unit 12
46. Atomic Bomb- The U.S. government developed an atomic bomb due to their fears of Germans building a super-uranium bomb. Ultimately the U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, one on Hiroshima and one on Nagasaki, killing thousands and leading to the surrender of Japan and the end of WWII.
2 on Japan, surreneder
32. The Beer Hall Putsch (German Hitlerputsch) occurred November 8, 1923 when Adolf Hitler and his Nazis along with General Erich Ludendorff and his conservative nationalists tried to gain power in Munich. Hitler planned to use Munich as a base against Germany's Weimar Republic government in Berlin; however, their support failed to materialize, and police and soldiers crushed the attempt the next day. Four police officers and fourteen demonstrators died as a result of this incident. The name of the beer hall was Bürgerbräukeller. It did give the Nazis their first taste of national attention and a propaganda victory. For the Putsch, Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for treason. While serving this prison sentence at Landsberg am Lech, he and Rudolf Hess wrote Mein Kampf. On November 8, 1939 Hitler narrowly escaped an assassination attempt while celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich.
Against Weimar Repub, Mein Kampf
42. Battle of Stalingrad - major industrial center of Russia attacked by Germany from 1942-1943; Germans winning at first but Russians came back, stopped the German offensive for the first time, encircled them and forced them to surrender; entire German army lost, was extremely gruesome battle; was major turning point of war in favor of Allies
Allies winning in WWII
19. Black Shirts/Squadristi- military arm of the Italian Fascist Party who terrorized political opponents in support of Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
41.Battle of Britain - Germany knew had to invade Britain; strengthened Luftwaffe and launched offensive v. British air And naval bases, harbors, and war industries; British used radar and Ultra-intelligence operation to break German military codes; however, Britain suffered many losses, saved by Hitler's change of strategy from military targets to massive bombing of cities; British eventually won
Briain won
43. Neville Chamberlain - (1869-1940) - Prime Minister of Britain during early years of war that held up policy of appeasement toward Germany; eventually replaced by Winston Churchill in 1940
Britain Prime minister
17. Fascism- an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization that glorifies the state and totally subordinates the individual to the state's needs. Dictatorship lead by a strong charismatic leader.
Dictatorship
81. British Union of Facists (Mosley) - Mosley created the British Union of Fascists and published a book called The Greater Britain, which explained his idea for a fascist state. His influences were from Mussolini.
Facism in GB
18. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)- created the Fascist Party in Italy in 1919 eventually becoming dictator in 1925 after he used the Black Shirts to gain control. Renamed himself "Il Duce"
Facism, black shirts
63. Falange- Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera's Spanish political party, founded in 1933 as Falange Espanola. It generally followed the guidelines of fascism, yet had a great emphasis on national tradition (Renaissance Christian). Its militia joined the Insurgents in the Spanish Civil War. It was merged with the Carlist militia by Franco in 1937 and renamed to Falange Espanola Tradicionalista and was made the official party of the Nationalist state. It was less independent than Italian fascism and was exploited and manipulated by Franco. By the early 1970s it not longer had much influence.
Facism, nationalist side in Spanish civil war
20. March on Rome- Oct 28, 1922 Fascist Party take over of Rome, then Milan, then Bologna. It marked the beginning of the end of parliamentary government, and the emergence of fascist dictatorship and institutionalized violence due to unemployment and rising inflation
Facist govn gains control
75. Reichstag Fire- fire in 1933 in the Reichstag, German Parliament, that was blamed on the Communists and was the impetus for the passage of the Enabling Acts. It was later proven that the fire was actually set by the National Socialists.
Fire to German parliment
4. Saar/Rhineland- The Saar Territory came into existence as a political unit when the Treaty of Versailles (1919) made it an autonomous territory, administered by France under League of Nations supervision, pending a plebiscite to be held in 1935 to determine its final status. France also received the right to exploit its coalfields until that time. When more than 90% of the votes cast in the plebiscite favored its reunion with Germany, the Saar was restored (Mar., 1935) to German control and constituted the Saarland prov.
France vs German contol, German regain of power
88. Zyklon B- gas that was used in the gas chambers in the Death Camps
Gas
6. Treaty of Rapollo- 1922- a treaty between Germany and Russia that said that the only European country to enter into direct relation with Russia was the new democratic government of Germany
Genoa Conference, Germany and Russia
84. Luftwaffe - The German Air Force; it was created in WWI but dissolved afterwards as a condition of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler, though, ordered H. Goring to reinstate the Luftwaffe while the treaty was still in effect. Right before the war, the Luftwaffe was the most powerful air force in the world.
German Air force, powerful
13. Young Plan (1929): program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I. It was presented by the committee headed (1929-30) by Owen D. Young. After the Dawes Plan was put into operation (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not meet the huge annual payments, especially over an indefinite period of time. It also divided the payment up more easily.
German debt
79. Volk - The idea that the Germans and Aryans were the cultural and national soil
Germans made for land
70. Remilitarization of the Rhine Land- The Rhine land was set to be a buffer between France and Germany in Versailles, but once Hitler and Germany rearmed Germany, Hitler sent troops to take the Rhine land back to Germany. France had rights by Versailles to use force to move Germans out, but didn't because they had no backing from Britain.
Germant takes rhine from FR
55. Yalta Conference - Conference held in Crimea, Ukraine, with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. The policy of demanding Germany's unconditional surrender was finalized. Plans were made for dividing Germany into four zones of occupation (American, British, French, and Soviet) under a unified control commission in Berlin. The "Big Three" planned future meetings.
Germany surrender
27. Weimar republic- democracy set up in Germany after ww1 to prevent German aggression. Failed because of poor economy and lack of power.
Great Depression
54. Potsdam Conference- Stalin's lend lease wanted loaned US money to the USSR for rebuilding, which got suspended, Churchill claimed USSR's rebuilding was an "iron curtain". On July 16, 1945, the "Big Three" leaders met at Potsdam, Germany, near Berlin. They discussed post-war arrangements in Europe, frequently without agreement. Future move in the war against Japan were also covered. It also gave the terms for Japan's surrender and stated the Allie's intentions. It ended with an ultimatum: Japan must immediately agree to surrender or "face prompt and utter destruction."
Japan must surrender
28. "Stab in the back"- after signing a non-aggression pact with the soviets, Hitler goes back on his word and attacks them anyways.
Hitler breaks pact w/ Soviet union
76. Enabling Acts- After the Reichstag Fires, allowed Hitler as the chancellor, to waive all constitutional rights and basically have dictatorial powers for 4 years.
Hitler is in cntrl for 4 yrs
40. Annexation (Anschluss) of Austria - Hitler decided to first attack Austria in his plans for war; pressured Austrian Chancellor into putting Austrian Nazis in charge of government; invited German troops to enter and on March 13, 1938, Hitler annexed Austria to Germany; strengthened Germany's position in Central Europe and set up invasion of Czechoslovakia
Hitler takes Austria
48. Pearl Harbor- Japan's attack on the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor was the action that ultimately led to the United States entrance into World War II. Shortly afterward, Hitler declared war on the U.S., bringing the U.S. into conflict with both the Japanese and the Germans.
Japan attack on US
87. Warsaw Ghetto uprising- 1943 act of Jewish resistance that arose within the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during WWII, in resistance to the Nazi's efforts to transport the remaining Ghetto population to the Treblinka concentration camp resulting in the burning of the ghetto block by block from April 19 to May 16th, and a total of 13,000 Jewish casualties and less than 300 German. This was the largest single revolt by Jews during WWII.
Jewish Revolt
69. Invasion of Ethiopia- Mussolini's attack in Eastern Africa, which resulted in Italy annexing the territory in 1936. This resulted in Axis control in the East of Africa and almost all of Northern Africa under Nazi control.
N Africa Nazi control
82. Vichy - Marshall Plan established an authoritarian regime know as Vichy France in 1940. It was a Nazi puppet state, and a French government-in-exile took up residence in Britain
Nazi contolled state
65. Blitzkrieg- The "lightning war" that Hitler employed to take over European 1939. It started with a massive bombing followed by armored panzer attack and troop advancement upon the war zone. The most effective use was shown in the invasion of Poland.
Nazi control fast
72. Nuremburg Rallies- Mass demonstrations by the Nazi party usually evoked great enthusiasm and excitement, showed Nazi power.
Nazi support
23. National Socialism- Nazism or National Socialism refers to the politics of the dictatorship which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945, "the Third Reich"
Nazi, WWII
2. Bauhaus- school of art and architecture in Germany. The Bauhaus revolutionized art training by combining the teaching of the pure arts with the study of crafts. Philosophically, the school was built on the idea that design did not merely reflect society; it could actually help to improve it. The Bauhaus was founded at Weimar in 1919 and headed by Walter Gropius.
Nazi, modern art
29. S.A.- Nazi military force. Highly indoctrinated in Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy.
Nazis
83. Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) - During WWII, he fronted a Nazi resistance group called the Free French. After the war, he was instrumental in setting up a provisional government, but withdrew from politics with the creation of the Fourth Republic (a parliamentary republic based on political parties de Gaulle thought were weak). Then, he formed the rightist French Popular Movement, which called for a stronger presidency that de Gaulle took up in 1958. He drafted a new constitution for the Fifth Republic, withdrew France from NATO high command, consented to Algerian independence, and stepped up the nuclear program. Economic troubles and government deficits led him to resign in 1969, and he died within a year.
Opposed nazis
34. "Lost Generation"-Seeking the bohemian lifestyle and rejecting the values of American materialism, a number of intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post World War I years. Paris was the center of it all. American poet Gertrude Stein actually coined the expression "lost generation." Speaking to Ernest Hemingway, she said, "you are all a lost generation." The term stuck and the mystique surrounding these individuals continues to fascinate us.
Paris, denial
5. Kellog-Briand Pact- Treaty between the United States and other Powers providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. Signed at Paris.
Peace, BOP
35. Pablo Picasso - one of the most important figures in modern art (Post Impressionism.) He's well known for the new style, Cubism, which uses geometric designs. One of his most famous paintings is The Starry Night. Dadaists try to give the impression of "anti-art."
Post-Impressionism
7. Locarno Pact- Between foreign ministers of Germany and France, Gustav Stresemann and Artistide Briand. This treaty guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium. Germany's new eastern borders with Poland weren't mentioned in the pact. This pact was viewed as a beginning of a new era of European peace.
Redrawing of map, peace
90. Great Patriotic War- Term used by Russia and other former Soviet Union republics for the conflicts fought on the Eastern Front of WW2 from June 22, 2941 to May 9, 1945.
Russia, battle during WW2
74. Ernest Rohm- Was the leader of the SA, which was a group who opposed Hitler and the Nazi; Hitler had him killed along with the other SA leaders.
SA leader, against Nazis
31. S.S.- Secret Police of Hitler as well as Stalin and Mussolini. Used to destroy all opposers to the current totalitarian/communistic/(can u think of a word?) government. very popular among monarchs hundreds of years ago, and still popular today with the KGB
Secret police
62. Francisco Franco- Franco held right wing; monarchist views and the republican government mistrusted him and demoted him to a minor post in Corunna. Two years after this, he was sent to command the Spanish Army in the Balearics. In October 1934, the government used Franco and Moroccan mercenary troops to suppress the Austrian miners' strike, causing the left wing in Spain to identify Franco as one of their main enemies. Robles, the minister of war, appointed Franco as his chief of staff, where Franco promoted monarchists and purged the army hierarchy of Republicans. When the Popular Front gained power, they were afraid of a military uprising and so they transferred right-wing military leaders to posts outside Spain (including Franco who was appointed governor of Canary Islands). Franco eventually became commander of the Army of Africa and joined the revolt by beginning to conquer southern Spain. By the end of September 1936, he became commander of the Nationalist Army and was also appointed chief of state and placed in charge of the Army of the North by Mola. Franco eventually took over Spain and ruled it. He did not, however join World War II., even though Hitler tried hard to convince him to do so.
Spanih war commander, Spanish Civil War
61. Spanish Civil War- a revolt of the Generals of the Spanish army who led their troops against the Republican Government on July 18, 1936. They did not expect much opposition to their coup d'etat, however the supporters of the government caused the war to last for three years. The Government had the support of all the Left-Wing political parties (Republicans, Socialists, Communists, and Anarchists). They and their associated Trade Unions provided the necessary armed Militias that resisted the rising in its earliest stages. The Insurgents, or Nationalists, had the support of the Army of Africa (had the most battle-hardened units in the Spanish Army), the remainder of the Peninsular Army, Guardia Civil, Carabineros, Asaltos, and the Right wing and Traditionalist Political parties (Monarchists, Carlists, and the Falange). The Catholic Church (not including the Basque Region) also gave its support to the Insurgents. The Nationalists also got help from the Right-Wing governments of Italy and Germany (sent volunteer tanks, aircraft, and artillery) and small numbers of Portuguese, French, and Irish volunteers. The war was fought by soldiers who thought that God or History was on their side ("war of Medieval ferocity fought with Twentieth Century technology").
Spanish revolt ag Republican govn, Militas w/ Africa support
77. Hitler Youth- Germany's young men and women who joined the Nazi political party and pledged their allegiance to Germany and Adolf Hitler. The Hitler Youth organization reinforced the teaching that Germany was superior
Superiority
47. Lend-Lease Program- A program of aid to the Soviets from the U.S. that was terminated before the end of the war. This was an act that further heightened tensions between the two nations.
US help Soviets
9. Maginot line-This is the place where between 1930 and 1935 France built a series of concrete and steel fortifications armed with heavy artillery. This line was along France's border with Germany
WWII defences
3. Reparations- After the defeat of German from WWI, the allies declared the Treaty of Versailles, in which German was declared as the cause of the war, and was responsible of paying for the loss and the destruction of the war. These payments to severals countries were called reparations. It made Germany pay billions of dollars to France, and Britain and several other allies.
WWII, German loss of land
85. Marshal Tito (1892-1980) - a.k.a. Josip Broz from Yugoslavia, led an anti-Nazi band of guerrillas against German occupation forces. After the war, he led the Yugoslav Communist resistance movement against Stalinism.
Yugoslav Resistence of Nazi
89. Holocaust- after the Final Solution, the plan and execution of systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II.
after final Solution
53. Autarky- A policy of national self-sufficiency and non-reliance on imports or economic aid; a self-sufficient region or country.
aid from withinJp
33. Mein Kampf- Hitler's book about his views of the world and his plans of changing it. Focuses harshly on the effect of Jews in the world and how they plague society
antisemitism
64. Guernica- work of art done by Pablo Picasso in 1937. It's the last of the line of formal images of battle and suffering. It was inspired by an act of war, the bombing of a Basque town during the Spanish Civil War. The destruction of Guernica was carried out by German aircraft, manned by German pilots, at the request of the Spanish Nationalist commander, General Emilio Mola. Guernica was the capital city of an independent republic. This painting was the last great history painting and also the last modern painting of major importance that took its subject from politics with the intention of changing the way large numbers of peoples thought and felt about power.
art, picasso, spanish civil war
8. Gustav Stresemann- foreign minister of Germany, his new policy of government ended the policy of passive resistance and committed Germany to carry out most of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles and seeking a new settlement for the reparations question, he was the chancellor and foreign minister in the beginning of the Weimar Republic.
carry out Versallies
58. Popular Front - an alliance of Marxists and socialists against fascists. Executed this through a broad coalition defending political liberties.
comunisms vs Facism
10. Hyperinflation of 1923-The hyperinflation was partly a result of the French occupation of the Ruhr valley. The German government adopted a policy of passive resistance that was largely financed by printing more paper money, but this only intensified the inflationary pressures that had already appeared in Germany after the war. The German mark became worthless and the economic disaster fueled political upheavals as Communists staged uprisings in October
cummunism, Ruhr valley
37. Surrealism (Salvador Dali) - Surrealism also uses the absurd and portrays the unconscious through fantasies, dreams, or nightmares. Dali was able to portray in his paintings the irrational as tangible.
dreams
68. Totalitarianism- Form of government used by Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin in which the government exercises complete and absolute control over intellectual and culture forms of life along with the typical social, political, and economic spheres of influence. They crush any opposing force to their well being as a ruler and an overall ruling government.
facism, communism
59. Sudetenland- The area of land claimed by Germany that was given to Czechoslovakia in its creation by the Treaty of Versailles at the end of WWI.
german land given to Czs
51. Lebensraum- Hitler's idea that Germany and its citizens needed more space, thus he tried to conquer more land for his citizens.
get more land for Germany
66. Final Solution- the ultimate plan for the Nazi's, which called for direct liquidation of the Jews and other social undesirables within the Aryan social structure. They sought to do this through concentration camps, shootings, and poison gassings. The largest of the extermination camps were located in Poland.
get rid of jews
25. Corporate state- The concept of the Corporate State developed under the context of Fascism in Mussolini's Italy as a means of regulating industrial relations. The theory divided society into a limited number of corporations. This collectivism then functioned as a means of control and a channel for government intervention. Theoretical underpinning came from the medieval traditions of guilds and craft-based economics.
govn control guilds, communism
45. Winston Churchill- Replaced Neville Chamberlain and took a hard-line policy against Nazi Germany as leader of the British Government. After the Battle of Britain, Churchill began a series of bombing raids against German communities to break civilian morale. Churchill was one of the Big Three at the Conferences at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, supporting an indirect attack of Germany, rather than Normandy Invasion that actually took place. At Tehran Churchill agreed with Stalin on the post war influence of their respective nations. Churchill was instrumental in the decision to give France a zone in occupied Germany.
hated nazis
52. Munich Conference- Conference shows prime example of appeasement in the era, as it surrendered much of the state of Czechoslovakia to Germany to help them rebuild.
help Germany rebuild
15. Gold Standard: This was set up by Witte to increase foreign country's interests in Russia so that they would invest in it and thus help the Russian economy become stable from a very low point.
help Russian econ
49. Franklin Delano Roosevelt- American President elected to an unprecedented 4 terms. FDR led the United States through the Great Depression with his "New Deal" that he hoped would pull the U.S. up from its utter economic ruin. FDR led the U.S. for the major part of WWII and was along with Stalin and Churchill made up the Big Three. Roosevelt was present at Tehran and Yalta, where he was a major proponent of the United Nations. FDR died on April 12, 1945 shortly before the official end of WWII.
help out of Depression
50. Harry Truman- President of the USA established the Truman Doctrine, which had the US give money to countries threatened by communism.
help stop communism
14. Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930): passed by the U.S. Congress; it brought the U.S. tariff to the highest protective level yet in the history of the United States. President Hoover desired a limited upward revision of tariff rates with general increases on farm products and adjustment of a few industrial rates.
high tariffs
22. Concordat with Vatican- In 1929, a concordat with the Vatican was signed, by which the Italian state was at last recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, and the independence of Vatican City was recognized by the Italian state.
indp for Vatican City
11. Invasion of Ruhr: Ruhr valley is Germany's biggest industrial spot so the French used it to collect the reparations in a different way for a while.
inflation
16. Great Depression (1929-1939)- An economic depression that started in the United States with the collapse of the stock market but that quickly spread to Europe due to the economic ties created during and after World War 1. After the War, the United States, was the major creditor and financier of Europe, who had been weakened by the war itself, war debt, and war reparations. Countries that were most indebted to the US, Germany were hardest hit massive inflation and 25% unemployment.
inflation, unemployment
21. Matteoti incident- has to do with Post-War Italy and Repressive Measures
italian socilaist
56. Rome-Berlin Axis - Mussolini's alliance with Hitler. They established common policies towards Spain, the Soviet Union, and the League of Nations.
italy allies with Hitler
60. Leon Blum- a socialist leader and the prime minister of France during the time of the first Popular Front government. He was the first Jew in France to hold this position. When Giral, the prime minister of Spain asked for help against military uprisings, he was convinced not to help them, and called for all countries in Europe not to intervene in the Spanish Civil War. The Communists that had up until this point supported the Popular Front then organized demonstrations against this policy of non-intervention. Blum decided to resign on June 22, 1937. On March 13, 1938, after campaigning for France to end this policy of nonintervention, he returned to power as prime minister. He allowed vast amounts of military equipment to enter Spain in order to reopen the frontier between the two countries. Because some French political figures such as Petain and Gamelin didn't agree with this, on April 10, 1938, Blum's government fell completely and Daladier as prime minister replaced him.
jewish french leader
86. Kristallnacht (Night of shattered glass) - November 9-10, 1938; A Polish Jew killed a third secretary in the German embassy in Paris, so, in a show of destructive anti-Semitism, a Nazi-led rampage resulted in burned-down synagogues, 7,000 destroyed Jewish businesses, and at least 100 killed Jews. 30,000 Jewish males were sent to concentration camps, and Jews were barred from all public buildings and prohibited from owning, managing, or working in any retail store. Invasion of Ruhr: The French invaded the German Ruhr valley because they couldn't pay of their reparations anymore.
mass killing of jews, FR invaded GR
24. Adolf Hitler- Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 - April 30, 1945) was the self-proclaimed Führer of Nazi Germany. Hitler was leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany and was head of government as well as state. The military-industrial complex he helped create pulled Germany out of a post-World War I economic crisis and, at its height, controlled the greater part of Europe. The regime he led, however, also caused the deaths of millions and the displacement of countless millions more. Hitler, a gifted orator with powerful personal presence, is regarded as one of the most significant leaders of the 20th century. In the end he died by his own hand with his "Thousand Year Reich" in ruins around him.
mein kamf, controlled a ton of europe
36. Dadaism - initiated from the uncertainty and the return to the absurd during the interwar years, Dadaism is used to "enshrine the purposelessness of life." As one of the founders, Tristan Tzara, of Dadaism said, "The acts of life have no beginning or end. Everything happens in a completely idiotic way...like everything in life, Dada is useless."
what is art? what isnt?
1. Walter Gropius- After World War I, Gropius became (1918) director of the Weimar School of Art, reorganizing it as the Bauhaus. It was moved in 1925 to Dessau. The complete set of new buildings for it, which Gropius designed (1926), remains one of his finest achievements. He built the Staattheater at Jena (1923), some experimental houses at Stuttgart (1927), and designed residences, workers' dwellings, and industrial buildings. Driven out by the Nazis, he practiced (1934-37) in London with Maxwell Fry and in 1937 immigrated to America, where he headed the school of architecture at Harvard until 1952. His influence on the dissemination of functional architectural theory and the rise of the International style was immense. Practicing his principles of cooperative design, Gropius worked with a group of young architects on the design of the Harvard graduate center. He continued his architectural activity with this group, the Architects Collaborative (TAC), in such works as the U.S. embassy at Athens, the Univ. of Baghdad (1961), and the Grand Central City building, New York City (1963). His writings include The New Architecture and the Bauhaus (tr. 1935) and Scope of World Architecture (1955).
modernist architecture, Bauhaus
71. Triumph Of Will- Was a German propaganda film, which conveyed the Nuremburg rallies and showed the power of the Nazi party.
movie, power of Nazi
39. Motion pictures - it had already started developing in the 1890s when they used short moving pictures for music halls. Before WWI, there were movies like the Italian film Quo Vadis, and the American film, Birth of a Nation, that became available in cinemas. It was found that by 1939, about 40% adults attended movies once a week in those industrial countries. That figure rose to 60% by the end of WWII.
movies
67. Wannsee Conference- The meeting for the Nazi party in 1942 that initiated the deportation of Jews to the death camps of Poland. This is where almost 6 million Jews and other social undesirables were horrible murdered under the Final Solution program.
organized "final solution"
78. "Race and space and feed and breed"- the motives behind Germany during WW2
pure race
12. Dawes Plan (1924): presented in 1924 by the committee headed by Charles G. Dawes to the Reparations Commission of the Allied nations. Germany and the Allies accepted it the same year. The Dawes committee consisted of ten representatives, two each from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States; it was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost 20 billion marks. Germany had been lagging in payment of this obligation, and the Dawes Plan provided that the Ruhr area be evacuated by Allied occupation troops.
ruhr are out of Allie control
38 James Joyce (Ulysses) - Surrealism was also evident in literature as well. Writers like James Joyce tended to uses interior monologue. As with his story, Ulysses, he told a story of a day in the life of ordinary people in Dublin but through their inner dialogue.
surrealism in writing
57. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact - Temporary peace made between Germany and the Soviet Union that was concluded a few days before the beginning of World War II and divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Sudetenland - Area of Czechoslovakia that contained many natural resources. The German-speaking minority was used as an excuse by Hitler to extend his conquests.
temporary peace btwn Nazi and SU
73. Nuremburg laws- Separated the Jews from Germany in every aspect, stripped them or any rights they had, and any say they had in the government.
took Jewish rights
44. Appeasement - policy held by Chamberlain of Britain and by many other countries that allowed Germany to regain. The status they lost during WWI, hoping that they would be satisfied and peace would result; however, only encouraged Germany to see Britain and France as weak nations and to continue to conquer other lands
trying to get peace w Germany, backfired
80. John Meynard Keyes - a Cambridge economist that published his General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. He condemned the traditional view that in a free economy, depressions should be left to work themselves out. Instead, Keynes argued that unemployment stemmed from a decline in demand, and that it could be fixed through deficit spending.
unemployment wont fix itself
26. Paul Von Hindenburg- WW1 war hero who became leader of the Weimar republic
weimar rupub, germany