Unit 2 Chapter 9.4

When an insertion or deletion of a base occurs it will do so in multiples of what?

3

A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective bacteria.

Ames Test

A mutation that counteracts an earlier mutation, resulting in the restoration of the original DNA sequence.

Back Mutation

What are the 3 things a missense mutation can do?

Create nonfunctional protein, produce a protein that functions in a different manner, cause no significant alteration in protein function

These are specialized for for finding and fixing "ordinary" DNA damage.

Enzymatic Systems

What are 3 ways of repairing mutations?

Enzymatic Systems (most), Photoactivation/Light Repair, Excision Repair

This repairs DNA by removes the incorrect base and add the correct one.

Excision Repair

This changes the reading frame of mRNA.

Frameshift Mutation

An insertion or deletion mutation that changes the codon reading frame from the point of the mutation to the final codon. Almost always leads to a nonfunctional protein.

Frameshift Mutations

What is the driving force behind evolution?

Genetic changes

Any alteration in the DNA that occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens.

Induced Mutation

A mutation in which a change in the DNA sequence results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.

Missense Mutation

What are the 4 types of point mutations?

Missense Mutation, Nonsense Mutation, Silent Mutation, Back Mutation

A subspecies of microorganism that has undergone a mutation, causing expression of a trait that differs from other members of that species.

Mutant Strain

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell.

Mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid producing codon into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of a protein.

Nonsense Mutation

Most mutations are _________ and _________.

Permanent, Inherited

DNA that has been damaged by ultra violet radiation is repaired by this method.

Photoactivation/Light Repair

A change that involves the loss, substitution, or addition of one or a few nucleotides.

Point Mutations

What are the 2 main categories of mutations?

Point Mutations, Frameshift Mutations

A mutation that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, results in a nucleotide change in both the DNA and mRNA but not the resultant amino acid and thus, not the protein.

Silent Mutation

A mutation in DNA caused by random mistakes in the replication and not know to be influenced by any mutagenic agent. These mutations give rise to an organism's natural, or background, rate of mutation.

Spontaneous Mutation

What are the 2 types of causes of mutations?

Spontaneous, Induced

The natural, nonmutated form of a genetic trait.

Wild Type