Unit 10.3 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Civil disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. Of all the associations dedicated to the struggle against British rule, the most influential was the Indian National Congress, founded in 1885. This organization, which enlisted the support of many prominent Hindus and Muslims, at first stressed collabo-ration with the British to bring self-rule to India, but after the Great War the congress pursued that goal in opposition to the British. The British government responded to in-creased nationalism in this period with a series of repressive measures that precipitated a wave of violence and disorder throughout the Indian subcontinent.

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya spent almost fifteen years in Europe, during which time he attended various schools, including the London School of Economics. An immensely articulate nationalist, Kenyatta later led Kenya to independence from the British.

Gandhi

fought hard to improve the status of the casteless Untouchables. . launched the Non-Cooperation Movement. began the Civil Disobedience Movement. worked to secure approval of the Government of India Act He renamed the untouchables the Harijans or children of God, and consistently advocated for a casteless or classless society in India

Satyagraha

the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms

Pan-Africanism

the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries Race had provided colonial powers with one rationale for conquest and exploitation; hence it was not surprising that some nationalists used the concept of an African race as a foundation for identity, solidarity, and nation building. Indeed, race figured prominently in a strain of African nationalism known as pan-Africanism, which originated in the western hemisphere among the descendants of slaves.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Who among the following was an artist who blended artistic vision and radical political ideas in large murals that he created for the appreciation of working people?

. Diego Rivera Very famous in his own time, Rivera has more recently been somewhat eclipsed by his equally talented wife, Frida Kahlo, with whom he had a rather difficult and tempestuous relationship.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. Representative of this pan-Africanism was the Jamaican nationalist leader Marcus Garvey (1887-1940), who thought of all Africans as members of a single race and who promoted the unification of all people of African descent into a single African state.

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Authoritarian party that has ruled China from 1949 to the present Disillusioned by the cynical self-interest of the United States and the European powers, some Chinese became interested in Marxist thought and the social and economic experiments underway in the Soviet Union. The anti-imperialist rhetoric of the Soviet leadership prompted the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Shanghai in 1921. Among its early members was Mao Zedong (1893-1976), a former teacher and librarian who viewed a Marxist-inspired social revolution as the cure for China's problems.

Harijan

Children of God Although he was himself a member of the merchant caste, Gandhi was determined to eradicate the injustices of the caste system. He fought especially hard to improve the status of the lowest classes of society, the casteless Untouchables, whom he called harijans ("children of God").

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

Chinese Nationalist leader whose corrupt and ineffective government fell to communist rebels in 1949 After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, the leadership of the Guomindang fell to Jiang Jieshi a young general who had been trained in Japan and the Soviet Union. Before long, Jiang Jieshi launched a political and military offensive, known as the Northern Expedition, that aimed to unify the nation and bring China under Guomindang rule. Toward the end of his successful campaign, in 1927, Jiang Jieshi brutally and unexpectedly turned against his former communist allies, bringing the alliance between the Guomindang and the CCP to a bloody end.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. As revolutionary and nationalist uprisings gained widespread support, a revolution in 1911 forced the Xuantong emperor, still a child (also known as Puyi), to abdicate. The Qing empire fell with relative ease. Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925), a leading opponent of the old regime, became the first provisional president of what would be-come the new Chinese republic in 1912. The most prominent nationalist leader at the time, Sun Yat-sen, did not share the communists' enthusiasm for a dictatorship of the proletariat. Rather, Sun's basic ideology called for elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage. To realize those goals, he was determined to bring the entire country under the control of his Nationalist People's Party, or Guomindang.

All of the following are true of Africa during the decades after the Great War except?

Europeans promoted rapid, intensive industrialization among their colonial possessions. While the colonial powers in some parts of Africa did construct railroads, roads, ports, and other economic infrastructure. They did not seek to industrialize their colonies. The only exception to this general global trend was as we discussed in the previous lesson, Imperial Japan and East Asia.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region. The pressures of the Great Depression and the instability of global politics led to a reassessment of U.S. foreign policy in Latin America during the late 1920s and 1930s. U.S. leaders realized the costliness and the ineffectiveness of direct interventions in Latin America, especially when committing U.S. marines as peacekeeping forces. To extricate U.S. military forces and rely more fully on "dollar diplomacy," policymakers instituted certain innovations that nonetheless called into question any true change of heart among U.S. neocolonialists. They approved "sweetheart treaties" that guaranteed U.S. financial control in the Caribbean economies of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, for example, and the U.S. Marines provided training for indigenous police forces to keep the peace and maintain law and order. This revamped U.S. approach to relations with Latin America became known as the "Good Neighbor Policy," and it was most closely associated with the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945).

Dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean. In his final address to Congress in 1912, Taft argued that the United States should substitute "dollars for bullets" in its foreign policy. He wanted businesses to develop foreign markets through peaceful commerce and believed that expensive military intervention should be avoided as much as possible. This new vision of U.S. expansion abroad, dubbed "dollar diplomacy" by critics, encapsulated the gist of what those in Latin America perceived as "Yankee imperialism."

Who among the following was noted for his "good neighbor policy

Franklin Delano Roosevelt In contrast to many proceeding administrations, arguably stretching all the way back to James Monroe, and the Monroe Doctrine, during which the United States repeatedly intervened economically and even militarily into nearly every Latin American country, Roosevelt sought better or equal relations between the United States and its Latin American neighbors. Franklin Delano Roosevelt even directly repudiated the aggressive policies of his relative Theodore Roosevelt when he had his Secretary of State declare that, "No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another." This change improved relations between the United States and Brazil among other Latin American countries

Satyagraha was

Gandhi's philosophy of passive resistance The development of Satyagraha illustrates how entirely globalized the world had become and how it makes little sense to consider developments within a single nation in isolation. Gandhi is given credit for developing and implementing this philosophy and strategy of peaceful, passive resistance and rightly so. But Gandhi himself notes that one of his inspirations was the American Henry David Thoreau, who modeled civil disobedience by refusing to pay taxes and therefore going to jail in protest of the Mexican-American War. Thoreau in turn claims that the ancient Indian classic, the Bhagavad Gita helped shaped his own philosophy and thoughts. Then perhaps to bring things full circle, Dr. Martin Luther King notes Gandhi as being among his inspirations for his own nonviolent struggles for civil rights in the United States.

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931

Mao Zedong's main rival after 1925 was

Jiang Jieshi. Chiang Kai-shek, or Jiang Jieshi, was the leader of a group known as the Nationalists, or Kuomintang. In the late 1920s, and for most of the 1930s, they headed the recognized government of China, but were constantly at war with the Communists and other enemies.

Who among the following emerged as the leader and principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement in the 1930s?

Mao Zedong Some in China were inspired by the writings of Mao's, and the real-world example of the Soviet Union. They saw a socialist revolution as the solution to China's challenges and problems. Mao Zedong rose from among the ranks of many Communist thinkers and activists to take control of the movement in China, and ultimately, control of China itself in 1949.

Diego Rivera

Mexican Muralist who created artworks in Mexico and the U.S. focusing on political messages. Influenced by indigenous art forms as well as the European Renaissance artists and Cubists, Rivera's paintings reflected the turmoil and shifting political sensibilities taking place during the Great War and its aftermath. He blended his artistic and political visions in vast public murals in Mexico's cities, because he believed that art should be on display for working people. As a political activist, Rivera also used his art to level a pointed critique of the economic dependency and political repressiveness engendered by U.S. neocolonialism in Latin America. Indeed, Rivera made visible the impact of U.S. imperialism on Latin American societies, and by doing so he helped spread political activism in the Americas.

Muhhamad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), an eloquent and brilliant lawyer who headed the Muslim League—a separate nationalist organization founded in 1906 that focused on the needs of Indian Muslims—warned that a unified India represented nothing less than a threat to the Muslim faith and its Indian community. In place of one India, he proposed two states, one of which would be the "land of the pure," or Pakistan. Jinnah's proposal reflected an uncomfortable reality that society in India was split by hostility between Hindus and Muslims.

The 1930 Salt March

One key and heart-wrenching moment in putting Satyagraha to action was the 1930 Salt March. Gandhi led protesters in a march for hundreds of miles in protest of the British salt monopoly. At points along the march, British police sought to use physical force to block the marchers, but they peacefully pushed on nonetheless, the results were disturbing to say the least

Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the creation of

Palestine. Gandhi had hoped that an independent India could be an open, tolerant, multicultural polity and society But many, both Hindus and Muslims disagreed. Jinnah argue that the only solution would be full separation and the creation of a separate Muslim dominated Pakistan. Jinnah's dream would be accomplished with the post-independence partition of India into first India and Pakistan and later India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Sadly, these separations were not accomplished without significant bloodshed

Gandhi embraced a moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence (ahimsa) during the twenty-five years he spent in

South Africa While there he observed firsthand the suffering experienced in a racially segregated society and he began to develop strategies of protests and resistance to counter the injustice. Key among these was the doctrine of ahimsa, or non-violence

In 19112, who became the first provisional president of what would become the Republic of China?

Sun Yatsen Also sometimes known as Sun Zhongshan, he was a medical doctor, writer, and rebel. He repeatedly attempted to raise the standard of rebellion against the Qing Empire, and repeatedly failed. But when revolution eventually did bring the Qing down in 1912, Sun was nominated to be the provisional president of a new Chinese republic, as acknowledgment of his tireless efforts to reform and transform China. But what would the new Chinese republic look like? Some, including Sun Yatsen himself, seemed to want a state and a society that was dominated by ethnic Han Chinese. However, the new republic quickly pivoted and claimed all the territory of people that had once been ruled by the Qin. An early flag of the republic had five colored stripes, each representing a different ethnic group in the new China: Han Chinese, Mongols, Tibetans, Uighurs, and so on.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. In dealing with those problems, Jiang Jieshi gave priority to eliminating the CCP. No longer able to ward off the relentless attacks of nationalist forces, the communists took flight in October 1934 to avoid annihilations, and some eighty-five thousand troops and auxiliary personnel of the Red Army began the legendary Long March, an epic journey of 10,000 kilometers (6,215 miles). During the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as the leader and the principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement. He came up with a Chinese form of Marxist-Leninism, or Maoism, an ideology grounded in the conviction that peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution in China.

Guomindang (Kuomintang) (GMD/KMT)

The Kuomintang, often referred to in English as the Nationalist Party of China or the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a major political party in the Republic of China throughout its historical periods in both the Chinese mainland as well as Taiwan, which was reorganized and transitioned to the current form since 1919.

China and the Great Depression

The nationalist government had to deal with many concerns, but Chinese leaders evaded one major global crisis—the Great Depression. Foreign trade in such items as tea and silk, which did decline, made up only a small part of China's economy, which was otherwise dominated by its large domestic markets.

Shanfei

Who/What: a famous leader in the student movement and eventually joined the communist youth. Her family was very traditional, but she broke the mold When:1926 Where: China Historical Significance: one of thousands of students to participate in the Chinese revolution; her life shows the turbulence of the time period (especially between the world wars)

After Mexico angered American oil companies by nationalizing its oil industry in 1938, the Roosevelt administration

called for a negotiated resolution The Good Neighbor Policy was challenged when American economic interests were threatened by Mexico's nationalization of its oil industry. But rather than the aggressive interventionist policies that his predecessors might have adopted, FDR called for a negotiated resolution

Getúlio Dornelles Vargas

dictator president of Brazil from 1930-1945 and 1950-1954, program of industrialization, made brazil less dependent on USA. Programs supported the common people Economic policy stressing internal economic development was most visible in Brazil, where dictator-president (1930-1945, 1950-1954) Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (1883-1954) turned his nation into an estado novo (new state). Ruling with the backing of the military but without the support of the landowning elite, Vargas and his government during the 1930s and 1940s embarked on a program of industrialization that created new enterprises. Key among them was the iron and steel industry. The Vargas regime also implemented protectionist policies that shielded domestic production from foreign competition, which pleased both industrialists and urban workers.

Brazil responded to the Great Depression by

embarking on a program of industrialization. Under the leadership of Getulio Domelles Vargas, Brazil sought to develop a vibrant industrial sector that included iron and steel.

The May Fourth Movement

galvanized the Chinese against foreign influence the May Fourth Movement was a popular protest against handing over the former German possessions in China to Japan. Chinese students took to the streets to protest this state of affairs, and in many ways, became the conscience of the nation. You'll also remember the influence of American President Woodrow Wilson and his memorable phrases such as, "The world must be made safe for democracy," that inspired not only the May 4th marchers in China, but also people across the world in the so-called Wilsonian Moment.

The Long March

greatly strengthened Mao Zedong's leadership position. In the mid 1930s, Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists, with some advice and assistance from Nazi Germany, had surrounded and liquidated most of the Communist strongholds in the Chinese countryside. All that remained was the Jiangxi Soviet, headed by Mao Zedong. Sensing that he was almost entirely surrounded, Mao led his Communist soldiers in a strategic retreat that ended up lasting for nearly a year, and covering thousands of miles of difficult terrain, before finally reaching a new and safer base in northern China. Despite these incredible losses, those that did survive managed to regroup, and would later be the core leadership of Chinese communism for the next several decades. The long march was also when Mao Zedong managed to eclipse all of his competitors and become the predominant leader of Chinese communism. Looking at these two competitors, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, reveals how fuzzy and fluid ideological and group identities can be

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (quiz question)

headed the Muslim League. Jinnah spoke for unrepresented India's sizable Muslim minority, a legacy of centuries of Moghal rule in India. He often cooperated with Gandhi in opposing British rule, but he was uncertain about the position and status of Muslims in an independent India.

Which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of Gandhi's philosophy?

heavy industrialization n contrast to nearly every other nationalists, reformer and leader in the world who saw industrialization is a key to national survival and power, Gandhi preached a lifestyle of simplicity, anti-materialism, and self-sufficiency. Later in his life, he was famous for his astonishing lack of material possessions and his commitment to spinning the thread, weaving the clock himself for what little clothing he did have.

During the Great Depression, Latin American nations experienced all of the following except

rapidly rising investment in the region by US bankers. Latin America suffered all of the ill effects of the Great Depression that most other parts of the world did. This included unemployment, a decline in investments, and a general contraction of foreign trade. The last of these was emblematic of the overall dramatic reduction of economic or commercial globalization that took place in the age of anxiety

Neocolonialism

refers to foreign economic domination, as well as military and political intervention, in states that have already achieved independence from colonial rule. In Central and South America, as well as in the Caribbean, this new imperial influence came not from former coloanal rulers in Spain and Portugal but, rather, from wealthy, industrial-capitalist powerhouses such as Great Britain and the United States. Neocolonialism impinged on the political and economic development of Latin American states, but it did not fully prevent nationalist leaders from devising strategies to combat the newfound imperialism.

Carmen Miranda

served as the model for an ad created by the United Fruit Company. In contrast to the epic and often dismal portrayals of Rivera, both Hollywood and big business sought to convey a much happier image of Latin America. Known both for her impressive talents and for her penchant for exotic costumes, which often included headdress filled with Latin American fruits, Miranda was a light-hearted counterpart to the darker visions of Rivera and Kahlo. It is no surprise then that the United Fruit Company among many other businesses sought to leverage Miranda's image in the service of their own products and corporate image.

In the decades following the Great War, the economies of most African colonies were dominated by

the exchange of raw materials or cash crops for manufactured goods from abroad. Much of this economic relationship was deliberately designed by the colonial powers, who saw Africa primarily as a source of resources and raw materials and is a market for the metropole's goods. The challenge for many African peoples was that improvements in agricultural, mining, and other technologies increased the productivity and the efficiency of agricultural production and the extraction of raw materials, and therefore drove down prices. The prices of finished goods generally did not decline as quickly Non-industrialized economies like those in Africa, were therefore stuck in a relationship of dependency that was extremely difficult to escape.

Marcus Garvey (quiz question)

was a Jamaican Pan-Africanist leader. Garvey was in some ways a product of the Columbian Exchange, the Atlantic slave trade and imperialism. He articulated a vision of African unity, sometimes called Pan-Africanism that appealed to many. He had a strong vision of a single African nation, despite the fact that he had never visited the continent. His vision of a united African nation included such hallmarks of a modern nation as a flag. Garvey was influential in the development of a new religious movement called Rastafari or Rastafarianism. This is an Abrahamic religion that shares many beliefs about God, Jesus, and salvation with other Christians. But it also has uniquely Caribbean and African elements, including situating Zion in Africa in opposition to the Babylon, that is both the secular world in general and the Western world in particular.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. During the twenty-two years he spent in South Africa, Gandhi embraced a moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence (ahimsa) and developed the technique of passive resistance that he called satyagraha ("truth and firmness"). His belief in the virtue of simple living led him to renounce material possessions, dress in the garb of a simple Indian peasant, and become a vegetarian. Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi became active in Indian politics and succeeded in transforming the Indian National Congress from an elitist institution into a mass organization.