Unit 2 Questions *answers capitalized*

At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther...

(a) refused to speak (b) recanted to save his life (c) was treated the same way Jan Hus had been at the Council of Constance (d) ASSERTED THE HE WAS BOUND ONLY BY THE SCRIPTURE AND CONSCIENCE (e) attacked Calvinist ideas

Until the beginning of the sixteenth century, criticism of the Catholic Church was focused primarily on...

(a) relics and transubstantiation (b) the church's refusal to allow priests to marry (c) IMMORTALITY AND IGNORANCE AMONG THE CLERGY (d) overly spiritual bishops who devoted themselves to religious studies (e) the refusal of the church to allow divorce

The heart of the medieval administration of the Roman Catholic church was controlled by the pope and the...

(e) PAPAL CURIA

The unification of Spain in the 1400s was accomplished by...

(e) THE NORTHERN KINGDOMS OF ARAGON AND CASTILE

Religious change in the 17 century Netherlands led to...

(a) A GREAT VITALITY IN INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC LIFE

What does the term "inquisition" mean in the context of seventeenth-century Europe?

(a) A SEARCH BY THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH FOR HERETICS AND NONBELIEVERS

Which of the following was a major characteristic of the English monarchy in the eighteenth century?

(a) A return to its "divine right" position of the seventeenth century (b) A STEADILY WIDENING DISCREPANCY BETWEEN ITS THEORETICAL AND ITS REAL POWERS (c) Its growth in power because of its many victories over the French (d) Its refusal to support the emerging cabinet system (e) Its growing wealth due to effective taxation policies

The Council of Trent...

(a) AFFIRMED CATHOLIC THEOLOGY (b) offered reconciliation with the Protestants (c) limited the number of saints to be honored (d) separated the papacy from its role as temporal ruler (e) allowed couples to exchange marriage vows without witnesses

The princes of Moscow were able to make it the central state of Russia...

(a) AFTER HAVING BEEN THE SERVANTS OF THE MONGOLS (b) because they had refused for two centuries to serve the Mongols (c) after Ivan the Terrible killed off his opponents (d) because they were blessed by the patriarch of Kiev (e) after its princes moved there from St. Petersburg

Which was NOT a reform Peter the Great enacted to change society?

(a) ALLOWING DAUGHTERS TO INHERIT LANDS ALONG WITH THEIR BROTHERS (b) establishing schools and universities (c) insisting that social events of the nobles include both men and women (d) requiring nobles to become educated (e) bringing in Western ideas about clothes and beards

Which did the Prussian state NOT share with the Ottoman, Russian, and Austrian Empires?

(a) Absolute monarchs (b) Repressed peasantry (c) TERRITORIAL INTENGRITY (d) Territorially expansionist regimes (e) Great capital cities

Which territory did Charles V NOT rule?

(a) Burgundy (b) Spain (c) The Netherlands (d) HUNGARY (e) Sicily

As a result of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation...

(a) CLANDESTINE UNIONS BECAME LESS ACCEPTABLE (b) convents for women were abolished in both Catholic and Protestant states (c) brothels were closed in Catholic cities but tolerated in Protestant cities (d) witches ceased to be tried and executed (e) women came to be considered equals of men

The English civil war was fundamentally fought over...

(a) Catholic demands for the right to freely practice their religion (b) Puritan demands for the right to freely practice their religion (c) WHETHER PARLIAMENT OR THE KING HAS THE POWER TO LEVY TAXES (d) whether the House of Lords or the House of Commons should have ultimate authority (e) whether Parliament or the king would appoint the head of the Anglican Church

Which event most directly prompted the Glorious Revolution?

(a) Charles II's treaty with Louis XIV (b) Publication of John Locke's "Second Treatise of Civil Government" (c) The death of Oliver Cromwell (d) JAMES II'S VIOLATIONS OF THE TEST ACT (e) The marriage of James II to a French princess

The infamous Ivan the Terrible of Russia got his name by...

(a) EXECUTING BOYARS AND PEASANTS WHO RESISTED HIS RULE

What was the common thread between the religious wars in France (which resulted in it remained Catholic) and those in the Netherlands (which led it to become Protestant)?

(a) England's involvement (b) the military victories of the Catholic and Protestant sides, respectively (c) the decisions made by politiques (d) Spain's involvement (e) NATIONAL INTERESTS

In seventeenth century, monarchs in Eastern Europe were able to increase their power because...

(a) FREQUENT WARS WERE FOUGHT WITH NEARBY KINGDOMS

The response of the Spanish kings to their economic difficulties in the seventeenth century was...

(a) GENERALLY PASSIVE AND UNINSPIRED (b) to reorganize the administrative structure of Spain (c) to adopt mercantilist policies similar to France (d) to insist on paying their debts, thus adding to their financial problems (e) energetic and forward thinking, although ultimately unsuccessful

Which of the following is true of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden?

(a) He was a devout Roman Catholic (b) HE WAS A MAJOR PARTICIPANT IN THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (c) He defeated the Russian army at the battle of Borodino (d) He established Calvinism as the Swedish state religion (e) He set up an organization to mediate international disputes.

In 1713 Emperor Charles VI sought approval of the Pragmatic Sanction in order to guarantee...

(a) INVISIBILITY OF THE HAPSBURGS' LANDS

Which of the following best describes the French Edict of Nantes?

(a) IT PROVIDED LIMITED POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTIES FOR FRENCH HUGUENOTS

Place the following British rulers in the correct chronological order: I. James I II. Elizabeth I III. Charles I IV. George I

(a) IV, II, I, and III (b) II, III, IV, and I (c) I, III, II, and IV (d) II, I, III, and IV ~ THIS ONE (e) III, I, IV, and II

"I cannot and will not recant anything for it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. God help me." Which critic of the Catholic Church made the statement?

(a) Jan Hus (b) John Wyclif (c) Erasmus of Rotterdam (d) MARTIN LUTHER (e) John Calvin

Sixteenth and seventeenth century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as...

(a) LEADING TO DANGEROUS CIVIL DISORDER

The ability of relatively small European forces to conquer the powerful Aztec and Incan empire can be contributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

(a) Lack of immunity to European diseases among Aztec and Incan peoples (b) Superior European military technology (c) Ineffective defenses of Aztec and Incan cities (d) Indigenous people's lack of familiarity with horses (e) SUCCESSFUL EUROPEAN MISSIONARY ACTIVITY

Ultimately the factor that MOST determined the spread of Lutheranism was...

(a) Luther's translation of the Bible (b) the popularity of antipapal broadsides (c) Luther's gift for writing, including hymns like "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (d) the Council of Trent (e) THE DECISIONS MADE BY PRINCES OR RULERS TO ADOPT OR REJECT PROTESTANTISM

Not a supporter of the divine right of kings, Thomas Hobbes advocated strong governments, basing his views...

(a) MAN'S SELFISH AND AGGRESSIVE NATURE (b) Machiavellian ideas about the need for a prince to unify the nation (c) More's ideal community in which the government carefully supervised the population (d) a non-Christian idea of divine right (e) the analogy of the brain's role in the body

In 17 century Poland the most significant political influence was exercised by the...

(a) NOBILITY

"Our sins have their source in Adam, and because Adam ate the apple, we have inherited sin from him. But Christ has shattered death in order that we might be saved by His works and not by our works. Christ says: I am your justification." Which of the following best describes Luther's meaning in the excerpt above?

(a) ONLY FAITH IN CHRIST WILL BRING SALVATION, NOT GOOD WORKS

What classes were the first to suffer from bad harvests and economic depression?

(a) PEASANT AND THE URBAN POOR

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate can best be described as a...

(a) Puritan democracy (b) MILITARY DICTATORSHIP (c) constitutional monarchy (d) absolute monarchy (e) Catholic commonwealth

The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following?

(a) RECOGNIZED THE RIGHTS OF THE FRENCH PROTESTANTS (b) Made public the king's conversion to Roman Catholicism (c) Settled the Bourbons on the French throne (d) Ordered the Spanish out of France (e) Announced French entry into the war between the Spanish and the Dutch

Which of the following statements could be made by a Protestant but not by a Catholic?

(a) SALVATION COMES THROUGH FAITH ALONE (b) indulgences demonstrate one's sincerity of repentance (c) only clergy should interpret scriptures (d) there are seven sacraments (e) in the process of transubstantiation, the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ

Calvinists attracted large numbers of converts in all of the following countries EXCEPT:

(a) Scotland (b) The Netherlands (c) Switzerland (d) AUSTRIA (e) France

In which region were there no significant popular revolts in the 17th century?

(a) Spain (b) France (c) HOLLAND (d) England (e) Italian States

The importance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was that...

(a) Spain's navy never recuperated (b) England invaded the northern Spanish coast (c) Mary Queen of Scots was executed for treason (d) ULTIMATELY THE DUTCH WON THEIR INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN (e) Philip abdicated in favor of his son Don Carlos

Family relations in western Europe in the period 1500-1750 were generally similar to modern ones in that...

(a) THE CORE OF THE FAMILY WAS NUCLEAR

Louis XIV would best be described as...

(a) THE FOUNDER OF FRENCH CULTURE PREEMINENCE (b) a politique (c) the main victor in the Thirty Years' War (d) a leader who accomplished a lot during his short reign (e) a monarch who made peace with the Protestants in his country

In 1571, the Ottoman expansion into Europe was halted by...

(a) THE HAPSBURG ARMY AT VIENNA

What long-term impact did seventeenth century absolutism in Prussia and Austria have on Europe?

(a) THE HAPSBURG DYNASTY WAS SHORT LIVED

After 1534, in post-Reformation England,

(a) THE KINGDOM VEERED BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN CATHOLICISM AND ANGLICANISM

The most significant disagreement between Zwingli and Luther was about...

(a) THE NATURE OF THE EUCHARIST (b) justification by faith alone (c) the importance of the Scriptures (d) clerical marriage (e) collaborating with political authorities

In the 1500s, the central focus of church reformers such as Martin Luther was...

(a) THE PRECEDENCE OF SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY

Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation?

(a) THE SUPPRESSION OF NUNNERIES AND THE INSTITUTION OF THE MARRIED CLERGY

After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Habsburgs...

(a) TURNED THEIR ATTENTION EASTWARD (b) competed furiously with the Bavarian rulers for dominance in the Holy Roman Empire (c) began to allow religious toleration in Bohemia and Hungary (d) moved the capital from Vienna to Budapest (e) crushed the Hungarian nobility

Which attitude toward religion did Louis XIV adopt from Spain?

(a) Toleration from all religions (b) UNITY AND CONFORMITY (c) Toleration for Lutherans but not Calvinists (d) Toleration for Protestants but not Jews (e) Widespread use of the Inquisition

Calvin's followers...

(a) WERE HELD TO A HIGH STANDARD OF MORALITY (b) believed that baptism should be granted only to adults (c) objected to the English Puritans (d) were granted freedom of religion with the Peace of Augsburg (e) were most known for their missionary work

The Roman Catholic Council of Trent (1545-1563) had as its primary result...

(a) a compromise with Protestants to reunite Christians (b) a political compromise with the Protestant princes of central Europe (c) REFORM WITHIN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND REAFFIRMATION OF THE CATHOLIC DOCTRINE (d) the reestablishment of conciliar power over the papacy (e) creation of a balance of power between the papacy and the heads of the great Catholic states

Eighteenth-century Methodists and Pietists both...

(a) advocated that religion must incorporate new scientific ideas (b) STRESSED AN EMOTIONAL COMMITMENT TO CHRISTIANITY (c) based their ideas on Deism (d) fought for religious toleration of Jews and Catholics (e) centralized their religious bureaucracies

The War of Austrian Succession...

(a) began when Prussia insisted that the Pragmatic Sanction be honored (b) ended with the independence of Hungary (c) ENDED WITH AUSTRIA'S LOSS OF RESOURCE RICH SILESIA TO PRUSSIA (d) sent an intimidating message to Peter the Great (e) protected central Europe from the Turks

Frederick William, "the Great Elector," was able to build up the Prussian army by...

(a) calling the Diet into sessions annually to approve funds (b) hiring well-trained foreign mercenaries (c) expanding the army to become larger than France's (d) opening the officer corps to men of talent, regardless of social class (e) LEVYING TAXES WITHOUT APPROVAL BY THE PRUSSIAN DIET

Pluralism and absenteeism led to major criticisms of the church because they...

(a) caused parishioners to be deprived of receiving the sacraments (b) resulted from so many bishops having concubines (c) CAUSED NATIONALISTIC RESENTMENTS (d) resulted in the widespread illiteracy of the priesthood (e) were part of church doctrine as well as practice

A major difference between Calvinism and Lutheranism relates to...

(a) clerical marriage (b) the place of women in society (c) EMPHASIS ON PREDESTINATION (d) infant baptism (e) monasticism

The importation of massive amounts of gold and silver into Spain ultimately damaged Spain by...

(a) creating a huge crime wave (b) personally corrupting the monarchs such as Philip II (c) FOSTERING AN INFLATION, WHICH INCREASED THE ROYAL DEBT (d) allowing Spain to engage in war after war (e) dividing Spain from Portugal

Elizabeth I resolved the religious issue in sixteenth century England by...

(a) eliminating all Catholic elements in the Church of England (b) REQUIRING ALL SUBJECTS TO ATTEND CHURCH BUT NOT CARING WHAT THEY BELIEVED (c) returning England to its Catholic roots (d) converting to Catholicism for the sake of peace in her country (e) remaining Protestant but marrying a Catholic

With regard to the nobles of France, Louis XIV...

(a) emasculated them (b) severely diminished their wealth (c) COLLABORATED WITH THEM (d) successfully replaced them with bourgeoisie as the dominant political class (e) ignored them

The execution of Charles I...

(a) ended the Stuart line (b) was voted for by a large majority of the Long Parliament (c) led France to send troops to defend his son, Charles II (d) WAS APPROVED BY PARLIAMENT PURGED OF MODERATES (e) was opposed by Oliver Cromwell, who argued that exile was sufficient

China helped bring about inflation in sixteenth-century Europe by...

(a) flooding Europe with inexpensive manufactured goods (b) radically reducing the price of silk (c) DEMANDING SILVER AS PAYMENT FOR ITS GOODS (d) taking over the Philippines where Spanish traders bought Asian goods (e) importing gold from Japan and using it to buy European goods

Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church because of...

(a) his serious doubts about Catholic theology (b) HIS CONCERNS ABOUT SUCCESSION (c) his desire to protect Protestants in England (d) the influence of his first wife (e) the political conflicts with Spain

The importance of sugar for the world economy was its...

(a) impact on agriculture in Spain (b) transformation of the economy in Mexico (c) ROLE IN ENCOURAGING THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE (d) role in the increase in the demand for silver (e) usefulness in direct exchange for Chinese silks

A comparison of serfdom in western Europe and eastern Europe would be best summarized as...

(a) in both regions, serfdom disappeared by 1500 (b) in both regions, serfdom remained in 1500 (c) IN EASTERN, BUT NOT IN WESTERN EUROPE, SERFDOM WAS REINSTATED AFTER 1500 (d) in western, but not in eastern Europe, serfdom was reinstated after 1500 (e) in both, serfdom had disappeared by 1300 but was reinstated after 1500

Spain's economic troubles in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries came about primarily when...

(a) it lost Gibraltar (b) the colonies in the New World revolted (c) it lost control of the slave trade to the French (d) the Dutch began to raid Spain's northern coasts (e) THE GOLD MINES IN THE AMERICAS BEGAN TO RUN DRY

Which factor best explains why Calvinism had greater international impact than Lutheranism did?

(a) it spread to Scotland (b) THE CONCEPT OF THE "CALLING" PROVED TO BE DYNAMIC (c) the Geneva Consistory was noted for its fairness and moderation (d) the doctrine of predestination created a deep sense of pessimism (e) Lutheranism spread only in the Germanic states of the Holy Roman Empire

The selling of indulgences bothered Luther so much because...

(a) it was another example of corruption in the church (b) Tetzel had no legal authority in the church (c) Tetzel was charging too much money (d) he believed that there was no need to raise money for St. Peter's Basilica in Rome (e) IT UNDERMINED THE SACRAMENT OF PENANCE

During the eighteenth century, Poland...

(a) lost territory on the East but gained on the West (b) lost territory on the West but gained on the East (c) WAS DISMEMBERED BY AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, AND RUSSIA (d) gained territory from its neighboring absolute monarchs (e) emerged as an independent kingdom

Peter the Great's primary motive for westernizing Russia was...

(a) political (b) economic (c) MILITARY (d) cultural (e) architectural

The one social group who were clearly beneficiaries of the sixteenth-century price revolution were the...

(a) poor (b) MERCHANTS (c) monarchs (d) clergy (e) landlords

Two great Baroque masters, Peter Paul Rubens and Johann Sebastian Bach, show that the Baroque style was...

(a) popular exclusively in Catholic countries (b) popular exclusively in Protestant countries (c) popular with absolute monarchies (d) popular in the constitutional states like England and France (e) A EUROPE-WIDE PHENOMENON

Protestant radicals like the Anabaptists were...

(a) protected by Luther but attacked by Zwingli (b) ATTACKED BY BOTH PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLICS (c) protected by Protestants but attacked by Catholics (d) attacked by Protestants but given safe haven by Catholics (e) generally ignored and left alone

The Peace of Utrecht...

(a) put a Hapsburg on the throne of Spain (b) was a victory for Louis XIV in his claim to the throne of Spain (c) gave France control over the former Spanish Netherlands (d) ENDED FRENCH AMBITIONS TO COMBINE THE CROWN OF FRANCE AND SPAIN (e) upset the balance of power in Europe

The discontent of Russian peasants under the tsars...

(a) rarely expressed itself in riots or uprisings (b) increased because of expectations of continuing improvement (c) BROKE OUT IN A REVOLT LED BY STENKA RAZIN (d) was usually expressed by organized protests in the capital (e) brought them into alliance with urban workers

The impact of the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT:

(a) reform of practices within the Catholic Church (b) division among Protestants (c) religious wars (d) religious fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (e) IMPROVED SOCIAL CONDITIONS FOR THE PEASANTS

Suleiman the Magnificent encouraged all of the following EXCEPT:

(a) religious toleration (b) trade (c) cultural autonomy for minority groups (d) a slave corps in the bureaucracy (e) PRIVATE PROPERTY

The essayist Michel de Montaigne was noted for expressing...

(a) religious zeal (b) nationalism in France (c) a new reason for supporting the monarchy (d) SKEPTICISM (e) racist views of the native populations of the New World

Martin Luther demonstrated Protestant attitudes in his personal life when he...

(a) remained committed to monastic life (b) became a minister but remained celibate (c) insisted on the right to be a professor without being a monk (d) MARRIED A WOMAN WHO HAD ALSO TAKEN RELIGIOUS VOWS (e) raised his daughter to become a Lutheran minister

Both absolute and constitutional monarchs in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries focused most of their energies on...

(a) responding to the needs of the people (b) developing positive relationships with representative bodies (c) strengthening provincial governments (d) EXPANDING STATE CONTROL (e) developing a single language

The Inquisition in Spain was spurred by...

(a) rising unrest among the peasants as famine struck the countryside (b) Ferdinand and Isabella's unification of their two states into one (c) RESENTMENT TOWARD WEALTHY NEW CHRISTIANS (d) Spain's desire for french lands on the continent (e) the intellectual curiosity promoted during the Renaissance

Which was NOT a consequence of the Thirty Years' War in the Germanic states?

(a) steep decline in trade (b) high death tolls of both civilians and soldiers (c) devastation of agriculture (d) DISINTEGRATION OF LARGE NOBLE STATES (e) long-term economic stagnation

Which is true about the Protestant Reformation in eastern Europe?

(a) the Ottoman Empire persecuted Protestants in its European areas of control (b) Protestantism found few supporters there in the sixteenth century (c) Lutheranism was much preferred to Calvinism in Poland (d) the Protestants won a great victory at the Battle of Mohacs in 1526 (e) THE MAJORITY OF HUNGARIANS WERE PROTESTANT UNTIL THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Which of the following was NOT an outcome of the Catholic Reformation?

(a) the establishment of new religious orders (b) MODIFICATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF PENANCE (c) greater clerical discipline (d) a strong Roman Inquisition to destroy heresy (e) spiritual renewal within the church

The most important factor in creating Dutch prosperity in the seventeenth century was...

(a) their political unity (b) their alliance with the British (c) THE SIZE OF THEIR MERCHANT MARINE (d) their important colonies in the New World (e) the establishment of constitutional monarchy

Armies changed in the seventeenth century in all of the following ways EXCEPT that...

(a) they became larger (b) they became more professional (c) MOST SOLDIERS WERE MERCENARIES, AS A FEW COUNTRIES HAD STANDING ARMIES (d) the death toll was high, particularly for officers (e) they became more expensive for kings to pay for

Frederick William I, the "Soldiers' King," of Prussia...

(a) thought only soldiers could have militaristic values (b) CREATED AN EFFICIENT AND HONEST BUREAUCRACY (c) joined Russia in the Great Northern War (d) built a lavish palace outside of Berlin (e) was the first king of Prussia

The Peace of Augsburg...

(a) was a victory for Charles V (b) gave rulers of member states of the Holy Roman Empire the right to choose whichever religion they wanted (c) GAVE RULERS OF MEMBER STATES OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE CATHOLICISM OR LUTHERANISM AS THEIR STATE RELIGION (d) gave religious toleration to Lutherans but not to Anabaptists (e) led to a new war over religion within a decade

The long-lasting significance of the German Peasants' War of 1525 was that it...

(a) was prompted by a drop in prices due to overproduction (b) LED LUTHER TO CALL FOR ABSOLUTE OBEDIENCE TO THE STATE (c) was inspired by Anabaptist ideas (d) alienated the nobles from the Lutherans (e) ended with the peasantry becoming conservative

Eastern European towns in the seventeenth century...

(a) were dominated by a growing merchant class (b) grew in population (c) retained their medieval privileges (d) WERE BYPASSED BY LANDLORDS WHO SOLD THEIR GOODS DIRECTLY TO FOREIGN MERCHANTS (e) protected runaways from the great estates

The janissaries, or slave corps, of the Ottoman Empire...

(a) were horribly treated because they were Christians (b) WERE ABLE TO RISE TO IMPORTANT POSITIONS OF POWER IN THE TOP RANKS OF BUREAUCRACY (c) most came from Anatolia (now Turkey) (d) were employed as eunuchs in the harems (e) were not allowed to convert to Islam

John Wyclif's and Marsiglio of Padua's criticisms of the church...

(a) were similar in that both advocated that the authority of the church should lie in church councils (b) differed in that Marsiglio focused on theological issues while Wyclif focused on church abuses (c) led to both men's excommunication (d) had little immediate impact (e) DIFFERED IN THAT MARSIGLIO FOCUSED ON POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES WHILE WYCLIF FOCUSED ON THEOLOGICAL ISSUES

Suleiman the Magnificent won the title of the "law giver" by...

(b) CODIFYING LOCAL LAWS AND GRANTING AUTONOMY TO RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY

The cartoon above from the seventeenth century England is an attempt to ridicule...

(b) FIGHTING BETWEEN ROYALIST AND PARLIAMENTARY ARMIES DURING THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

Which of the following was the major language spoken in most courts and diplomatic circles of Europe by the late 17 century?

(b) FRENCH

The sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church was needed to...

(b) FUND EXPENSIVE BUILDING PROJECTS SUCH AS ST. PETERS IN ROME

Early Russia grew out of principality centered in the city of...

(b) KIEV

During the Middle Ages, most European women who dedicated their lives to the church were from the...

(b) LANDED ARISTOCRACY

The motives of king Henry VIII of England in separating from the Roman Catholic church in 1534 were both...

(b) PERSONAL AND POLITICAL

The conversion to Catholicism of King Henry IV of France is an example of the policies of...

(b) POLITIQUES

Calvinism transplanted itself to which of the following parts of Europe?

(b) SCOTLAND AND HOLLAND

One of the main aims of the reform in Russia under Peter the great was to make high social status...

(b) SERVICE TO THE STATE

During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden pursued a policy of...

(b) SUPPORTING THE OPPRESSED PROTESTANTS IN CENTRAL EUROPE

Hungary maintained a limited independence within the Hapsburg kingdom of Austria because...

(b) THE HUNGARIAN NOBILITY HAD A LIMITED CONSCIOUSNESS

Which of the following were changes made in the Protestant church after the Reformation?

(b) THE SACRAMENTS WERE REDUCED TO TWO, AND PRIESTS WERE ALLOWED TO MARRY

The term bourgeoisie can best be described as...

(b) THE URBAN WEALTHY PEOPLE

In Kievan Russia, the noble class of landowners were known as the...

(c) BOYARS

In which area of Europe was the technology for the movable type developed?

(c) GERMANY

Which of the following policies had to be adopted by kingdoms in modern Europe because of large-scale warfare?

(c) GOVERNMENTS GREATLY INCREASED TAXES

"That the pretended powers of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal. That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by the pretense of prerogative without the grant of Parliament for longer time or in other manner than the same is illegal." The provisions above from the English Bill of Rights were enacted in response to...

(c) JAMES II'S ATTEMPTS TO DOMINATE PARLIAMENT

In early modern Europe, the term junkers and boyars referred to...

(c) LANDED NOBLES WHO LIVED IN GERMANY AND RUSSIA

Which of the following did NOT cause peasant revolts in central Europe in the 1500s?

(c) LAY RULERS ENDED THE PRACTICE OF CLOSING FIELDS AND FORESTS

The emblem above was used as a symbol for which of the following?

(c) LOUIS XIV

Which of the following was a central feature of the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

(c) NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS ATTEMPTED TO RAISE THE MORAL LEVEL OF THE CLERGY

According to the map above, during the eighteenth century, Russia expanded in Europe primarily from gaining territory from...

(c) POLAND

Be it enacted by the authority of this present Parliament that the king our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia... The Proclamation of 1534 shown above has to do with...

(c) REFORMATION IN ENGLAND

The establishment and growth of St. Petersburg during the early eighteenth century was part of Peter the Great's attempt to do which of the following?

(c) REMAKE RUSSIAN INSTITUTIONS TO BE AS EFFECTIVE AS THOSE IN WESTERN EUROPE

The French Fronde is best described as the...

(c) REVOLT OVER INCREASING CENTRALIZATION OF ROYAL POWER

While monks and nuns could live in religious toleration, they could also provide...

(c) SOCIAL SERVICES FOR THE POOR

The title of the leader of the Ottoman Empire was...

(c) SULTAN, OR "HOLDER OF POWER"

The Thirty Years' War was largely fought against which royal dynasty in Europe?

(c) THE HOUSE OF TUDOR IN ENGLAND

By the early seventeenth century, which of the following European nations was the greatest commercial power in Europe?

(c) THE NETHERLANDS

Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of Brandenburg-Prussia in the seventeenth century?

(d) ABSOLUTIST MONARCH

Which of the following cities dominated European trade and finance in the 17th century?

(d) AMSTERDAM

Key to the commercial success of the Dutch in the seventeenth century was their...

(d) BANKING SYSTEM AND STOCK EXCHANGE

The term excommunication means the...

(d) EXTREME CENSURE BY THE CHURCH OF AN INDIVIDUAL THAT DISALLOWS THAT INDIVIDUAL FROM RECEIVING SACRAMENTS

The massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day was directed against...

(d) HUGUENOTS IN FRANCE

By the late seventeenth century, witchcraft trials and executions had decline in western Europe in part because of...

(d) INCREASED DISBELIEF AMONG ELITES IN THE CONCEPT OF WITCHES

The most influential religious order associated with the Catholic reformation was the...

(d) JESUIT

The large eastern European kingdom that buffered Russia from Poland in the late 1400s was...

(d) LITHUANIA

What was the central compromise included in the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?

(d) LUTHERANISM WAS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED BY EUROPEAN RULERS

To the artists of the sixteenth century, beauty was often portrayed by depicting...

(d) REALISTIC HUMAN MOVEMENT AND EMOTION

A primary goal of Elizabeth I of England was to...

(d) STABILIZE THE TUDOR DYNASTY AND DEFEND ENGLAND AGAINST FOREIGN THREATS

The communications revolution of the sixteenth-century was largely due to...

(d) THE INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS

The Dutch church represented in the painting above can be defined as Protestant because of...

(d) THE PLAINNESS OF THE INTERIOR

Which of the following represents the final defeat of efforts by the Ottoman Empire to acquire large areas of central Europe?

(d) THE SIEGE OF VIENNA (1683)

What central theological debate revealed the difference between Catholics and Protestants after 1525?

(d) THE WAY IN WHICH THE FAITHFUL GAINED SALVATION FROM GOD

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the fragmentation of the Roman Catholic church after 1517?

(e) A GROWING BELIEF IN WITCHES IN WESTERN EUROPE

Which of the following explains why Russia lagged behind western Europe in its development?

(e) AUTHORITARIAN RULERS AND CULTURAL ISOLATION

The map above, showing religious divisions in Europe around 1600, illustrates which of the following differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism?

(e) CALVINISTS WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE A MINORITY IN A STATE THAN WERE LUTHERANS

In the seventeenth century, Frederick of Brandenburg built his absolutist power base in Prussia by...

(e) COLLABORATING WITH THE LANDED ELITES IN NORTHERN GERMANY

Ottoman political and military power waned into the seventeenth century because...

(e) ETHNIC STRIFE AND BUREAUCRATIC INFIGHTING

Which of the following best describes the results of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) ?

(e) IT PROVIDED A LEGAL BASIS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF LUTHERANISM

Italian women artists of the Renaissance and Baroque era were able to achieve recognition as artists primarily as a result of their...

(e) MARRIAGE TO OTHER FAMOUS ARTISTS

A major result of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714) was to...

(e) PREVENT FRANCE FROM UPSETTING THE BALANCE OF POWER

The most important political and military result of the thirty years war and peace of Westphalia was the...

(e) RISE OF FRANCE AS A GREAT POWER

Martin Luther's response to the German Peasants' War of 1524-1525 demonstrated his...

(e) SUPPORT OF THE PREVAILING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORDER

Which of the following were the core critics of the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century?

(e) THE EDUCATED FAITHFUL

Peasant men in the seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe generally married in their late twenties primarily because...

(e) THEY WANTED TO FIRST ESTABLISH INDEPENDENT HOUSEHOLDS