Unit 3

Which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Afterimages

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following?

Gate-control theory

Which of the following is true of how the human eye detects the color red?

It relies on only cones.

When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste?

Sensory interaction

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive

depth

The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT

smell

The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to

transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Receptors for olfaction are located

in the nasal cavity

All summer Thomas hears the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?

A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense?

Cerebellum

Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision?

Cones

Alicia has a condition in which tiny crystals break loose and randomly touch and bend the hair cells in her semicircular canals. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition?

Dizziness and loss of balance

John moves to a new job in a large urban area. For the first few days, John is continuously distracted by the sounds of traffic and street noise. By the end of the first week, John barely notices the sounds of the city. Which of the following has occurred?

Habituation

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness?

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception? I. Opponent process II. Frequency III. Place

II and III only

Which of the following phenomena can the opponent-process theory of color vision explain that the trichromatic theory cannot?

Negative afterimages

Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true?

Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food.

After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?

Opponent-process theory

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating?

Perceptual set

A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?

Retinal disparity

Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues?

Retinal disparity

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision?

Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve

Ernest and Josephine Hilgard conducted experiments in which participants had one hand in painfully icy water and the other hand on a button to alert the experimenter of feelings of pain. After the participants were hypnotized to not feel pain, participants did not verbally report feeling pain even though they subconsciously pressed the button to indicate that they felt pain. How did the experimenters explain the contradiction in pain perception?

The participants are experiencing dissociation.

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called

accommodation

One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely

an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment

When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the

bipolar cells

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called

closure

The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as

closure

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the

cochlea

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

cones

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its

frequency

The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's

frequency

A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the

location of the source

To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a

longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did

The fovea has the greatest visual acuity in bright light primarily because the fovea is

made up of only cones

In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are

more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea

When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called

motion parallax

The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the

red-green system

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called

selective attention

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires

selective attention

Balance is influenced by the

semicircular canals

After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates

sensory adaptation

On his first day of work at the bakery, Brad was nearly overwhelmed by the sweet odor of the baked goods. However, by lunchtime, he did not even notice the smell. This is an example of

sensory adaptation

Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because

some depth perception is lost

Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people

switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention

A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that

the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of

the cocktail party effect

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal?

the eardrum