Unit 3 AP European

How did the idea of race transform Europeans idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as a kin to a

clockmaker who set the universe and motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

Which of the following characterizes 18th century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise to Louis XIV of France?

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the junker nobility to except taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the junkers privileges, including their authority over the serfs

In the 18th century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

Land holdings and common clans needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

Military dictatorship

A striking feature of the salons was that

Philosophers, nobles, and members of the upper-middle-class intermingled

Why did the Dutch failed to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet change in consumption patterns in Europe

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

Catherine the great's goal of domestic reform never came into fruition, owing to

The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in1773

The English navigation acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

What was the result of the war of the Austrian succession?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

By the 18 century, the lead of Spanish colonial society

Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

Well the Spanish Landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

He sought to impose a new prayerbook modeled on the Anglican book of common prayer on Presbyterian Scotland

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

The industrious revolution was a result of

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the 18th century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more efficiently

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in the wealth of Nations was the belief that

The pursuit of self interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens

Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes

Christianity and colonial societies in the Americas

Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made it Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish would never be united

The spinning of thread for the loom

Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which lef merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages

Which book by the Baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French enlightenment?

The Persian Letter

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

The rulal poor worked for low wages

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payment

Was opposed by both nobles and peasants

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the 18th century?

It permitted Europeans to move Easley along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

What was the core concept of the enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts

How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century?

Increased Road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

The glorious Revolution and the concepts of representative government found it's best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

John Locke

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to uprisings of 1648 to 1653, known as the

Fronde

The primary cause of the English glorious Revolution was

A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

Mercantilist theory postulated that

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

In his essay concerning human understanding, John Locke claimed that

Human development is determined by education and society

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century?

The emergence of scientific racism

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90% of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3% brought to North America

How did enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the middle ages and renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

In music, the Baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

Which powers participated in the partial name of Poland in the late 18th century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

Shift from reading religious texts out loud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

How did governments respond to the new science?

They established academics of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research