Unit 2 Chapter 6
Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?
continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement punishment and reinforcement latent learning and insight learning ACQUISITION AND EXTINCTION
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
instinctive ASSOCIATIVE processual reflexive
You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.
operant conditioning higher-order conditioning stimulus generalization STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
positive reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Ivan Pavlov Rosalie Rayner Little Albert EDWARD C. TOLMAN
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
REWARDING A CHILD FOR FINISHING HIS OATMEAL MUSH AND COUNTING HOW MANY TIMES THE CHILD NEEDS TO BE REWARDED BEFORE HE FINISHES HIS OATMEAL VOLUNTARILY pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
modeling OPERANT CONDITIONING classical conditioning imitation
After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.
operant conditioning latent learning second-level conditioning SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
primary conditioned partial LATENT
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
reflexes learning conditioning INSTINCTS
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
secondary PARTIAL continuous primary
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
secondary partial primary CONTINUOUS
You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.
spontaneous recovery stimulus discrimination STIMULUS GENERALIZATION extinction
The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.
the cognitive EVOLUTIONARY behavioral social learning
Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.
unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response CONDITONED RESPONSE
Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable ratio fixed ratio FIXED INTERVAL variable interval
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
BABY TURNING ITS HEAD TO SUCKLE WHEN ITS CHEEK IS BEING STROKED a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents. believing that nudity is wrong a teacher demonstrating algebra to students
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
EXTINCTION conditioning learning acquisition
According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.
Thorndike Koelling RESCORLA Garcia
Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?
It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study. IT WOULD BE UNETHICAL BY TODAY'S RESEARCH STANDARDS. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research.
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
SHAPING reinforcement acquisition learning
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
classical operant OBSERVATIONAL conditioning
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
classical secondary PRIMARY operant
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
cognition MODEL stimulus response
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
deciding that you want to be a parent jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship THE PUPIL OF YOUR EYE CONTRACTING IN THE PRESENCE OF BRIGHT LIGHT addressing your elders as sir or ma'am because that is how you were raised
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
fixed interval VARIABLE RATIO variable interval fixed ratio
Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. HE IS FAMOUS FOR DEMONSTRATING THE PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING: THE MOTIVATION FOR A BEHAVIOR HAPPENS AFTER THE BEHAVIOR IS DEMONSTRATED. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
JEONG OBSERVES HIS SISTER BRONWYN GETTING SPANKED FOR SPITTING OUT HER CARROTS. BECAUSE HE DOES NOT LIKE GETTING SPANKED, HE CHEWS AND SWALLOWS THE CARROTS EVEN THOUGH HE HATES THEM. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean his room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.
Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
KNOWING THAT A STUDENT FEARS EXAMS, THE INSTRUCTOR WHERES A BRIGHT RED SHIRT ONLY ON EXAM DAY, EVERY EXAM DAY, TO SEE HOW LONG IT IS NEFORE THE RED SHIRT BECOMES AN OBJECT OF FEAR TO THE STUDENT determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
KNOWING YOU'LL GET TO PLAY MINATURE GOLF AS SOON AS YOU COLLECT 10 GOLD STARS FOR YOUR REWARD CHART checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. playing the slot machine
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.
LEARNED instinctive reflexive reactive
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. BABS SAW MARTIN RECEIVE A CANDY BAR FOR COMPLETING HIS READING LIST. SHE IS CAREFUL TO COMPLETE HER READING LIST BECAUSE SHE SAW MARTIN GET A REWARD FOR DOING IT. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. BEHAVIOR IS MOTIVATED BY THE CONSEQUENCES WE RECEIVE FOR THE BEHAVIOR: REINFORCEMENTS AND PUNISHMENTS. Fear is a conditioned response. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Fear is a conditioned response. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. ONE CAN LEARN NEW BEHAVIORS BY OBSERVING OTHERS.
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
NEUTRAL STIMULUS AND AN UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS neutral stimulus and a neutral response neutral response and a conditioned response conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after dreaming about having a fight with their parents after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character after dreaming they were on television AFTER SEEING A TELEVISION CHARACTER RECIEVE A REWARD FOR TAKING VIOLENT ACTION AGAINST ANOTHER CHARACTER
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
boys display more fear than girls fear cannot be a conditioned response boys display fear differently from girls EMOTION CAN BE A CONDITIONED RESPONSE
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
fixed ratio map latent map COGNITIVE MAP fixed interval map
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
instincts conditioning reflexes LEARNING
