Unit 12

What are the potassium supplements

All whole foods Meats Milks Fruits Vegetables Grains Legumes

What are the Anions (-)within the Major intracellular ions in the body

Chloride (Cl-) Bicarbonate(HCO3-) Phosphate(HPO4-) Sulfate(SO4-) Organic acids (lactate, pyruvate) Proteins

What are the functions of potassium

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance Facilitates many reactions Supports cell integrity Assists in nerve impulse transmission Muscle Contractions

What are the Cations (+)within the Major intracellular ions in the body

Sodium(Na+) Potassium(K+) Calcium(Ca++) Magnesium(Mg++)

The normal blood pH is tightly regulated between ?.

7.35 and 7.45

What is Calcium rigor

Blood calcium levels are above normal; the muscles contract and cannot relax

(DEXA scan) What does it entail?

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a means of measuring bone mineral density. Two X-ray beams, with different energy levels, are aimed at the patient's bones.

(DEXA scan)When soft tissue absorption is subtracted out, the bone mineral density can be determined from the ?.

absorption of each beam by bone

The negative(-) ones are

anions

Through the action of parathyroid hormone, trabecular bone readily gives up calcium whenever blood calcium levels are low. Losses of trabecular bone begin to become significant for men and women in their __________. a. 20s b. 30s c. 40s d. 50s e. 60s

b. 30s

Delirium, exhaustion, and collapse can result when _______ percent of body weight has been lost due to dehydration. a. 3-4 percent b. 7-10 percent c. 1-2 percent d. 2-3 percent e. 4-6 percent

b. 7-10 percent

All of the following statements regarding calcium supplements are true except: a. Many supplements derived from natural sources such as bone meal or oyster shell may be contaminated with lead. b. Calcium carbonate supplements contain the least amount of calcium compared to other calcium supplements. c. Some research suggests that calcium from supplements may increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. d. To improve absorption, it is best to take a low dose of calcium several times a day rather than a large-dose supplement all at once. e. Calcium from foods may support bone health better than calcium from supplements.

b. Calcium carbonate supplements contain the least amount of calcium compared to other calcium supplements.

Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing an enzyme called ____. a. ADH b. renin c. aldosterone d. angiotensin II e. angiotensin I

b. renin

Which food offers the most calcium per serving? a. strawberries b. pinto beans c. sardines with bones d. peanut butter e. watermelon

c. sardines with bones

Which electrolyte is found in its cation form? a. chloride b. sulfate c. sodium d. bicarbonate e. phosphate

c. sodium

The positive (+) ions are cations

cations

Women may lose up to _______ of their bone mass during the 6 to 8 years following menopause. a. 15 percent b. 25 percent c. 5 percent d. 20 percent e. 10 percent

d. 20 percent

All of the following statements describe the consequences of inadequate calcium intake except: a. All adults lose bone as they grow older, beginning between the ages of 30 and 40. b. Low calcium intakes during the growing years limits the bones' ability to attain peak bone mass. c. By age 30 those with a high peak bone mass will be well protected against age-related bone loss and fractures that can occur later in life. d. A low calcium intake during the growing years will not stunt the child's growth. e. Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss so severe that common, everyday stresses result in bone fractures.

d. A low calcium intake during the growing years will not stunt the child's growth.

The following statements concerning the effects of a high salt intake are true, except: a. Potassium may prevent the excretion of calcium caused by a high salt diet. b. A high sodium intake correlates strongly with high blood pressure and heart disease. c. A high salt intake is associated with increased calcium excretion. d. Hyponatremia is a condition resulting from high salt intake. e. The DASH diet that is low in sodium but abundant in potassium-rich vegetables and fruits and calcium-rich dairy foods not only helps to lower blood pressure, but may also prevent bone loss.

d. Hyponatremia is a condition resulting from high salt intake.

Which food provides the most magnesium per serving? a. cheddar cheese b. ground beef c. canned tuna d. halibut e. eggs

d. halibut

Which food offers the most potassium per serving? a. cheddar cheese b. tuna c. ground beef d. eggs e. acorn squash

e. acorn squash

Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include all of the following except: a. diet inadequate in calcium and vitamin D b. cigarette smoking c. diet containing excessive amounts of protein, sodium, and caffeine d. sedentary lifestyle e. high body weight

e. high body weight

The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of _____ ions. a. sodium b. sulfate c. calcium d. chloride e. hydrogen

e. hydrogen

Which food (or food group) contains phytates? a. beet greens b. sweet potatoes c. rhubarb d. spinach e. legumes

e. legumes

High blood calcium _____. a. signals the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone b. stimulates the activation of vitamin D c. stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone d. enhances calcium absorption in the intestines e. signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin

e. signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin

The hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by ?

high blood calcium concentrations

What are the functions of calcium

o Mineralization of bones and teeth o Involved in muscle contraction and relaxation o Nerve functioning o Blood Clotting o Blood Pressure

(DEXA scan)a non-invasive test that measures bone mineral density to assess if a person is at risk of ?

osteoporosis or fracture.