unit 14 | social psychology | test

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?

"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic.

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude:

"Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."

Adherence to the reciprocity norm is most relevant to the utility of

GRIT

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced to the then Soviet Union that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The Soviet's positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of

GRIT

How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?

We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints.

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of:

a dispositional attribution

Deindividuation refers to

a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal

Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of:

a social trap

Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates the pitfalls of:

a win-lose orientation

Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that:

actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social psychological research on:

altruism

The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is not:

an unlearned instinct

The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people:

are irresponsible and unmotivated

The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because:

arousal encourages performance of the most likely response

A life insurance salesperson who takes advantage of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon would be most likely to:

ask customers to respond to a brief survey of their attitudes regarding life insurance

An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by:

assigned roles

In order to analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed the

attribution theory

Svetlana, a 20-year-old college sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive college women.

be perceived as more socially skilled

Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority he should:

be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint

Attitudes are ___ that guide behavior

belief-based feelings

Research on the effects of playing violent video games most clearly provides evidence that disconfirms the:

catharsis hypothesis

Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory.

cognitive dissonance

Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to:

cognitive dissonance.

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study:

conformity

On which of the following tasks would the presence of others be most likely to lead to improved performance?

counting backwards from 10 to 1

After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of:

deindividuation

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of:

deindividuation

Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their:

disposition or their situation

Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines

even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to:

exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.

In which of the following groups is social loafing least likely?

factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of:

father care

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding:

foot-in-the-door phenomenom

After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the:

frustration-aggression principle

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to:

gain social approval

On the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century:

gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased.

By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing on line with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for:

group polarization

Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of:

group polarization

Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of:

group polarization

An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of:

groupthink

The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers of:

groupthink

The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of:

groupthink

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:

hindsight bias

Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as

inequitable

Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to

informational social influence

When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of:

informational social influence

A sense of social identity is most likely to promote:

ingroup bias

Diego has become increasingly involved in violent fights at school because this gains him the attention and respect of many classmates. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n):

learned responce

Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among

men in cultures that value individualism

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates:

mirror-image perceptions

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband in order to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife in order to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates:

mirror-image perceptions

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate:

mirror-image perceptions

A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage:

nonconformity.

Toby publicly agrees with his fraternity brothers that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best Student Senate President. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his fraternity brothers' opinion best illustrates the power of:

normative social influence

Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of:

normative social influences

In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to:

passionate love

The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain

passionate love

A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.

personality traits , assigned roles

What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?

physical attractiveness

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called

prejudice

Government officials who emphasized that African-Americans are personally responsible for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group are most likely to promote:

prejudice

The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.

proximity

Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior:

reflected her personal disposition.

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of:

role-playing on attitudes

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of:

self-disclosure

The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of:

self-fulfilling prophecies

Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of

social exchange theory

Our tendency to establish and maintain warm relationships with people if they are physically attractive is best explained in terms of:

social exchange theory

Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates:

social facilation

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates.

social facilitation

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying:

social inequalities.

Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others.

social loafing

University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates:

social loafing

After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of:

social traps

Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings in order to study:

social traps

On which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be least likely to lead to better and faster performance?

solving a crossword puzzle

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of:

stereotypes

The text indicates that the clusters of teenage suicides that occasionally occur in some communities may be the result of:

suggestibility

Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by:

superordinate goals

The experience of empathy is most directly facilitated by

the chameleon effect

Group polarization refers to

the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when:

the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University

In order to "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenom

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of:

the fundamental attribution error

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate

the in-group bias

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of:

the just-world phenomenon

Professor Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Professor Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if:

the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion

After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of

the reciprocity norm

Montel, a white university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of:

the scapegoat theory

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the:

thefoot-in-the-door phenomenon

Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of:

their feelings of limited responsibility

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.

think about, influence and relate to

While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of

two-factor theory of emotion

Politicians who suggest that African-Americans are at fault for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group best illustrate:

victim blaming

Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if:

you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request.