Unit 13 World History

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648) Conflict begun between Protestants and Catholics in Germany that escalated into a general European war fought against the unity and power of the Holy Roman Empire.

enclosure

A movement in which landowners took control of lands that traditionally had been common property serving local needs.

Little Ice Age

A period of global cooling—not a true ice age—that extended roughly from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. The dates, especially for the start of the period, remain the subject of scientific controversy.

What was a consequence of Europeans' introduction of firearms into North America?

Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations?

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

Manchus

Descendants of the Jurchens who helped the Ming army recapture Beijing in 1644 after its seizure by the outlaw Li Zicheng. The Manchus numbered around 1 million but controlled a domain that included perhaps 250 million people. Their rule lasted more than 250 years and became known as the Qing dynasty.

Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system?

European elites

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa?

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

absolute monarchy

Form of government in which one body, usually the monarch, controls the right to tax, judge, make war, and coin money. The term enlightened absolutist was often used to refer to state monarchies in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe.

Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable?

God

What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War?

Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Hereditary military administration founded in 1603 that ruled Japan while keeping the emperor as a figurehead; it was toppled in 1868 by reformers who felt that Japan should adopt, not reject, Western influences.

How did European seaborne commerce in Asia compare with its commerce in the Americas?

In Asia, European merchants struggled to conquer empires or control large territories.

In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade?

It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies?

Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French or Dutch colonies

What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another?

Mercantilism

How did relations between the Ottoman Empire and its merchants compare with those between European nation-states and their merchants?

Ottoman merchants regularly feuded with rulers, whereas European merchants tended to have a mutually beneficial relationship with rulers.

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Banda Islands?

The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Banda Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century?

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

__________ were examples of chartered companies.

The Virginia Company and the Dutch East India Company

Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success?

The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.

Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty?

They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.

What was the major reason that European states wanted to prevent their New World colonies from trading with other states?

They wanted to prevent the spread of wealth to states other than their own.

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement?

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

In general, the slave trade helped shift wealth toward which African social group?

Warrior elites

Like the Ming, the Qing

believed that agriculture was the basis of secure society.

During the eighteenth century, European wars became increasingly mercantilist. This means that

conflicts over colonies and sea-lanes replaced earlier religious and territorial struggles.

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911) Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763) Also known as the French and Indian War; worldwide war that ended when Prussia defeated Austria, establishing itself as a European power, and when Britain gained control of India and many of France's colonies through the Treaty of Paris.

Mamluks

(Arabic for "owned" or "possessed") Military men who ruled Egypt as an independent regime from 1250 until the Ottoman conquest in 1517.

Many countries shipped slaves to the Americas. Who did most of the actual capturing of slaves in Africa?

Africans

In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period?

All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power.

mercantilism

Economic theory that drove European empire builders. In this economic system, the world had a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country's wealth came at the expense of another's. Mercantilism assumed that colonies existed for the sole purpose of enriching the country that controlled the colony.

chartered companies

Private firms that were awarded monopoly trading rights over vast areas by European monarchs (for example, the Virginia Company and the Dutch East India Company).

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations?

Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days.

Canton system

System officially established by imperial decree in 1759 that required European traders to have Chinese guild merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

Which of the following is true about military conflict in Europe after the Thirty Years' War?

The numbers of hired mercenaries increased.

Muscovy

The principality of Moscow. Originally a mixture of Slavs, Finnish tribes, Turkic speakers, and many others, Muscovy used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate a powerful state and expanded to become the Russian Empire, a huge realm that spanned parts of Europe, much of northern Asia, numerous North Pacific islands, and even—for a time—a corner of North America (Alaska).