Unit 2 Exam - AP World History

What caused the growth of the Silk Road network of exchange?

- sea routes, Mongol Empire reopening

Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.? a. The bulk of the trade consisted of low-priced commodities. b. Muslim merchants dominated the trade. c. European Christins became directly involved in the trade. d. Most trade was carried by horse rather than by people.

b. Muslim merchants dominated the trade.

A significant example of the interaction among Indian, Arab, and European societies by 1200 C.E. was the transfer of knowledge of a. iron and copper mining techniques b. the flying shuttle and spinning jenny c. the science of optics and lens design d. numerals and the decimal system e. gunpowder and cannons

d. numerals and the decimal system

What were the effects of the Silk Road networks of exchange?

- trading ideas, disease spread

Explain ONE process of state building of the Mongol Empire.

- united confederations with civil war, nomadic society

Identify ONE effect of the trans-Saharan trade network.

-emergence of empires, long distance trade, spread of Islam, social classes/hierarchies, SLAVE TRADE, urban culture

Explain ONE difference in the way in which nomadic and sedentary societies in Afro-Eurasia before 1450C.E. adapted to their environment.

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Identify ONE way in which the spread of Buddhism in the period before 1450 C.E. illustrates a continuity in patterns of cultural diffusion.

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Identify ONE innovation, transportation, technological, or commercial practice that led to increased trans-Saharan trade.

- camel caravans

Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade? a. It imposed Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. b. It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe. c. It created a self-contained economic system by banning non-Mongol merchants from its territories. d. It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.

b. It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.

"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. Trade in the items referred to in the second paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following? a. The development of cash-crop plantations in India b. The adoption of traditional African religious practices in the Muslim world c. The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia d. The spread of literacy across the Muslim world

c. The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following? a. Widespread adoption of Confucian family monarchies b. Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout the Indian Ocean region c. Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together d. Widespread adoption of Buddhist religious practices

c. Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together

The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by a. opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia b. increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions c. decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans d. discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads

c. decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called a. japan b. Brazil c. Pakistan d. Indonesia e. Saudi Arabia

d. Indonesia

"The Crusader states were able to cling to survival only through frequent delivery of supplies and manpower from Europe. [They] were defended primarily by three semi-monastic military orders: the Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights. Combining monasticism and militarism, these orders served to protect pilgrims and to wage perpetual war against the Muslims." Palmira Brummett, world historian, 2007 "Whenever I visited Jerusalem, I always entered the al-Aqsa Mosque, beside which stood a small mosque which the Franks had converted into a church ... [T]he Templars, ... who were my friends, would evacuate the little adjoining mosque so that I could pray in it." Usamah ibn Munqidh, Muslim historian, Jerusalem, circa 1138 The second passage does not support the first passage because the second passage a. shows that an influx of manpower form Europe was not critical for the survival of the Crusader states b. shows that Muslims vastly outnumbered Europeans in the Crusader states c. minimizes the importance of Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights in the administration of the Crusader states d. presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler

d. presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler

Which of the following languages came into existence after 1000 as the direct result of expanding global trade patterns? a. Arabic b. Chinese c. Latin d. Sanskrit e. Swahili

e. Swahili

Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims? a. The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia b. The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests c. The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia d. The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas

b. The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests

The map above shows what significant economic developments? a. Trade connections that linked the Hellenistic and Mauryan empires to African cities from 300 through 150 B.C.E. b. Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E. c. Chinese dominance of Indian Ocean trading networks because of the voyages of Zheng He in the 1400s C.E. d. Changes in Indian Ocean trading networks that resulted from technological innovations from 1450 C.E. through 1750 C.E.

b. Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E.

In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase a. iron b. pepper c. sugar d. ivory e. tobacco

b. pepper

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century? a. Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean b. Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean c. Chinese in the Indian Ocean d. Russians in the Pacific Ocean

c. Chinese in the Indian Ocean

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks? a. It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam to it subjects. b. It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with Swahili states and East Africa. c. It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks. d. It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.

c. It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

Analyze continuities and changes in the beliefs and practices of ONE of the religions listed below from its beginnings to 1450. Buddhism Christianity Islam

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Explain ONE major pattern of cultural interaction between nomadic and sedentary societies in Afro-Eurasia before 1450 C.E.

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Explain ONE similarity between the economic practices of nomadic and sedentary societies in Afro-Eurasia in the period 600-1450 C.E.

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Explain ONE way in which Buddhism changed as it spread across Asia.

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Explain ONE way in which the spread of Buddhism changed other Asian religious traditions in the period before 1450 C.E.

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Describe ONE difference between the commercial interactions in The Indian Ocean and the commercial interactions along the overland Silk Roads in the period circa 1200-1450.

- Silk Roads: Hinduism and Buddhism - Indian Ocean: Christianity and Islam - slave trade, bulk trade

Identify ONE cause of the growth of the trans-Saharan trade network.

- camel caravans

Identify ONE transportation technology that led to increased volume of trade along the Indian Ocean.

- compass, astrolab (GPS), lateen sail, dowh ships, junk ships

What commercial practices led to increased trade on the Silk Road?

- merchant class + political clout, nomadic practices, shops near/on Silk Rods, sea routes, merchants + monasteries (weigh stations for caravans)

Identify ONE environmental factor that led to the development of trade along The Indian Ocean.

- monsoon winds

Identify ONE way that the Mongol Empire influenced trade and communication.

- reopened Silk Roads (cross Eurasian trade), taxed trade + kept it safe

Identify ONE technological or cultural transfer that occurred as a result of The Mongol Empire.

- tolerance of different religions, horseback riding, archery

"There is no doubt that the Gujaratis from the northwest coast of India are men who understand merchandise; they are also diligent, quick men in trade. They do their accounts with numbers like ours. There are also merchants from Egypt settled in Gujarat, as well as many merchants from Persia and the Arabian Peninsula, all of whom do a great trade in the seaport towns of Gujarat. Those of our people who want to be clerks and traders ought to go there and learn, because the business of trade is a science in itself." Tomé Pires, Portuguese merchant, book describing travels in South Asia, 1515 a) Identify and explain ONE way in which the Indian Ocean trade described in the passage was a continuity of the Indian Ocean trade that occurred during the period 600 to 1450 C.E. b) Identify and explain TWO ways in which merchants such as Pires changed the Indian Ocean trade system in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.

a. b.

"It does not seem to me that the Jewish people can be the cause of this general epidemic throughout the whole world, as many suggest. My reasoning is as follows. First, it is well-known that in most places where the Jewish people dwelled, they died in droves from the exact same disease as the Christians. If they really caused the epidemic, they would not have killed themselves and others of their faith. Second, many people say that the Jews poisoned the wells, causing the disease. This also seems doubtful, because after the wells full of polluted water had been purified, the people still died in great numbers. Further, in cities that use water only from great rivers like the Danube, the inhabitants have also died in large numbers. Moreover, even after all the Jews in many places had been killed and were completely driven out for nearly two years prior, the disease now strikes these same places just as powerfully as before." Conrad of Megenberg, German philosopher and theologian educated at the University of Paris, Concerning the Mortality in Germany, book written in Latin, 1350 a) Describe the historical situation in which Conrad of Megenberg wrote his book. b) Describe ONE argument that Conrad of Megenberg makes regarding the Jewish people and the spread of disease. c) Describe ONE way in which the disease referred to in the passage influenced the development of urban areas in the period 1350-1450.

a. b. c.

The map above indicates that a. Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade b. slavery existed in the western Sudan c. Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa d. Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East e. Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold

a. Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions? a. The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia. b. The emergence of the Ottoman Empire significantly increased the percentage of major urban centers in Europe. c. The adoption of Champa rice during the Song dynasty significantly increased the share of China's urban population. d. The outbreaks of bubonic plague greatly reduced urban populations across Eurasia.

a. The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.

Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true? a. The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful. b. The number of Buddhists and Muslims in Asia dropped significantly as a result of Mongol persecution. c. In China the Mongols eliminated the Chinese scholar-official class. d. The Mongols conquered Constantinople. e. Ibn Battuta's writings described in detail life in the court of Genghis Khan.

a. The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.

"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes? a. To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past b. To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties c. To highlight the griot's unique abilities as compared to other griots d. To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past

a. To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past

The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following? a. Transportation and maritime technologies b. Large-scale trading organizations c. Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean d. The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate

a. Transportation and maritime technologies

Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps? a. The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate b. Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail c. The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and western Indian Ocean basins d. Innovations in agriculture, such as the qanat and the noria, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly

b. Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail

"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. The relationships between the individuals mentioned in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about Indian Ocean trade in the period 600-1450 C.E.? a. Non-Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean trade networks encountered various forms of discrimination that made their businesses uncompetitive. b. Commercial relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims were a key element of the flourishing Indian Ocean trade networks. c. Non-Muslim religious leaders in the Indian Ocean region used their economic wealth to challenge the authority of Muslim states. d. Indian merchants successfully monopolized the production and distribution of precious metals in the Indian Ocean region.

b. Commercial relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims were a key element of the flourishing Indian Ocean trade networks.

Which of the following most directly contributed to the decline of Eurasian urban populations during the fourteenth century? a. Climate change b. Epidemic disease c. Religious wars d. Regional migration

b. Epidemic disease

Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s? a. He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade. b. He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa. c. He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast. d. He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate. e. He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.

b. He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.

The following question(s) refer to the passage below. "Between the eighth and tenth centuries Arabs brought back from India a variety of crops that they then began cultivating in the Middle East. These included staple crops such as hard wheat, rice, sugarcane, and new varieties of sorghum; fruits such as banana, sour orange, lemon, lime, mango, watermelon, and the coconut palm; vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant; and the key industrial crop, cotton. From Iraq, many of these crops then spread westward all the way to Muslim Spain, which was transformed into a veritable garden under Muslim rule. Other crops passed by ship from southern Arabia to East Africa, while still others moved by caravan from northwest Africa across the Sahara to tropical West Africa. This was especially true for cotton, whose diffusion in Africa directly paralleled the spread of Islam itself." Richard Eaton, United States historian of South Asia, Islamic History as Global History, 1990. The spread of cotton as described by Eaton in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following economic developments in the period 600-1450 C.E.? a. The expansion of the system of using indentured servants to work in imperial workshops b. Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East c. The decline of China's silk and porcelain industries d. The development of new forms of credit and monetization

b. Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following? a. A decrease in pirate activity following Zheng He's naval expeditions b. Merchants' understanding of the patters of the monsoon winds c. An increase in the use of new forms of credit, such as paper money d. Technological transfers from Europe, such as the compass

b. Merchants' understanding of the patters of the monsoon winds

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? a. The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. b. Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. c. Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. d. The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.

b. Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments? a. The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment b. Significant increase in morality due to the spread of epidemic diseases c. The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism d. Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures

b. Significant increase in morality due to the spread of epidemic diseases

The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. resulted in the spread of which of the following from South Asia? a. Military weaponry, such as iron-tipped spears and chariots b. Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero c. Irrigation technologies, such as ceramic pipes d. Textile manufacturing processes, such as the spinning jenny

b. Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero

The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? a. The empire of Alexander the Great b. The Mongol Empire c. The Russian Empire d. The Byzantine Empire e. The Ottoman Empire

b. The Mongol Empire

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s? a. The Mongols suppressed Islamic and Buddhist religious practices. b. The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions. c. The Mongols led successful naval invasions of Japan. d. The Mongols conquered Constantinople.

b. The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? a. The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. b. The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. c. The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. d. The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.

b. The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ? a. A unified Islamic Empire eliminated all internal tariffs and encouraged trade. b. The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. c. The Ottoman Empire drained the resources of the area in the Empire's war with India. d. The Byzantine Empire and the Russian Empire controlled trade in the area. e. The area ceased trading with Europe but continued trading with sub-Saharan Africa.

b. The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.

Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan? a. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire b. The development of khanates in Central Asia c. The spread of Islam into East Asia d. Increased trade between Africa and Asia

b. The development of khanates in Central Asia

"Consider how in our time God has transferred the West into the East. He who was a Roman or a Frank is now an inhabitant of Palestine. We have already forgotten the places of our birth. Some already possess homes and servants here. Some have taken wives not merely of their own people, but Syrians, or Armenians, or even Muslims who have received the grace of baptism. Different languages, now made common, become known to both peoples, and faith unites those whose forefathers were strangers. Our parents and relatives from day to day come to join us, abandoning, even though reluctantly, all that they possess. For those who were poor there, here God makes rich. Those who had few coins, here possess countless riches. Those who did not have a home in the West, by the gift of God, already possess a city in the East. Therefore, why should one who has found the East so favorable return to the West? God does not wish those to suffer poverty who, carrying their crosses, have vowed to follow Him, even unto the end." Fulcher of Chartres, French clergyman, chronicle written in Jerusalem, early twelfth century C.E. The conditions described in the passage most directly reflect which of the following changes? a. The displacement of European Christians after the Muslim conquests of Spain b. The establishment of Latin Christian states in the eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades c. The settlement of Latin Christian merchant communities in the Byzantine Empire d. The incursions of Eurasian nomads into the territories of the Roman Empire

b. The establishment of Latin Christian states in the eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ? a. The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christians and Muslim sates. b. The geographic rage of network increased because of improved commercial practices. c. The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce. d. The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in NorthAfrica and the Middle East.

b. The geographic rage of network increased because of improved commercial practices.

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? a. The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean b. The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests c. The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere d. The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity

b. The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

Which of the following was a significant effect of the Polynesian migrations in the Pacific in the period from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.? a. The creation of an extensive trade network connecting Pacific islands to the Asian mainland b. The transfer of domesticated plant and animal species to new islands in the Pacific c. The development of distinctive Polynesian maritime technologies quickly adopted by Chinese and European explorers d. The establishment of an ethically unified Polynesian state spanning several island groups.

b. The transfer of domesticated plant and animal species to new islands in the Pacific

The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants? a. Their Islamic ritual observances, which made travel difficult during the fasting period of Ramadan b. Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns c. Their need to avoid the routes traveled by the faster and better-armed Portuguese trading ships d. Their control of the sources of grain needed by Chinese and East African cities

b. Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century? a. Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe b. Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia c. The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate d. African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe

b. Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers a. favored some commercial trading organizations over others b. portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce c. shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes d. restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies

b. portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

"What they [the Franks] learned from the Arabs wasindispensible in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries. In medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [Franks] drew their knowledge from Arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed. . . . In the realm of industry, the Europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the Arabs in papermaking, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar." Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984 The passage above best illustrates which of the following? a. Muslims' examination of their own cultural and economic decline after the Crusades b. The debt the Arab world owed Europe or preserving Arab scientific knowledge and cultural history c. The reason European industrial expertise far surpassed that of the Arab world d. The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology

d. The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology

"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. The letter best illustrates which of the following continuities in the period circa 600-1450 C.E.? a. State support for merchants encourages greater commercial activity. b. Technological advances in shipbuilding facilitated the growth of Afro-Eurasian trade. c. Diasporic communities were often established in key locations along important trade routes. d. Increasing commercial wealth led to the emergence of new social structures.

c. Diasporic communities were often established in key locations along important trade routes.

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following? a. The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean b. North Africa and western Europe c. East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea d. The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

c. East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following? a. Spread of Hinduism b. Spread of Christianity c. Extent of trade routes d. Seasonal migrations of nomads

c. Extent of trade routes

A historian researching the effects of the Crusades on the diffusion of technology would probably find which of the following sources most useful? a. European crusaders' accounts of Islamic religious practices b. Muslim accounts of European royal marriages c. Monks' translations of Arabic mathematics texts brought form conquered territories d. Birth records from villages along the routes used by the Crusaders

c. Monks' translations of Arabic mathematics texts brought form conquered territories

The graph above shows the effect of which of the following? a. The fall of the Roman Empire on population growth b. The Agricultural Revolution on food supplies c. Plague on the populations of Asia and Europe d. The fall of the Byzantine Empire on population growth

c. Plague on the populations of Asia and Europe

Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy? a. Phoenician merchants controlled most of the long-distance trade of sub-Saharan Africa. b. The Mali-Great Zimbabwe trade route dominated the economy of sub-Saharan Africa. c. Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe. d.The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.

c. Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia? a. The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies b. The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate c. The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China d. The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuk Empire.

c. The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the sheriff of Kent (a region in southeastern England). A great portion of the people of our realm have recently died. Those who survive see that masters need servants, which are scarce, and the servants will not serve unless they receive excessive wages. After consulting with the nobles and clergy, we have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided in the year 1346. Merchants, those who belong to craft guilds, and those who own their land are exempt from this rule. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, parliamentary decree, 1351 Based on the passage, the Statute of Laborers was most likely a direct response to which of the following? a. The emergence of feudalism in Western Europe b. The development of Parliament as a check on the power of the English monarch c. The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy d. The labor shortages in the English countryside resulting from frequent military conflicts with France

c. The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting? a. The Yuan dynasty's potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan's supremacy. b. The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan's rule. c. The Yuan dynasty's employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan's rule. d. The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.

d. The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450? a. The establishment of diasporic merchant communities b. The establishment of new trading cities c. The introduction of new cultural traditions d. The emergence of syncretic belief systems

c. The introduction of new cultural traditions

The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments? a. The collapse of papal authority b. The diffusion of artistic traditions c. The spread of epidemic diseases d. The revival of classical architecture

c. The spread of epidemic diseases

Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300 ? a. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in China and the Middle East but rose in India. b. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined more substantially in India that it did in the Middle East and China c. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions. d. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased in every region except China.

c. The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.

Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map? a. They wee under the direct political control of Oman. b. They had a majority Arab population. c. They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities. d. They were primarily sources of slave labor for the Omanis.

c. They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.

The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade? a. Monsoons prevented trade from taking place along the East African coast. b. Europeans were active bringing goods from West Africa to the Indian Ocean. c. Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China. d. The most important item traded across the Indian Ocean was silk. e. Arab and Indian traders wee better traders than the Chinese.

c. Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.

Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century? a. Armed resistance from Arab natives b. Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade c. The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons d. Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security e. Fear of the spread of the plague in China

d. Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

Commerce was a key mode of exchange between which of the following pairs of political entities? a. The Mayan Empire ad the Song dynasty b. Ghana and the Mongol Empire c. Japan and the Byzantine Empire d. The Crusader state and the Fatimid caliphate e. Venice and the Aztec Empire

d. The Crusader state and the Fatimid caliphate

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century?a. The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing b. The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia c. The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers d. The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

d. The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common? a. They generally imposed their own languages on the local communities. b. They generally became military outposts that facilitated the expansion of empires. c. They generally lost touch with their homelands and merged with the local population. d. They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

d. They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the science, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 C.E. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Based on the content of the inscription, Adityawarman's Malayapura kingdom most likely participated in the communication and exchange networks of the a. Swahili city-states and the Arabian Peninsula b. maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade c. overland Silk Roads d. islands of Polynesia

d. islands of Polynesia

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450 a. used their military power to monopolize the trade in luxury goods b. attempted to incorporate new territories and peoples into their commercial empires c. sought to spread religious traditions by patronizing merchant communities d. used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development

d. used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development

Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450? a. Chinese merchants dominated the trade routes from the Indian Ocean. b. There was very little commercial activity in the Indian Ocean. c. Merchants from Europe dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. d. Following the rise of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, the volume of Indian ocean commerce fell sharply. e. Indian ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

e. Indian ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why? a. Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters b. The 'Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry c. Central Asia, because of the effective diplomacy of Timur and his successors d. The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolutions e. Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

e. Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces