Unit 2

Using past experiences to believe that one has no control over the reinforcements in one's life is called:

learned helplessness.

The collective reactions generated by the sympathetic nervous system route and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are termed the:

fight-or-flight response.

For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must:

increase serotonin activity.

The long-term goal of the support group approach to treating agoraphobia is for clients to:

leave the safety of the group and perform exposure tasks on their own.

A clinician who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely subscribe to which theoretical orientation?

sociocultural theoretical orientation

Which brain areas have been implicated in obsessive-compulsive symptoms?

the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a:

sociocultural clinician.

Which child is MOST likely to develop a stress disorder later in life after experiencing a trauma?

a child who lives alone with a single mother who is working multiple jobs

Compared with men, women are _____ to develop generalized anxiety disorder.

twice as likely

People who experience obsessions show:

thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.

How much more likely is dissociative identity disorder to be diagnosed in a woman compared with a man?

three times more likely

A combat veteran says, "The therapist wants me to wear goggles that show me scenes of combat, like I'm in a video game. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" The BEST response is:

"Therapy using virtual reality technology is considered extremely effective."

A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." The BEST response is:

"Yes. However, civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."

What percentage of people who suffer from untreated severe depression commit suicide?

20 percent

_____ is the defining characteristic of melancholic depression.

Anhedonia

Which statement is TRUE about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder?

Cognitive treatments have proved to be at least as effective as medications, if not more so.

Which is the MOST accurate statement about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster, based on research studies?

Debriefing can have a negative effect on some victims.

Which evidence is the MOST problematic for the psychodynamic explanations of depression?

Depression affects people whose childhood needs were met and who did not suffer a loss early in life.

Which statement is the BEST example of a claim that would be made by a developmental psychopathology theorist?

Depression is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence.

What has research on evoked potential with people with dissociative identity disorder revealed?

Different subpersonalities show different brain response patterns.

Which conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support?

Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.

A statement that would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad is:

Everyone is out to get me.

_____ is common with dissociative fugue.

Fleeing to a new location

What is one of the roles of the hippocampus?

It communicates with the amygdala to produce the emotional components of memory.

Which statement is TRUE regarding mindfulness-based therapy?

It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.

Which statement is MOST accurate?

Low GABA levels can increase activity in the fear circuit, leading to increased anxiety.

A person who is recovering from unipolar depression continues to take a tricyclic for several months after most symptoms are gone. What kind of therapy is this?

Maintenance

The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is:

Martin Seligman.

One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?

Moderately far; a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration.

Which statement provides the MOST persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?

Most abused children do not develop the disorder.

What is the current status of repressed childhood memories of trauma, as far as the community of clinicians is concerned?

Most clinicians reject them as illusions, but a significant minority defend the concept.

Which statement about rape is MOST accurate?

Most rape victims are younger than age 35.

A client has body dysmorphic disorder and is considering plastic surgery. Is this a recommended treatment for this client?

No. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward.

What is the biggest difference between those individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and those individuals who are unhappy with their appearance?

People with body dysmorphic disorder may severely limit their contact with other people.

A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which is the BEST answer you can give based on current research?

Probably. About two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement.

The psychodynamic theory of depression based on the notion that a set of unconscious processes become engaged when a person experiences a loss was developed by:

Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham.

_____ is when information is best recalled under the same conditions that it was learned.

State-dependent learning

A person asks, "What's the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?" What is the BEST research-based answer?

The best cognitive-behavioral therapy eliminates symptoms as quickly as, and longer than, the best drug therapy.

What would BEST qualify as plausible sociocultural explanation for the link between creativity and psychological disorders?

The culture of the creative world welcomes unusual thinking and personal turmoil.

Which statement MOST accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the stress response?

The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.

Which statement BEST describes what is known about the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression?

The interactions between serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate is more influential than the activity of any neurotransmitter by itself.

Which statement about unipolar depression is TRUE?

The large majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment.

Which BEST describes someone with depersonalization?

The person feels detached from his or her own body.

If bipolar disorder is genetically linked, then which of the following research findings, if obtained, would be the least likely?

The rate of bipolar disorder has increased steadily over the past decade.

How are the features of the "baby blues" different from the symptoms of peripartum depression?

The symptoms of the "baby blues" are like those of peripartum depression but are less severe and persistent.

According to developmental psychopathologists, why do children tend to fare worse than adults when faced with an extreme stressor for the first time?

Their stress routes and stress circuits are not yet fully developed.

A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What is the likely impact on depressive episodes?

There will be a reduction in suicidal thoughts, but little else will change.

Which conclusion could be drawn about the current theories of gender differences in relation to depression?

They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they cannot explain.

Which statement about the use of antidepressants to treat panic disorders is MOST accurate?

They are generally preferred over benzodiazepines.

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?

They are triggered by traumatic events.

How do sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work in the treatment of dissociative amnesia?

They free people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events.

Which statement is TRUE regarding people experiencing mania?

They want excitement and companionship.

What is the biggest difference between treatment outcomes for persons with agoraphobia and persons with specific phobias?

Treatment of agoraphobia brings less relief to individuals than do the highly successful treatments for specific phobias.

Which statement accurately describes the demographic differences in developing a stress disorder?

Women are more likely than men to develop a stress disorder.

What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD?

Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

Dr. Lopez wants to improve the effectiveness of GABA in a client. She should choose:

a benzodiazepine.

Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?

a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

Family pedigree, twin, and gene studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:

a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with:

a mood-stabilizing drug.

Manuel is afraid of eating in public because he expects to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be:

a social phobia.

Nicholas has an intense fear of dogs that won't go away. He avoids looking at pictures of dogs, and sometimes he can't even leave the house when neighbors are walking their dogs. This kind of fear would be classified as which kind of disorder?

a specific phobia

Which symptom of PTSD is typically NOT experienced by people with a dissociative disorder?

a strong arousal response

Compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic white Americans are:

about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent episodes.

Roughly what fraction of combat veterans treated for PTSD do NOT stay with the treatment for the recommended length of time?

about one-third

A person who witnessed a horrible car accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing:

acute stress disorder.

Depersonalization disorder is most common among:

adolescents and young adults.

In the reaction to fearful and stressful situations, nerves may indirectly affect organs by stimulating the:

adrenal gland.

When was it recognized that acute stress during combat could result in psychological symptoms after combat?

after the Vietnam War

Which of the following phobias is MOST often associated with panic disorder?

agoraphobia

In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for:

all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

What would a person most likely have if a biochemical imbalance accompanied that person's depression?

an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine

In the context of prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD, what is a "hot spot"?

an especially painful piece of the traumatic experience

If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics that predispose them to certain cognitive characteristics that are exacerbated by certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that:

an interaction between factors causes depression.

According to Freud, in which stage of development do obsessive-compulsive disorders originate?

anal

According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses (for example, making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals) are at risk for developing:

anxiety

Psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders:

appear to work better when used in the short term rather than in traditional ways.

Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:

are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress.

A compulsion to keep placing certain items (such as clothing, books, or foods) in perfect order in accordance with strict rules is a:

balance compulsion.

Focusing on the addition of positive activities to the life of a patient with depression is a behavioral technique known as:

behavioral activation.

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all the following types of symptoms EXCEPT:

behavioral symptoms.

What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?

benzodiazepine

In terms of cognitive theories that explain generalized anxiety disorder, which of these theories has a good deal of research support?

both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory

Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which cause of bipolar disorder?

brain structure

Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs:

calm people and reduce their inhibitions.

Transient depersonalization and derealization:

can be induced by a life-threatening experience.

What are the chief sources of data used to support the psychodynamic theories of dissociative identity disorder?

case studies

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. Which type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with?

catatonic

A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in which region of the brain?

caudate nucleus

The second phase of Beck's cognitive therapy is to get the client to:

challenge automatic thoughts.

Which is NOT a common focus of psychotherapy, as part of adjunctive therapy, for bipolar disorder?

challenging clients' automatic thoughts

A friend who has unipolar depression says, "I can't do anything right. Nobody will ever love me again." This statement reflects a(n):

cognitive symptom.

Which therapy is an effective long-term, nonpharmacologic treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother, a mouse ran by. Her mother screamed, scaring Marianela. Ever since then, Marianela has been afraid of mice. In this example, the mouse is the:

conditioned stimulus.

Carlotta is attacked in the street, and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and return her to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of:

continuous amnesia.

The disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called:

cyclothymic disorder.

In the twenty-first century in the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder has:

decreased

If a person's mental functioning or body feels unreal or foreign, the person is MOST likely suffering from:

depersonalization.

The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to:

depersonalization.

Which assumption is shared by both the cognitive-behavioral perspective and the family-social perspective regarding the roots of depression?

depression as a product of the social rewards a person receives from others

What kind of depression is unipolar?

depression that occurs without periods of mania

The risk of negative side effects for people who take MAO inhibitors can be mitigated by making changes in which aspect of life?

diet

According to the text, psychodynamic therapy seems especially well suited to treat:

dissociative amnesia.

Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part?

dissociative disorder

People with _____ typically do not eventually recover without receiving treatment.

dissociative identity disorder

According to Seligman's research, dogs that were initially exposed to inescapable electric shocks learned to _____ when given the opportunity to avoid subsequent escapable shocks.

do nothing

Jake is lying in bed and suddenly feels as though he is floating above his body. This is called:

doubling

Daniela has been married to Tony for years but constantly suspects him of cheating on her. She occasionally visits a palm reader or tarot card reader, seeking reassurance about this possibility. Daniela would BEST be described as yielding to an obsessive:

doubt

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages:

down the length of a neuron.

One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on the:

duration of anxiety symptoms.

If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, when would a subpersonality be MOST likely to present?

during a time of stress

Mason is receiving therapy for dissociative identity disorder. At which stage would family therapy MOST likely be included as part of therapy?

early on, when the therapist is trying to help the client recognize the nature of the disorder

The network of glands that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the _____ system.

endocrine

Which finding would MOST STRONGLY support the assumption that learned helplessness is a potential cause of depression?

evidence from an experiment showing that when people are exposed to uncontrollable negative events, depressive symptoms follow

People with _____ keep picking at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds.

excoriation disorder

What kind of therapy entails a combat veteran undergoing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

exposure therapy

Many theorists argue that one component of EMDR therapy for PTSD does not contribute much to positive outcomes. What is that one component?

eye movements

The individuals who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are:

female or low-income individuals.

A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it is like a:

flash flood—spreading out wherever there is room for it to go.

Which is NOT a treatment commonly used to treat dissociative amnesia?

flooding

If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one's weight, that finding would provide strong evidence:

for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

Jie has had a feeling of being on edge for several days now. She can't think of a reason for why she feels this way. This feeling is called:

free-floating anxiety.

Gwen is held up at knifepoint, and her young son is kidnapped. Her son is eventually found and returned to her. However, Gwen is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack, although she remembers some new experiences; worse still, she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. This is a classic example of:

generalized amnesia.

A person experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety. This is most likely which disorder?

generalized anxiety disorder

GABA has been found to play a causal role in:

generalized anxiety disorder.

Ketamine-based drugs alleviate the symptoms of depression by increasing the activity of which neurotransmitter?

glutamate

A woman being treated for peripartum depression after the birth of her first child will:

have a 25 to 50 percent chance of experiencing peripartum depression with a later birth.

Which term might a news organization discourage its reporters from using?

homophobia

Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all these factors EXCEPT:

hormonal functioning

When should critical incident stress debriefing take place, according to its proponents?

immediately after a trauma and continue long-term

Jacquie developed PTSD after being held in captivity for years. She is upset by what she had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving. This is an example of:

increased anger, negative emotions, and guilt.

Which PTSD symptom is most readily controlled with medication?

increased arousal

During the COVID-19 pandemic, rates of domestic abuse rose significantly. This was attributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

increased tobacco consumption.

The statement "My girlfriend broke up with me because I am worthless" BEST reflects a(n):

internal attribution.

Research indicates that for clients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder, a concentrated focus on worrying:

is helpful as part of therapy for the disorder.

What is another term for the pattern called emotional dysregulation?

labile mood

Exposure and response prevention as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder:

leads to improvement that often continues indefinitely.

What is the most common type of dissociative amnesia?

localized amnesia

Corey experiences a mugging and robbery in which his dog is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, Corey cannot recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of:

localized amnesia.

Which disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons?

major depressive disorder

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their own power, is characteristic of:

mania

The number of diagnosed cases of dissociative identity disorder increased in the 1980s and 1990s. Some researchers are concerned about this trend, stating that:

many of the cases are unintentionally produced by clinicians.

Which of these is a side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

memory loss

Drew is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home as pets. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrates how to handle snakes. This is a form of therapy based on:

modeling

Compared with covert exposure therapy for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, virtual reality exposure therapy has been shown to be:

more effective.

A diagnostic criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder is the presence of significant distress or impairment for:

more than one month.

A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. In addition, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and gives away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily:

motivational and behavioral.

Troy has dissociative identity disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is an example of a:

mutually cognizant pattern.

Those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, were those who lived:

near New York City.

Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?

norepinephrine

What are the persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness called?

obsessions

Which is an anxiety disorder?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. He thinks that in this case this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. He is sure this underlying conflict explains his client's:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities is aware of the others. This would be called a:

one-way amnesic relationship.

In a case of dissociative identity disorder, Lorna is aware of the existence of Jerry and Chris, but Jerry and Chris are not aware of the existence of the other personalities. This form of subpersonality relationship is called:

one-way amnesic.

A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing:

panic disorder.

Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. This feeling seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n):

panic disorder.

Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?

parasympathetic nervous system

Memory problems that do not interfere with daily living are referred to as:

peculiarities of memory.

Since immediately after the birth of her son, Aubree has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, and this sadness has now been going on for several weeks. With which type of major depression would Aubree MOST likely be diagnosed?

peripartum

Peripartum depression is popularly called:

postpartum depression.

Which is NOT a type of major depressive disorder?

posttraumatic

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to things such as spiders and the dark than they do to objects such as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of:

preparedness

After Caroline's plane crashed but she survived, her mother came to stay with her. Her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with Caroline occasionally. This situation probably contributed to Caroline's coping ability after the accident. Which of these relates as a factor in her response to stress?

presence of social support

If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:

rational-emotive therapy.

Cora has just been prescribed lithium. In the initial period of its use, Cora should expect:

regular blood and laboratory test monitoring.

The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is:

relaxation training.

Ruminative responses are defined as:

repeatedly mentally dwelling on one's mood without acting to change it.

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from:

repression.

Before electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was used to treat severe depression, it was used to treat another disorder but found ineffective. What was that other disorder?

schizophrenia

A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking which kind of antidepressant medication?

second-generation antidepressants

Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?

self-hypnosis

Which of these are neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression?

serotonin and norepinephrine

The avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder suggests that worrying:

serves to reduce bodily arousal

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is the:

severity of the manic episodes.

Studies have generally found psychodynamic treatment to be of only modest help for persons with generalized anxiety disorder. Which form of treatment is an exception to this pattern?

short-term psychodynamic therapy

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have overpopulation, infectious diseases, and violent crime everywhere. It's difficult to get a good job unless you're a computer genius." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.

sociocultural

According to Martin Seligman's theory, in which person might one expect to observe learned helplessness?

someone who experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a:

stress response.

The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," represents one person's:

stress response.

Which structure is part of the depression-related brain circuit but not part of circuits that contribute to anxiety disorders and PTSD?

subgenual cingulate

According to DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT:

suicidal ideation.

Researchers have found that when an identical twin has unipolar depression, there is a 38 percent chance that the other twin has already had or will eventually have the same disorder. A fraternal twin is only 20 percent likely to have the same disorder. This finding:

supports the idea that people may inherit a predisposition for developing unipolar depression.

A client who has been talking calmly and rationally suddenly begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced:

switching.

If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, the stress response that is initially activated is the:

sympathetic nervous system.

In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goosebumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the:

sympathetic nervous system.

A psychologist is seeing a client with a phobic disorder and suggests a course of therapy in which relaxation therapy is paired with the thought of the feared object. This is known as:

systematic desensitization.

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish over the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is MOST likely:

the "baby blues," something experienced by more than half of new mothers.

In a properly functioning brain stress circuit:

the amygdala and prefrontal cortex each influence the other.

Researchers have found that in people with PTSD, the interconnection between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex is flawed because:

the amygdala is too active, and the prefrontal cortex is not active enough.

Which perspective focuses on the intersection and context of important factors at key points of time throughout a person's lifespan?

the developmental psychopathology perspective

You would expect to see the biggest impact of lithium on which part of the neuron?

the firing of the receiving neuron

Which three brain structures play particularly key roles in posttraumatic stress disorder?

the hypothalamus, parietal lobe, and amygdala

According to the psychodynamic perspective, if someone keeps obsessing about immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts:

the immoral images represent id impulses.

As part of desensitization training, a phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention to confront snakes. This is an example of what kind of technique?

the in vivo technique

In the course of treatment for identity disorder, fusion is:

the merging of the final two or more subpersonalities.

In which age group does depersonalization-derealization disorder almost never occur?

the middle-aged

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?

the sociocultural theoretical orientation

Women have higher rates of PTSD than men. Many researchers attribute this to:

the types of violent traumas women experience.

Lucy is considering taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. She could expect that:

this medication has a slightly better than even chance of being effective.

A stimulating current is sent through a patient's prefrontal cortex in:

transcranial magnetic stimulation.

People with low incomes are _____ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders.

twice

At a workshop about dissociative identity disorder, a therapist says, "In my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over; later dissociations just don't happen." This therapist's experience is:

very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. MOST likely, the veterans are in a(n):

veterans outreach program.

When would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) be considered compulsive behaviors?

when they interfere with daily function and cause distress

A feeling of detachment from oneself could be diagnosed as PTSD or depersonalization disorder. To determine which diagnosis BEST fits, one would consider:

which symptoms predominated.

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

women and men are equally likely to develop depression.

Which is NOT a reason why people with depression take nutraceuticals?

They prefer modern medications.

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive:

stress response.

Which diagnosis would a person experiencing multiple personalities MOST accurately be diagnosed with?

dissociative identity disorder

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

2 to 4 weeks

What percentage of all adults experience an episode of severe depression at some point in their lives?

20 percent

One of the nutraceuticals shown to be frequently helpful in treating unipolar depression is:

St. John's wort.

What is the average age of onset of unipolar depression?

19

Which is an example of a narrow social anxiety?

fear of public speaking

What is key to our sense of identity?

memory