Unit 2 (Ch.5-8) HEPR 205

Hormone

Insulin stimulates cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and promotes synthesis of glycogen, triglycerides, and muscle tissue. Insulin is an example of a(n) _______.

Positive

Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.

decrease

Omega-3 fatty acids tend to ____________ blood clotting.

Increase, Increase

Omega-6 fatty acids ____________ clotting and ____________ inflammation in the body. *increase or decrease

9

One long-chain fatty acid that is present in food and in the body is stearic acid. Stearic acid is an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid. Beta-oxidation of stearic acid results in the formation of _______ molecules of acetyl CoA that can be oxidized in the citric acid cycle.

reducing blood cholesterol levels

Plant sterols and stanols can improve cardiovascular health by _______.

Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.

Protein is unique because it is the only macronutrient that has a nitrogenous component as part of its chemical makeup. When the carbon skeletons of amino acids are metabolized to produce glucose or fat, ammonia is the resulting product. What happens to ammonia?

certain hormones

The body uses proteins to make ________.

Triglyceride

The chemical structure that is shown below is a _______.

phospholipid

The lipid pictured below is a _______.

2

The net yield of oxidation of 1 glucose molecule via glycolysis is ______ ATP.

transport fat in the blood

The purpose of lipoproteins is to _______.

Chemical

The reactions of human metabolism utilize the _______ energy that is stored in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol.

Atherosclerosis

The term that describes the build-up of lipid-containing plaque inside arterial walls is _______.

galactose, glucose, fructose

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are A. glucose, galactose, and mannose. B. fructose, lactose, and hexose monophosphate. C. galactose, glucose, and fructose. D. maltose, ribose, and galactose

glycogenolysis

To maintain a steady supply of glucose to body cells, the process of _______ frees glucose from its storage form in the muscle and liver.

True

True or False: Fat contributes to the flavor of food.

decrease

Use of omega-3 fatty acids as a dietary supplement may ____________ circulating triglyceride levels in the blood.

incomplete proteins

proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids

Secondary Structure

the coiling of a peptide chain

Decrease

Consumption of salmon and/or tuna 2-3 days per week may be associated with a(n) ____________ in risk for heart disease, arthritis, and depression.

ketone bodies

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more ________ than normal.

6 kcals

Each gram of fiber supplies about ____ kcals for humans

the ability to do work

Energy is defined as ________.

one-half

For the typical American diet, approximately _______ of total daily kcal are provided from carbohydrates.

Quaternary

Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the ________ form.

25 grams

How many grams of fiber per day is recommended for females according to Adequate Intake?

8%

If a 180 pound man eats an adequate diet, with about 2220 kcals, approximately what percentage of protein calories are used to build muscle?

phynelalanine

In the United States, newborns are routinely screened for PKU. PKU is a disease characterized by the body's inability to metabolize the essential amino acid ________.

glucose

In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into ________ molecules that can be absorbed.

polysaccharides

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid? Phospholipids Polysaccharides Triglycerides Sterols

soluble fiber

Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate? -Soluble fiber -High-fructose corn syrup -Glucose -Lactose

Fructose

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate? Lignin Starch Glycogen Fructose

Glycogen

Which of the following is the most highly branched form of complex carbohydrate? Sucrose Amylopectin Glycogen Amylose

Quinoa

Which of the following plant foods is considered a source of complete protein? Quinoa Almonds Whole-wheat crackers Peanut butter

Liver Glycogen stores

Which of the following storage sites can yield the greatest amount of energy?

sucrose

Which of the following sweeteners provides 4 kcal/g? sucrose saccharin sucralose stevia

Nutrogenomics

________ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome.

Emulsifier

a substance that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mix with each other *suspends fat in water

Primary Structure

A Linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen

ALL amino acids contain which of the following elements? Carbon Sulfur Hydrogen Nitrogen Iron Oxygen

mitochondria

ATP synthesis occurs in which of the following organelles?

<200mg/dL

According to the American Heart Association and National Cholesterol Education Program, the desirable range for total blood cholesterol is less than _________.

ketosis

Adrian's diet supplies only about 5% of his daily energy needs from carbohydrates. Therefore, most of his energy intake is provided by proteins and fats. As a result of following this diet, Adrian's body may go into

Insufficient protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes.

An impoverished child living in a developing country is at risk of suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?

26.8

As of 2018, ________ million Americans were living with diagnosed diabetes.

animal products

Cholesterol is only found in_____________.

Dehydration

Consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to ________.

Stomach

Digestion of protein begins in the ________.

Quaternary Structure

comprised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a complex matter

HDL cholesterol

often referred to as the "good" cholesterol

Energy

Increasing protein from 15% of calories to 30% of calories allows more protein to be used for _______.

DNA

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's ________.

mouth

Julian ate a baked potato as a side with his dinner. The starch in the baked potato will begin to be digested

acetyl CoA production from beta-oxidation outpaces pyruvate production from glycolysis

Ketogenesis occurs when ______.

milk

Lactose is the disaccharide in milk grapes sugar liver

catabolic

Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ________.

Beef, milk, butter

What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids?

converted to glucose or fat

When a person eats more protein than their body needs the extra protein is _______.

Kidneys

When protein is converted to glucose or fat, how is nitrogen eliminated from the body?

Salmon

Which food is the best source of EPA and DHA? Blackberries Spinach Salmon Tilapia

anaphlaxis

Which of the following allergic reactions to foods is the most serious and requires immediate treatment?

Alanine

Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body? Leucine Alanine Phenylalanine Valine

In clotting compounds in bloodIn clotting compounds in blood To make certain hormones As components of harded structures, such as hair and nails As compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance To build antibodies that fight disease organisms

Which of the following are major functions of proteins in the body? In clotting compounds in bloodIn clotting compounds in blood To make certain hormones As components of harded structures, such as hair and nails As part of bile, necessary for lipid digestion and absorption To enhance neural function and prevent dementia As compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance To build antibodies that fight disease organisms

Hormone sensitive lipase

Which of the following enzymes breaks down the triglycerides stored in adipose tissue to release fatty acids into the bloodstream?

Tertiary Structure

twisted structure of a polypeptide chain that includes interactions between various amino acid groups on the chain