Unit 2: Chapter 6
Hair Cycle
#1) Anagen (early) (Growing phase, 6-8 years) Stem cells multiply and follicle grows deeper into dermis; hair matrix cells multiply and keratinize, causing hair to grow upward; old club hair may persist temporarily alongside newly growing hair #2) Catagen (Degenerative phase, 2-3 weeks) Hair growth ceases; hair bulb keratinizes and forms club hair; lower follicle degenerates #3) Telogen (Resting phase, 1-3 months) Dermal papilla has ascended to level of bulge; club hair falls out, usually in telogen or next anagen
Epidermal Cells
1. Keratinocytes 2. Stem cells 3. Melanocytes 4. Tactile cells 5. Dendritic cells
Skin Functions
1. Resistance to trauma/infection 2. Other barrier functions 3. Vitamin D synthesis 4. Sensation 5. Thermoregulation 6. Nonverbal communication
Epidermal Layers
1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum corneum
Burn Degrees
1st Degree- Red and Painful 2nd Degree- Blisters 3rd Degree- No Pain because of blocked and burned nerves
The type of burn that involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis and is red, blistered, and painful is classified as a _______ -degree burn.
2nd
Epidermis
A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Which describes keratin?
A protein produced in cells of the epidermis
Gray and white hair result from which of the following?
A scarcity or absence of melanin
Sally spent too much time in the sun. Her skin blistered and then peeled. This is an example of which of the following?
A second degree burn
Hair (Pilus)
A slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called a hair follicle
Stratum Lucidum
A thin zone superficial to the stratum granulosum, seen only in thick skin
The hair, nails, and cutaneous glands are known as ______ organs of the skin.
Accessory
The condition called _______ is a genetic lack of melanin that usually results in milky white hair and skin and blue-gray eyes.
Albinism
Thinning of the hair, or baldness, is also called _________.
Alopecia
Which of the following describes the dermal papilla that is associated with hair?
An extension of the vascular system into the hair bulb
Name the muscle that extends from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of a hair follicle.
Arrector pili
The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to which of the following characteristics of the lesion?
Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter
The type of skin cancer known as ________ cell carcinoma is the least deadly because it seldom metastasizes.
Basal
Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
Where is the hypodermis located?
Beneath the dermis
Dermis
Beneath the epidermis is the connective tissue layer
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Beneath the skin is this layer
Which substance, excreted by the liver, can accumulate to cause jaundice?
Bilirubin
First degree, second degree and third degree are all commonly used classifications of which of the following?
Burn severity
Mechanical stress from manual labor accelerates keratinocyte multiplication. This results in formation of ______ or corns on the hands or feet.
Calluses
______ glands secrete a substance that combines with sebum to keep the eardrum protected and prevent foreign particles from entering the canal.
Ceruminous
Cyanosis might occur when a person is which of the following?
Cold
The dermis consists of connective tissue, with ______ as the most common fiber type within the layer.
Collagen
Stratum Basale
Consists mainly of a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane
Stratum Spinosum
Consists of several layers of keratinocytes and in most places is the thickest stratum
Integumentary System
Consists of the skin, hair, nails, and their associated glands
Stratum Granulosum
Consists of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes- more in thick skin than in thin skin
Stratum Corneum
Consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form a durable surface layer
Fingernails and toenails are hard derivatives of the stratum ______ of the epidermis.
Corneum
Which layer of the hair is made of layers of elongated keratinized cells?
Cortex
Thin Skin
Covers most of the body (hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands)
Thick Skin
Covers the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes (sweat glands but no hair follicles or oil glands)
What are the three concentric regions of the hair starting from the outside and moving towards the inside?
Cuticle, cortex, medulla
Name the skin condition that results from a deficiency of oxygen in the blood.
Cyanosis
______ is blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood.
Cyanosis
Abnormal Skin Color
Cyanosis, erythema, pallor, albinism, jaundice, hematoma
______ cells are found in two of the epidermal layers and serve an immune function.
Dendritic
Which structure nourishes the hair cells?
Dermal papilla
Identify the bumps indicated by the arrows.
Dermal papillae
Name the branch of medicine that deals with the integumentary system.
Dermatology
The branch of medicine that deals with the integumentary system is called ______.
Dermatology
Cells in the epidermis are nourished by blood vessels located in which of the following?
Dermis
Which integumentary layer is indicated in the figure?
Dermis
Which structure is highlighted in the cadaver skin?
Dermis
Identify the components of the integumentary system.
Dermis Hair Cutaneous glands Epidermis
Alopecia may be worsened by which of the following?
Disease, poor nutrition, emotional stress
In which region of the body does the skin have the fewest sensory receptors?
Dorsum of the hands
Hair Types
Downy, vellus, and terminal Downy: fine, unpigmented that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development Vellus: fine, pale hair that replaces downy at the time of birth Terminal: longer, coarser, usually more heavily pigmented
Sweat Glands
Eccrine and apocrine
Keratinocytes are the most numerous type of skin cells. Where are they located?
Epidermis
The arrow on the left of the figure is pointing to the ______ layer of the skin. Note: the question is not asking for one of the strata but for the name of the entire layer.
Epidermis
Which integumentary layer is the arrow pointing to in the figure?
Epidermis
Which layers are involved in a second-degree burn?
Epidermis and part of the dermis
Within a hair follicle, the ______ root sheath is an extension of the epidermis, and lies adjacent to the hair root.
Epithelial
What are the two principal layers of the hair follicle?
Epithelial root sheath and connective tissue root sheath
Burned, dead tissue is also known as ______.
Eschar
______ is the burned, dead tissue associated with burns to the skin.
Eschar
Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________.
Eumelanin and pheomelanin
Which structures keep sweat out of the eyes, aid in nonverbal communication, and enhance facial expression?
Eyebrows
Hairs called ________ function as a shield to protect the eyes from windblown debris with a quick blink.
Eyelashes
Which structures shield the eyes from windblown debris with a quick blink?
Eyelashes
Debridement is not necessary to infection control.
False
True or false: Basal cell carcinoma is the least common type of skin cancer.
False
True or false: Skin markings include hematomas, creases and friction ridges.
False
True or false: The epidermis is highly vascular.
False
True or false: The stratum corneum is the thickest epidermal layer in thin skin.
False
Which stimuli commonly lead to the contraction of the piloerector muscles?
Fear Touch Cold
The most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns is __________.
Fluid loss
Which of the following statements is true about burn treatment? Check all that apply.
Fluid replacement and infection control are the most critical aspects of emergency care for severe burns A patient may lose up to 75% of the blood plasma within hours Skin grafts are often required for third degree burns
Hair grows in diagonal tubes called hair _______.
Follicles
Myoepithelial Cells
Found amid the secretory cells at the deep end of the gland (contractile properties to squeeze the perspiration up the duct)
Skin Markings
Friction ridges: the markings on the fingertips that leave oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch Flexion lines: lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, and other places Freckles: flat patches of skin where melanin accumulates Moles: elevated patch of melanized skin often with hair Hemangiomas: patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries
Cells of the stratum ______ contain coarse, dark-staining keratohyalin granules.
Granulosum
Apocrine glands are concentrated in which areas of the body?
Groin and anal region Axillary region Beard area (males only)
A pilus is a __________.
Hair
The accessory structure of skin indicated by the arrow is a(n) _______.
Hair
Each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a __________.
Hair follicle
The pilus (hair) grows inside of which of the following?
Hair follicle
Which of the following are accessory organs (appendages) of skin?
Hair, nails and cutaneous glands
Which are accessory organs of the integumentary system?
Hair, nails, and cutaneous glands
Accessory Organs (Appendages)
Hair, nails, and cutaneous glands; organs are those that contribute functions to the main organ or system
Most tumors occur where exposure to the sun is greatest. These areas would include which of the following?
Head, neck, and hands
The skin discoloration most likely to suggest physical abuse is __________.
Hematoma
The layer immediately beneath the skin (indicated in the figure) is the _________.
Hypodermis
Which of the following are factors in determining whether individuals have darker or lighter skin?
In darker skin, the melanocytes produce more melanin In darker skin, the melanin breaks down more slowly
Exposure to sunlight leads to which of the following?
Increased melanin production and darkening of the skin
What is the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin?
Increased melanin synthesis
The ______ system consists of the skin and its accessory organs.
Integumentary
Thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production and protection are all functions of the _____ system.
Integumentary
Which of the following is true about the most superficial layer of the skin?
It contains abundant keratin.
Which best describes how resurfacing of third degree burns occurs?
It involves division of cells in the stratum basale in the epidermis at the edge of the burn
A condition called _______ is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Jaundice
Keratinocytes synthesize ______.
Keratin
Which of these proteins gives epidermal cells their durability?
Keratin
The epidermis is a barrier to ultraviolet rays, blocking much of the cancer-causing radiation from reaching the nuclei of cells called ______.
Keratinocytes
The five types of cells found in the epidermis are stem cells, melanocytes, tactile cells, dendritic cells, and _________.
Keratinocytes
Name the coarse dark-staining granules found in the stratum granulosum.
Keratohyalin granules
______ is fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development.
Lanugo
A hair is formed by mitotic cells in which region?
Matrix
Which term refers to the mitotically active region of cells above the papilla also known as the growth center?
Matrix
At the center of each hair is a loosely arranged core of cells and air spaces. What is the name of this region?
Medulla
Which term refers to the core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces that is prominent in thick hair?
Medulla
Albinism is caused by a lack of which of the following?
Melanin
Gray and white hair result from the absence of the pigment _______ in the cortex of the hair and the presence of air in the hair medulla.
Melanin
Which compound is the primary determinant of skin color?
Melanin
Skin Pigment
Melanin: eumelanin (brownish black) and pheomelanin (reddish yellow) Hemoglobin: reddish-pinkish Carotene: yellow
Jerry has been diagnosed with a melanoma. This type of cancer originates from which of the following?
Melanocytes
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from which kind of cell?
Melanocytes
The five types of cells found in the epidermis are stem cells, keratinocytes, tactile cells, dendritic cells, and _____.
Melanocytes
The type of sweat gland that is the most abundant gland in the body, numbering 3 to 4 million in the adult skin, is the ______ sweat gland.
Merocrine
Which type of sweat gland has a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface?
Merocrine sweat gland
Ceruminous Glands
Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal; produce sticky, bitter substance called cerumen (earwax)
Mammary Glands
Modified apocrine sweat glands that produce milk
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules (least deadly)
Mitosis in the __________ accounts for growth of the nail.
Nail matrix
Nail Structure
Nail plate: free edge, nail body, nail root Nail fold Nail groove Nail bed (hyponychium) Nail matrix Lunule Cuticle (eponychium)
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and beard area (scent glands associated with stress and sexual stimulation)
Where is hair found on the body?
On the scalp and skin of the arms and legs
In which areas of the body is the dermis the thickest?
Palms and soles
Hair does not grow in which of the following areas?
Palms of hands and soles of feet
Dermal Layers
Papillary layer and reticular layer
"Goosebumps" are caused by contractions of which muscles?
Piloerector
Hemoglobin imparts which color to healthy skin?
Pink
Sebaceous Glands
Produces an oily secretion called sebum (keeps skin and hair from becoming dry)
Which describes a first degree burn?
Reddening of the skin and involvement of the epidermis only
The part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is known as the hair _______.
Root
Which of the following is the only area with hair that is thick enough to retain heat?
Scalp
_________ glands are flask-shaped, with short ducts that usually open into a hair follicle and directly onto to skin.
Sebaceous
Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply.
Sebaceous glands secrets oily and waxy substance called sebum Sebaceous glands are found at the base of eye lashes Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil coat that appear on scalp
Sebaceous glands produce ______.
Sebum
Categorize the appropriate structures or descriptions with the appropriate layer of skin that is highlighted in blue.
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Classify the following body parts according to whether they are covered with thick skin or thin skin.
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Click and drag the terms from the left into the spaces provided on the right. Arrange them so they accurately display the anatomical terms from bottom to top in order of the deepest to most superficial.
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Click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right.
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Click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right. Then, arrange the sentences from top to bottom in order of least common to most common.
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Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the correct position.
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Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the correct position. Then, place the sentences in order from superficial to deep.
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Connective Issues
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Consider sebaceous and ceruminous glands. Then, click and drag each label into the appropriate category based on whether it pertains to sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands, or both.
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Consider the purpose of hair. Then, click and drag each function or purpose into the appropriate category of hair to which it pertains.
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Consider the three classes of burns. Then, click and drag each label into the appropriate category to which it pertains.
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Consider the three most common types of skin cancer. Then, click and drag each label into the appropriate category.
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Drag each label to the appropriate layer (A, B, or C) for each term or phrase.
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Drag each label to the cell type it describes.
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Drag each label to the type of gland it describes.
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Fill in the sentence with the appropriate part of the nail. Then, place the structures in order from proximal to distal.
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Hair Texture/Color
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Identify the following layers of the epidermis from the descriptions.
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Label the cell types found in the skin.
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Label the layers of the skin.
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Label the parts of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
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Label the structures of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.
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Match each event in the life of a keratinocyte with the epidermal layer in which that event occurs.
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Match each type of cutaneous gland with its product.
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Match each type of cutaneous gland with its product. Instructions
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Match the hair-type with the cross-sectional shape of the hair.
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Organize the following layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.
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Place the appropriate words and descriptions with the correct glands.
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Place the following layers in order from superficial to deep.
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Place the following layers of a hair follicle in order from superficial to deep.
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Place the three kinds of hair in the order from the thinnest (softest) hair to the thickest (coarsest) type of hair.
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Place these epidermal layers in order, starting with the most superficial layer and ending with the deepest layer.
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Skin Disorders
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Skin Structure
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Stratification of the Skin and Hypodermis
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The epidermis is composed of five cell types. Match each type to its description.
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The following events occur in the life of a keratinocyte. Place them in chronological order starting with what happens first (top box) and ending with what happens last (bottom box).
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Which of the following is one of the important functions of the skin?
Sensing changes in the environment
Which of the following are functions of the skin?
Sensory reception Thermoregulation Vitamin D synthesis
The part of a hair that projects from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the hair _______.
Shaft
Hair Structure
Shaft: portion of hair above the skin Root: portion of hair beneath the skin Bulb: dilation deep into dermis or hypodermis Dermal papilla: bud of vascular connective tissue Matrix: mitotically active cells above the papilla Medulla: core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces Cortex: constitutes most of the bulk of the a hair Cuticle: multiple layers of thin, scaly cells that overlap eachother Receptors: entwine the follicle and respond to hair movements Bulge: region near the bottom of a hair follicle where stem cells originate Epithelial root sheath: extension of the epidermis lying adjacent to hair root and widens at deep end into bulge Connective tissue root sheath: derived from dermis but a bit denser, surrounds epithelial root sheath Arrector muscle: attached to hair follicle to cause "goosebumps"
Which describes merocrine sweat glands?
Simple tubular glands with a twisted coil in the dermis or hypodermis
Due to extensive structural damage, third degree burns are more likely to requires which of the following, as compared to other types of burns?
Skin grafts
Flexion creases, friction ridges and patches of pigmentation are all examples of which of the following?
Skin markings
The deep end of the follicle widens to form a bulge. What is its function?
Source of stem cells for follicle growth
Hair with contrasting colors are important among mammals for "advertising" which of the following about the individual?
Species, age, sex, and individual identity
The deep end of the follicle forms a bulge that serves as a source of _______ cells for follicle growth.
Stem
What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?
Stratified squamous epithelium
A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your hand. What is this layer called?
Stratum basale
Actively mitotic cells are found in which layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
Which of the following layers of the epidermis contains cuboidal stem cells, keratinocytes, and melanocytes?
Stratum basale
Fingernails and toenails are derivatives of which epidermal layer?
Stratum corneum
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.
Stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis is no longer mitotic and contains dark staining clusters of keratohyalin?
Stratum granulosum
Which epidermal layers contain dendritic cells?
Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum
The __________ is absent from most epidermis.
Stratum lucidum
Which epidermal stratum is the thickest layer in thin skin?
Stratum spinosum
Where are dendritic cells typically found?
Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
Cutaneous Glands
Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands
Which of the following are sensory cells that respond to light touch?
Tactile cells
The skin is essential in sensing which of the following?
Temperature Touch Injury
Which type of hair is the predominant form of hair found on the scalp?
Terminal
Which type of hair includes scalp hair?
Terminal hair
Skin (Integument)
The body's largest and heaviest organ
Dermatology
The branch of medicine specializing in the care and treatment of the skin
The texture of hair (round, wavy or straight) is primarily related to which of the following?
The cross-sectional shape
John clenches his pen firmly against his finger when he takes notes in class. This repeated pressure on his finger has resulted in which of the following?
The formation of a callus
Melanoma
The most serious form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes (rare and lethal)
Various shades of brown pigmentation in the skin result from which of the following?
The production of melanin by melanocytes
Jon is going bald and often complains that he can feel cold air on his scalp! This may be due to which of the following?
The scalp lacking an insulating fat layer
Why are injections frequently administered into the hypodermis?
The subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular
Dermal Papillae
The upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis
Unlike sweat glands and ceruminous glands, which of the following is true about mammary glands?
They are usually active only in pregnant and lactating females.
Which statements about apocrine sweat glands are true?
They occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and beard area They produce sweat that contains fatty acids
Which of the following best describes the function ceruminous gland secretions?
They waterproof the ear canal, and coat the guard hairs of the ear
The stratum granulosum can best be described as which of the following?
Thin, non-mitotic cell layer with clusters of keratohyalin
Which type of burn often requires a skin graft due to extensive damage?
Third degree
Skin regeneration is limited to the edge of the burned area in which of the following?
Third degree burns
According to modern theories, which of the following is a function of human hair? Check all that apply.
To transmit sexual scents To maintain the temperature of the head To express nonverbal communication
Tactile cells are receptors for which of the following?
Touch
True or false: Hair aids in recognition for species, age, and individual identity.
True
True or false: Hemoglobin and carotene both influence skin coloration.
True
True or false: Most skin cancer is caused by UV sun radiation which damages DNA.
True
True or false: The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the integumentary system.
True
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules (can be lethal)
Which of the following are examples of when you would typically observe cyanosis?
Under cold conditions In a drowning victim In a patient with emphysema
Most lanugo hair is replaced by ______, a fine pale hair, by the time babies are born.
Vellus
The hair type called _______ hair constitutes about two-thirds of the hair in women and one-tenth of the hair in men.
Vellus
The structures that guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing foreign particles from entering these areas are also called guard hairs or ______.
Vibrissae
The structures that guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing foreign particles from entering these areas are also called guard hairs or ________.
Vibrissae
Which structures guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing particles from entering?
Vibrissae or guard hairs
The skin plays an important role in the synthesis of which of the following?
Vitamin D
Which of these functions are impaired in burn patients?
Vitamin D production
The skin functions as an important barrier to which of the following?
Water Microorganisms Ultraviolet radiation
Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands
Widely distributed over the entire body but especially in the palms, soles, and forehead (primary function to cool the body)
You walk around outside for less than an hour. You look at your hand and forearm and notice they are slightly red, but not blistered. What can you conclude?
You have a first degree burn.
