unit 2

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

10 years from now, you can't remember exactly what the "wordstem completion task" is even though you remember that you learned about it in PSC001

A sonar operator on a battleship who is searching for an enemy submarine is engaging in a signal detection problem. For this sonar operator, the signal is the enemy submarine, and the response is telling the captain that an enemy submarine is present. Which of the following would be true in this example? [Select all that are true.]

A "hit" would occur if the enemy submarine was present and the sonar operator told the captain that the submarine was present A "false alarm" would occur if the enemy submarine was absent and the sonar operator told the captain that the submarine was present A "miss" would occur if the enemy submarine was present and the sonar operator did not tell the captain that the submarine was present A "correct rejection" would occur if the enemy submarine was absent and the sonar operator did not tell the captain that the submarine was present

Which of the following are ways in which phobias are difficult to explain on the basis of typical classical conditioning experiments? [Select all that are correct.]

A phobia may occur after a single event Phobias often begin with milder fears that cannot be explained by previous conditioning Phobias are much more likely to occur with spiders and snakes than with guitars and chairs

Imagine that a subject is subjected to 20 trials of fear conditioning with a blue square and a loud horn, and then the conditioned response is extinguished by the presentation of 100 trials with the blue square and no horn. Which of the following would NOT be an example of spontaneous recovery?

After the 100 trials of extinction, the subject is given 2 more pairings of the blue square and the horn, and then the blue square by itself starts producing a fear response again

Which of the following statements about Behaviorism are true? [Select all that are correct]

Behaviorists believed that the mind could not be studied scientifically because it was unobservable Behaviorists believed that the principles of learning that they studied in rats and pigeons could also explain human behavior Behaviorists discovered principles of learning that are still important in contemporary psychology\ One of the most famous behaviorists was B.F. Skinner

For Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiment, match each element of the experiment with the corresponding term.

Bell Conditioned Stimulus Meat Powder Unconditioned Stimulus Salivation (when elicited by the bell) Conditioned Response Salivation (when elicited by the meat powder) unconditioned response

Which of the following are true of visual sensory memory ? [Select all that are correct.]

Brief duration (typically less than 1 second) Seems like a gradual fading of the sensory input Can fill in gaps in our perception Visual sensory memory works rapidly to store visual information for a very short period of time, and it is used to fill in gaps in perception.

According to many studies of memory, which of the following studying strategies would be expected to lead to the best memory at the time of test?

Distributed studying: Five 1-hour study periods

Ashley is a California native who spends a quarter abroad in Germany. One day, she learns that the German word for "gloves" is "Handschuh", which literally translates as "hand shoes". When she gets back to California, she tells her friends about the day she learned this funny German word. This is an example of what kind of memory?

Episodic memory

Patient H.M. had his medial temporal lobes surgically removed to treat epilepsy, and this left him with anterograde amnesia (inability to remember ________) and a temporally graded retrograde amnesia (inability to remember ________).

Events that occurred at any time after the surgery / Events that occurred immediately prior to the surgery

Roediger & Karpicke (2006) found that studying for 7 minutes and then being tested for 7 minutes led to much better memory than studying for 14 minutes, but only when [ Select ] ["participants were tested on their memory for meaning", "participants were tested on their memory for rhymes", "the final memory test occurred after a substantial delay", "the final memory test occurred right away"] and not when [ Select ] ["participants were tested on their memory for rhymes", "the final memory test occurred right away", "the final memory test occurred after a substantial delay", "participants were tested on their memory for meaning"] .

the final memory test occurred after a substantial delay the final memory test occurred right away

The image below shows the reflectance spectrum of a banana, which includes a broad range of medium and long wavelengths. A single wavelength at approximately 580 nm would create an identical perception of yellow. This is an example of the principle that [ Select ] and also an example of the principle that [ Select ] .

things that are different physically may be perceived as being the same color color is constructed by our minds

The two circles in the image below are physically identical, and yet the circle inside the blue region looks reddish whereas the circle outside the blue region looks grey. This is an example of the principle that [ Select ] and the principle that [ Select ] .

things that are physically identical may be perceived as being different colors color is constructed by our minds

If you decrease your threshold, this will increase the probability of a: [Select all that are correct.]

False Alarm hit

A dog owner is training a dog to sit whenever she says "sit". Every 3rd time the dog sits on command, the owner gives the dog a treat. This is a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed ratio

The Olympic games logo (above, left) is usually seen as being made of 5 interlocking circles. However, while it we can clearly see it as circles, it is not necessarily the only way you can group the lines. Instead, you could have a series of strange shapes that intersect in just the right spots (e.g. the shapes shown above on the right, where each color represents a different shape). What makes us see them as circles as opposed to any other combination of complex shapes?

Good continuation

What is the "testing effect"?

If you learn something and are tested on it shortly thereafter, you'll be able to retrieve that information more successfully if you're tested again at a later time.

When you take a practice test at the end of a textbook chapter, Prof. Luck recommends that you answer all of the questions (or write "I don't know") before looking at the answers or re-reading the relevant parts of the textbook. Why? [Select all that are correct.]

If you look at the answers or re-read the textbook before writing down the answers, you may think you knew the answers when you didn't really know them, giving you a false sense that you understood the material Trying to retrieve the information from memory (especially if you are successful) will help you remember the information later (e.g., when you're taking an exam)

anterograde amnesia

Inability to remember events that occurred after the time of the lesion

retrograde amnesia

Inability to remember events that occurred before the time of the lesion

As a sonar operator becomes more experienced, she or he may become better at differentiating between displays that contain an actual submarine and displays that just contain random patterns from the surrounding ocean. In the terminology of signal detection theory, this means that the operator has developed:

Increased sensitivity (d')

semantic memory

Memory for facts

episodic memory

Memory for specific events that happened to you

implicit memory

Memory that influences your behavior even when you are not intentionally trying to use memory

long term memory

Memory that lasts for minutes or longer

shrt term memory

Memory that typically lasts for seconds or a few minutes and disappears when you shift your attention to something else

explicit memory

Memory that you have intentionally accessed

Imagine that several people have been training to be gymnastics judges and are now being tested to decide whether they are ready to judge actual competitions. They are each shown 100 videos of gymnasts performing vaults and asked to decide, for each vault, whether the landing contained a hop. Expert judges have already agreed on whether a hop was present or absent on each vault. From their performance on this test, it would be possible to determine: [Select all that are correct.]

The extent to which each potential judge is biased to say that a hop was present or absent How good each potential judge is at telling the difference between landings with and without a hop

Which of the following are defining characteristics of a clinical phobia disorder? [Select all that are correct]

The fear began during childhood

In the fear conditioning experiment described in the preceding video segment, the unconditioned stimulus was _____.

The loud horn

threshold

The minimum amount of evidence needed for an observer to make a "yes" response

In an operant conditioning experiment, the reinforcer is contingent on the operant response. This means that:

The reinforcer is presented ONLY if the subject responds (but not necessarily every time the subject responds)

correct rejection

The signal is absent and the observer makes a "no" response

false alarm

The signal is absent and the observer makes a "yes" response

miss

The signal is present and the observer makes a "no" response

hit

The signal is present and the observer makes a "yes" response

In the fear conditioning experiment described in the preceding video segment, the unconditioned response was _____.

The skin conductance response

In Pavlov's original conditioning experiment, salivation was _____. [Select all that are correct]

The unconditioned response The conditioned response

In Pavlov's original conditioning experiment, the meat powder was _____.

The unconditioned stimulus

The principle of "encoding specificity" states that:

The way someone initially encodes a piece of information determines exactly what is stored in memory and how it can be retrieved

One day, a student asked Professor Luck what his favorite color was. Professor Luck replied "a dark, desaturated blue-green." The color patch below shows this color, along with the red, green, and blue values used to create it on a computer monitor (on a scale of 0-255). Which of the following statements are true about this color?

This color could be created by combining a dark red light (R=75, G=0, B=0) with a medium blue-green light (R=0, G=125, B=125) This color could be created by combining a gray light (R=75, G=75, B=75) with a dark blue-green light (R=0, G=50, B=50) This color will stimulate the red, green, and blue cones (but not equally)

It is usually a bad idea to study something by repeating it over and over again (either silently or aloud) because:

This will focus you on what the words sound like, not what they mean

According to the lecture videos, light has no color, and color exists only in our minds. Which of the following are reasons to believe this statement?

Two lights that are physically identical may be perceived as being different colors Two lights that are physically different may be perceived as being the same color Light is just electromagnetic energy in a particular set of wavelengths that our photoreceptors happen to pick up

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus ___________.

Will be presented whether or not the conditioned response occurs

When you are preparing for an exam, which of the following are good reasons to focus your studying on relationships between terms/concepts and not just the individual terms/concepts? [Select all that are correct.]

You are likely to be tested on the relationships If you store the relationship between X and Y in memory, you will be better able to remember Y if the question contains a reference to X

Imagine that you stare at a red X on a gray background for 30 seconds. The display is then changed to be solid gray, with no red X in the middle. According to the opponent process theory of color perception, you should have an afterimage that looks like:

a green X

A teenager develops a phobia to flying in airplanes. Over a period of several years, this evolves into a debilitating fear of riding buses and trains as well. This would be an example of _______.

generalization

A researcher conducts an experiment in which a rat eats a piece of peanut butter, which it has never tried before. The peanut butter has been laced with a small amount of a tasteless, odorless poison, and this makes the rat feel sick. The next day, the rat is given a chance to eat some peanut butter and some cheese, and it avoids the peanut butter but eats the cheese. This experiment demonstrates which of the following? [Select all that are correct]

one-trial learning conditioned taste aversion

You go to a theatre to watch a documentary about the steelmaking industry, where you learn that the steelmaking furnaces were typically fueled by something called "coke" (a purified form of coal). After the movie, you find you really want to buy a can of Coca Cola. This would be an example of:

priming

The colors in set A differ mainly in [ Select ] , whereas the colors in set B differ mainly in [ Select ] . (Note that you are looking at this on a video screen, which is a light source, so "brightness" rather than "lightness" is the appropriate term.)

saturation brightness

sensitivity

The degree to which the observer's evidence for signal presence is stronger when the signal is present than when it is absent

A dog puts its paws on its owner's lap during meals, hoping for a piece of food. Which of the following will lead the dog to do this most frequently?

The dog's owner feeds to the dog a piece of food every 3-10 times the dog puts its paws on her lap

Which of the following statements are true regarding photoreceptors in humans? [Select all correct options.]

Red, green, and blue cones have different variants of the opsin photopigment and are therefore different in their ability to absorb light of different wavelengths The blue cones are mainly sensitive to short wavelengths Cones are much less sensitive to light than are rods

In operant conditioning, the ___________ is contingent on the _____________.

Reinforcer / operant response

Following his surgery, Patient H.M. was relatively normal at which of the following memory tasks: [Select all that are correct.]

Remembering someone's name for a few seconds or minutes Motor skill learning tasks such as mirror drawing The digit span task

In the "case task" of their study, Craik & Tulving (1975) had their participants __________ during the first phase of the experiment, and then they had participants __________ during the second phase of the experiment.

Report whether a word was written in upper or lower case / try to remember which words they had seen in the first phase

In psychology, the topic of "learning" traditionally includes:

Simple kinds of learning that can be easily studied in laboratory animals

In the fear conditioning experiment described in the preceding video segment, the conditioned stimulus was _____.

The blue square

Two sonar operators, Janie and Jamie, have been training for a year on a battleship. The captain wants to determine which one is now better at determining whether a submarine is present or absent. The captain shows Janie and Jamie a sonar display in which the captain knows a submarine is present but in which the signal is weak. Janie reports that a submarine is present in the display, and Jamie reports that no submarine is present. From this test, who does the captain decide has better sensitivity for determining whether a submarine is present or absent?

The captain cannot know who has better sensitivity from a single trial, because we cannot separately assess sensitivity and threshold (bias) from a single trial

In Pavlov's original conditioning experiment, the bell was _____.

The conditioned stimulus