unit 2 ap psychology

Darnayia has been seeing a lot of social media ads about an exciting new sports simulation game. While several of her friends say that the game is their ideal example of a video game, others who have played the game complain that it was too expensive and not as fun as they expected. Darnayia buys the game. When her mother asks her why she chose that game, Darnayia only mentions the advice she heard about the game was the best one they've ever played. Which of the following cognitive processes explains why Darnayia can justify her purchase of the expensive game and ignore her concerns over the cost?

Confirmation bias

According to research on levels of processing, which of the following would most improve the ability to recall the word "umbrella"?

Deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip

When 90-year-old Mrs. Glass socializes at her senior activity center, she gravitates toward activities that she can still perform well, which also demonstrates that her crystallized intelligence is functioning. Which of the following activities will most likely appeal to Mrs. Glass?

A "name that song" game featuring songs from her childhood

Cesar is participating in a memory competition. He must memorize a long, novel string of numbers in 60 seconds, then try to recall them immediately without missing or misplacing any numbers. Which strategy should Cesar use?

Chunking

Convergence is a binocular depth cue that is based on which of the following?

Muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward

Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?

Primacy

A test author most interested in ensuring that individuals receive similar scores on a personality test every time they take it is attempting to increase which of the following?

Reliability

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name-the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy?

Semantic encoding

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall?

Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.

Cassidy can only remember the titles of the first few books her teacher told her to get from the library. Which of the following concepts would best explain Cassidy's experience?

The primacy effect

Which of the following best explains why Group 1 remembered more details of the story than Group 2?

Distributed practice

Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following?

Divergent thinking

Which of the following best illustrates the forgetting curve?

Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates context-dependent memory?

Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she v studies.

The difficulty many people have recalling the details of common objects such as pennies can best be explained by

a lack of encoding

When Cory is given a logic problem to solve, he systematically tries every possible solution until he finds the correct answer. Cory's strategy is to use

an algorithm

During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read, Caleb's attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to

encoding failure

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of

episodic memory

Cognitive theorists emphasize the

formation and modification of schemas

Denny does not have wrapping paper to use to wrap a birthday present, and so he decides to use colorful newspaper comics instead. Denny's solution demonstrates that he has overcome

functional fixedness

On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of

functional fixedness

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of

proactive interference

Corey has a list of things he needs from the grocery store but forgets his list at home. At the store, Corey struggles to remember the items on his list, but when he sees a display of oranges, he remembers that oranges were on his list. This is an example of

recognition

A teacher has to learn 170 new student names every year and finds it difficult to remember the names of former students. The teacher's memory problem most likely results from

retroactive interference

Dr. Roberts conducts a study in which one group of participants counts the number of syllables in each member of a list of twenty words, and the second group creates stories from the same set of words. When later asked to write down as many of the previously seen words as possible, the second group of participants recalls more words than the first group. This study shows the importance of

semantic encoding

Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because

some depth perception is lost

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study which of the following?

the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using which of the following memory concepts?

the method of loci

The ability to see a cube in the diagram above is best explained by which of the following?

Gestalt principles of closure

Anthony thinks he will fail his math test because he believes he is terrible at math, even though he has passed his previous math tests. Which of the following explanations would the cognitive approach use to explain Anthony's behavior?

His irrational thoughts are causing him to doubt his abilities, even though he has evidence to show otherwise.