage.

genital

At first, Freud thought ___ would unlock the door to the unconscious.

hypnosis

According to Freud, personality consists of three interacting structures: the ___, the ___, and the ___.

id; ego; superego

Freud believed that ___ with the same-sex parent is the basis for what psychologists now call ___ ___.

identification; gender identity

During the next stage, sexual feelings are repressed: this phase is called the ___ stage and lasts until puberty.

latency

Contrary to Freud's theory, research indicates that human development is (fixed in childhood/lifelong), children gain their gender identity at an (earlier/later) age, and the presence of a same-sex parent (is/isn't) necessary for the child to become strongly masculine or feminine.

lifelong; earlier; isn't

The theorists who established their own, modified version s of psychoanalytic theory are called ___-___. These theorists typically place (more/less) emphasis on the conscious mind than Freud did and (more/less) emphasis on sex and aggression.

neo-Freudians; more; less

Sigmund Freud was a medical doctor who specialized in ___ disorders.

nervous

Freud developed his theory in response to his observation that many patients had disorders that didn't make ___ sense.

neurological

The first stage is the ___ stage, which takes place during the first 18 months of life. During this stage, the id's energies are focused on behaviors such as ___.

oral; sucking, biting, chewing

The third stage is the ___ stage, which lasts roughly from ages __ to ___ years. During this stage, the id's energies are focused on the ___. Freud also believed that during this stage children develop sexual desires for the (same/opposite)-sex parent. Freud referred to these feelings as the ___ ___ in boys. Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experience a parallel ___ ___.

phallic; 3; 6; genitals; opposite; Oedipus complex; electra complex

When a person attributes his or her own feelings to another person, ___ has occurred.

projection

An example of the defense mechanism that Freud called ___ is what researchers today call the ___ ___ effect. This refers to our tendency to ___ the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

projection; false consensus; overestimate

Tests that provide people with ambiguous stimuli for interpretation are called ___ tests. Henry Murray introduced the personality assessment technique called the __ ___ Test.

projective; Thematic Apperception

Freud called his theory and associated techniques, whereby painful unconscious memories are exposed, ___.

psychoanalysis

More recently, some of Freud's ideas have been incorporated into ___ theory. Unlike Freud, the theorists advocating this perspective do not believe that ___ is the basis of personality. They do agree, however, that much of mental life is ___, that ___ shapes personality, and that we often struggle with ___ ___.

psychodynamic; sex; unconscious; childhood; inner conflict

According to Freud, personality is formed as the child passes through a series of ___ stages, each of which is focused on a distinct body area called an ___ ___.

psychosexual; erogenuous zone

When a person offers a false, self-justifying explanation for his or her own actions, ___ has occurred.

rationalization

When a person reacts in a manner opposite that of his or her true feelings, ___ ___ is said to have occurred.

reaction formation

Dealing with anxiety by returning to an earlier stage of development is called ____.

regression

Today's psychologists (accept/reject) the idea of inherited experiences, which ___called a ___ ___.

reject; Jung; collective unconscious

Psychoanalytic theory rests on the assumption that the human mind often ___ painful experiences. Many of today's researchers think that this process is much (more common/rarer) than Freud believed. They also believe that when it does occur, it is a reaction to terrible ___.

represses; rarer; trauma

The personality structure that reflects moral values is the ___, which Freud believed began emerging at about age ___ or __.

superego; 4; 5

Personality is defined as an individual's characteristic pattern of _____, _____, and _____.

thinking; feeling; acting

Defense Mechanisms are (conscious/unconscious)

unconscious

Today's psychologists agree with Freud that we have limited access to all that goes on in our minds. Research confirms the reality of ___ ___ learning.

unconscious implicit

The id is a reservoir of psychic energy that is primarily (conscious/unconscious) and operates according to the ___ principle.

unconscious; pleasure

According to the psychoanalysis theory, many of a person's thoughts, wishes, and feelings are hidden in a large ___ region. Some of the thoughts in this region can be retrieved at will into consciousness; these thoughts are said to be ___. Many of the memories of this region, however, are blocked, or ___, from consciousness.

unconscious; preconscious; repressed

Freud believed that a person's ___ wishes are often reflected in his or her beliefs, habits, symptoms, and ___ of the tongue or pen. Freud called the remembered content of dreams the ___ ___, which he believed to be a censored version of the dream's true ___ ___.

unconscious; slip; manifest content; latent content

A person with a (strong/weak) superego may be self-indulgent; one with an unusually (strong/weak) superego may be virtuous but guilt-ridden.

weak; strong

Research also disputes Freud's belief that dreams disguise ___ and that defense mechanisms disguise ___ and ___ impulses. Another Freudian idea that is no longer widely accepted is that psychological disorders are caused by ___ ___.

wishes; sexual; aggressive; sexual suppression