Unit 3

Push factors for immigration are those that push people from their homes, while pull factors are those that attract them to a __________________

new place.

Knights of Labor

included all workers from any trade devoted to broad social reform

American Railway Union (ARU)

included rail workers conducted the Pullman Strike of 1894

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

included skilled workers focused on specific worker issues

Push Factors

Farmers were pressured by land reform and low prices. Revolution and war disrupted economies and left political refugees. Religious persecution forced many to flee violence.

As membership in unions grew in the 1870s, a wave of confrontations between labor and management rocked the country.

A major strike of railroad workers in 1877 resulted in the federal government sending in troops to restore order.

Social Darwinists believed government should stay out of private business and thought it was wrong to use public funds to assist the poor.

Americans who worried about the methods of industrialists called for federal regulation of business practices.

horizontal integration vertical integration

Better control of production and costs reduced

Industrialization changed how businesses were run.

Business leaders combined funds and resources. Investors formed corporations that protected them from losing more than original investment. A corporation could operate in different regions.

In 1860, most Americans lived in rural areas, with only 16 percent living in towns or cities with a population of at least 8,000.

By 1900, 32 percent - or 15 million Americans - lived in cities with populations of more than 50,000. This period was the beginning of an upsurge in American urbanization that brought changes to the country.

As cities grew, planners began to use zoning to designate certain parts of the city for certain functions.

Cities set aside space for heavy industry, financial institutions, homes, and public spaces such as libraries and government buildings. But parks were also important in cities, and Frederick Law Olmsted designed many well-known ones, such as New York City's Central Park.

What challenges did city dwellers face, and how did they meet them?

City dwellers faced the noise, dirt, and crime of the cities, the hardships of factory work, and the overcrowded, dangerous conditions of tenements Governments and city planners tried to alleviate dangerous conditions and make cities better, safer places to live.

monopolies cartels

Competitors forced out of business

Effects on the Labor Movement

Employers successfully appealed for court orders against unions Contract disputes and strikes continued to occur as American industry grew. The labor movement split into different factions. Debs helped organize the American Socialist Party and the IWW.

Industrial workers faced hardships.

Factory owners employed people who would work for low wages. Many of these people were immigrants. • They often labored in dangerous sweatshops. • Laborers often had to live in company towns and buy goods at high interest at company stores.

The government ordered strike organizers, led by Eugene V. Debs, to end the strike.

He refused and was sent to jail. Troops were called in to end the strike.

Cities responded to the threats of fire and crime with professional fire fighting teams, uniformed city police forces, and new electric streetlights.

However, the police were unable to overcome the challenge of conflicts between different racial groups, classes, and neighborhoods.

The ICC and the Sherman Antitrust Act began a trend toward government limits on corporate power.

ICC Interstate Commerce Commission Oversaw railroad operations Sherman Antitrust Act Passed by the Senate in 1890 Outlawed trusts that restrained trade among several states

Why did immigrants come to the United States, and what impact did they have upon society?

Immigrants came to the U.S. for religious and political freedom, for economic opportunities, and to escape wars. Immigrants adopted parts of American culture, and Americans adopted parts of immigrant cultures.

Mass transit reshaped the nation's cities.

In 1888, Richmond, Virginia started using streetcars powered by overhead electric cables. Within a decade, every major city followed. Electric streetcars were quieter, cleaner, and more efficient than coal-driven commuter trains or horse-drawn trolleys.

The foreign-born population of the U.S. nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900

In the 1840s and 1950s, German and Irish Catholics had immigrated to the United States. Despite differences, their children were often able to blend into American society. But starting in 1870, some people feared "new" immigrants would destroy American culture.

safety elevators

Invented by Elisha Otis, they made taller buildings practical.

central heating systems

Made to carry heat to all parts of a building.

Once in America, immigrants had to find a home and work. They also had to learn English and new customs.

Many stayed in cities and took jobs in factories. They lived in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettoes.

A movement called socialism spread through Europe in the 1830s. It held that wealth should be distributed equally to everyone.

Most Americans rejected socialism, but some labor activists borrowed ideas from it to support social reform.

Large cities such as _________________________________ had huge immigrant populations by 1890.

New York and Chicago

John D. Rockefeller

Oil

Yet another conflict broke out with the Homestead Strike. Troops were called in to quell fighting between workers and Carnegie Steel.

One year later, the Pullman Palace Car Company laid off rail workers and cut wages. This touched off the Pullman Strike, which halted nationwide railroad traffic and mail delivery.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Railroads

Immigrants often dealt with nativism and hostility from native-born white Americans.

Religious differences and competition for jobs and housing led to divisions and prejudices.

Immigrants had some help coping with their new surroundings.

Settlement houses ran Americanization programs to help recent immigrants learn English and adopt American dress and diet. Immigrants formed fraternal associations - based on ethnic or religious identity - which provided social services and financial assistance.

Many neighborhoods became overcrowded.

Some poor workers lived in tenements, which usually were unhealthy and dangerous because they had few windows and little sanitation.

Immigrants to the United States from _______________________ Europe made up 70 percent of all immigrants after 1900, up from 1 percent at midcentury.

Southern and Eastern

Andrew Carnegie

Steel

Across the nation, workers mounted demonstrations for more rights. One such protest in Chicago turned violent.

The 1886 Haymarket Riot made many Americans wary of labor unions.

In 1882, Congress started to restrict immigration to the United States.

The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited the rights of Chinese immigrants in the U.S., and forbade the naturalization of Chinese residents. Congress passed another law that prohibited the immigration of anyone who was a criminal, immoral, a pauper, or likely to need public assistance.

Pull Factors

The U.S. offered plentiful land, employment, and opportunity Many "chain immigrants" already had family in the U.S. Immigrants could find religious and political freedom in America.

How did the rise of labor unions shape relations among workers, big business, and government?

The booming American economy relied on workers, who began to rebel against low pay and unsafe working conditions. Struggles between business owners and workers intensified.

America's major cities were manufacturing and transportation centers connected by railway lines.

The cities were clustered in the Northeast, on the Pacific Coast, and along the waterways of the Midwest.

How did big business shape the American economy in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

The growth of big business in the late 1800s changed American society. The rise of business empires turned the United States into an economically powerful nation.

African Americans

The majority of African Americans stayed in southern cities. But African American migrants to northern and western cities paved the way for a much larger migration after World War I.

When the immigrants arrived after their long journeys, they were processed at stations such as Ellis Island in New York Harbor.

There, officers conducted legal and medical inspections. Only 2 percent were denied entry into the U.S. Chinese and other Asian immigrants crossing the Pacific were processed at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Many Chinese were turned away.

Despite the hopes of settlement workers, immigrants often held on to their traditions

They established their own fraternal lodges, schools, and religious institutions such as churches. Immigrants' children, however, became more Americanized.

Immigrants transformed American society

They fueled industrial growth. They helped build the railroads and worked in factories, mills, and mines. Their traditions became part of American culture. Increasingly, they became active in labor unions and politics, and they demanded reforms.

Some Chinese immigrants were detained at Angel Island for weeks or months in poor conditions.

They waited to see if they would be allowed to stay in the U.S.

Immigrants, Farmers, and Migrants from the Rural West

They were attracted by land and economic opportunities. It was hard for farmers to work on rigid schedules in crowded factories, but factories paid wages in cash.

skyscrapers

They were steel-frame buildings 10 stories or taller, built because there was no room left on the ground to expand.

Many believed that American society was a "melting pot" where white people of different nationalities blended to create a single culture.

This model excluded Asian immigrants, who became targets of social and legal discrimination.

At this time, cities had filthy, unpaved streets and sanitation problems, conditions perfect for breeding epidemics

To solve these problems, governments and city planners tried to regulate housing, sanitation, sewers, and public health. They began to take water from clean reservoirs and to use water filtration systems.

Mass transit made it possible for middle- and upper-class people to move to the suburbs.

Traffic congestion often kept streetcars from running on schedule. In 1897, Boston solved this problem by building the nation's first subway system, and New York City followed suit in 1904.

"New" Immigrants (post-1870s)

Were mainly Catholics or Jews from Southern and Eastern Europe Sometimes came alone, usually to settle in cities Were often poor and unskilled

Old Immigrants (pre-1870s)

Were mainly Protestants from Northern and Western Europe Came as families to settle on farms with family members or friends Had money, a skill or trade, or an education

Labor unions formed

Workers tried collective bargaining to gain more power against employers. One form was the strike, in which workers stop work until their demands are met.

Life was hard in the cities, but most people preferred them to the country.

Workers' children could attend city schools. Churches, theaters, social clubs, and museums offered companionship and entertainment. Most city workers were able to enjoy a higher standard of living, and some moved into the growing middle class.

Survival of the Fittest Charles Darwin's idea of evolution of species

applied to American capitalism led to the idea of Social Darwinism This is the belief that wealth was a measure of a person's value and those who had wealth were the most "fit."

Corporations used strategies to eliminate ___________________ and _______________________ costs.

competition; decrease

Corporations worked to maximize profits by

paying workers low wages paying lower prices for raw materials supporting research labs

Is Big Business Good for the Nation?

provides jobs allows for product innovations financially supports universities, libraries, and museums

Many ____________________________ migrants moved to cities in the 1890s.

rural-to-urban

Coming to America was often a tough decision. Immigrants usually brought only what they could carry and traveled by steamship in _______________________

steerage