unit 2 testing and assessment

deviation iq

a comparison of the performance of the individual with the performance of others in the same age in the standardization sample - can be converted into nominal categories designated by cutoff boundaries for quick reference

convergent thinking

a deductive reasoning process that entails recall and consideration of facts, as well as a series of logical judgements to narrow down solutions and eventually arrive at one solution

qualitative item analysis

a general term for various non statistical procedures designed to explore how individual test items work

rating scale

a group of words, statements or symbols on which judgements of the strength of a particular trait, attitude or emotion are indicated by the test taker

discrimination

a measure that compares performance on a particular item with performance in the upper and lower regions of a distribution of continuous test scores

response to intervention model

a multilevel prevention framework applied in educational settings that is designed to maximize student achievement through the use of data that identifies students at risk for poor learning outcomes combined with evidence based intervention and teach that is adjusted on the basis of student responsiveness; meant to accelerate the learning process and identify students with learning disabilities

woodcock reading mastery test-revised (WRMT-II)

a paper and pencil measure of reading abilities, reaching achievements and reading difficulties

differential item functioning

a phenomenon where an item functions differently in one group of test takers as compared to another group of test takers known to have the same/similar underlying trait

divergent thinking

a reasoning process in which thought is free to move in many different directions, making different solutions possible

validity

a statistic designed to prove an indication of the degree to which the test is measuring what it purports to measure

metropolitan readiness test (MRT6)

a test battery that assess the development of the reading and math skills important in the early stages of formal school learning

anchor protocol

a test protocol scored by a highly authoritative scorer that is designed to be used as a model for scoring and a mechanism for solving scoring discrepancies

co-validation

a test validation process conducted on 2 or more tests using the same sample of test takers

crystallized intelligence

acquired skills and knowledge that are dependent on exposure to a particular culture as well as on formal and informal education - vocabulary

scalogram analysis

an item-analysis procedure and approach to test development that involved the graphic mapping of a test taker's responses

sir franic galton

believed that the most intelligent persons were equipped with the best sensory abilities and thus, visual or hearing tests measure intelligence

accommodation

change the schema so something new and different will fit

pre-operational stage

children begin to understand, create, and use symbols to represent things that are not present

aptitude tests

designed to focus on more informal learning or lief experiences and used to make predictions and measure readiness

achievement tests

designed to measure past accomplishments and learning that has occurred as a result of a relatively structured input

comparative scaling

entails judgments of a stimulus in comparisons with every other stimulus on the scale

factor-analysis theories

focus on identifying the ability or groups of abilities deemed to constitute intelligence

guttman scale

items range sequentially from weaker to stronger expressions of the attitude, belief, or feeling being measured; all respondents who agree with the stronger statements of the attitude with also agree with the milder

schemas

mental images or generalizations that form as people experience the world

fluid intelligence

nonverbal, relatively culture-free and independent of specific instructions - a phone number

PASS model

planning, attention, simultaneous and successive

locator tests

pre-tests administered to determine the level of the actual test that should be used

reliability

provides an internal consistency of a test; the higher the index the greater the internal consistency

likert scale

psychological scale used to scale attitudes

ceiling effect

refers to the diminished utility of an assessment tool for distinguishing test takers at the high end of the ability, trait or other attribute being measured

floor effect

refers to the diminished utility of an assessment tool for distinguishing test takers at the low end of the ability, trait or other attribute being measured

summative scale

results with the final test score being obtained through summing the ratings across all items in the test

david weschler

saw intelligence as the "aggregate capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment: it is composed of elements or abilities which are qualitatively differentiable"; the best way to measure intelligence is by measuring several distinct abilities which were verbal or performance-based in nature

categorical scaling

stimuli are placed into one of 2+ alternative categories that differ quantitatively with respect to some continuum

assimilation

taking in information about new objects by using schemas that will fit into the new objects

qualitative methods

techniques of data generation and analysis that rely primarily on verbal rather than mathematical or statistical procedures

five stages of test development

test conceptualization, test construction, test tryout, item analysis and test revision

psychoeducational test batteries

test kits that generally contain two types of tests: those that measure abilities related to academic success and those that measure educational achievement in areas such as reading and arithmetic

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regular emotion in the self and others

conservation

the ability to recognize that important properties of a substance or object remain constant despite change

social intelligence

the ability to understand and interact with other people

zone of proximal development

the distance between the actual development level as determined by individual problem-solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

culture loading

the extent to which a test incorporates the vocab, concepts, traditions knowledge and feelings associated with a particular culture

stanford-binet intelligence scales

the first published intelligence test to provide clear administration and scoring instructions

information processing theories

the focus on identifying the specific mental processes that constitute intelligence

interactionism

the mechanism why which heredity and environment are presumed to interact and influence the development of intelligence

method of paired comparisons

the presentation of two stimuli where one has to be chosen according to a "rule"

flynn effect

the progressive rise in intelligence test scores expected to occur on a normed intelligence test from the date when the test was first normed - increase in testing ability not intelligence

ratio iq

the ratio of the test taker's mental age divided by his or her chronological age multiplied bye 100 to eliminate decimals

cross-validation

the revalidation of a test on a sample of test takers other than those whom test performance was originally found to be a valid predictor of some criteria

problem solving model

the use of interventions tailored to student's individual needs that are selected by a multidisciplinary team of school professionals