Unit 3 Chapter 7

Put the following events of translational elongation (the stage in translation that occurs after initiation) in the order that they occur, beginning with the first step at the top. - after the first amino acid has been brought to the ribosome, a tRNA carrying the second amino acid of a protein binds to the second codon - a covalent bond forms between the first and second amino acids - the ribosome releases the first tRNA - the ribosome moves down the mRNA by one codon, and a tRNA carrying the third amino acid comes into place - a covalent bond forms between the second and third amino acids - the ribosome releases the second tRNA

1. after the first amino acid has been brought to the ribosome, a tRNA carrying the second amino acid of a protein binds to the second codon 2. a covalent bond forms between the first and second amino acids 3. the ribosome releases the first tRNA 4. the ribosome moves down the mRNA by one codon, and a tRNA carrying the third amino acid comes into place 5. a covalent bond forms between the second and third amino acids 6. the ribosome releases the second tRNA

Rank the five steps of viral replication in the order in which they occur during an infection, beginning with the first step at the top. - attachment to host cell - penetration - synthesis of viral components - assembly of new viruses - releases of new viruses from host cell

1. attachment to host cell 2. penetration 3. synthesis of viral components 4. assembly of new viruses 5. releases of new viruses from host cell

The instructions in ______ encode the information that a cell needs to produce proteins, which are vital to living things. Multiple choice question. DNA introns RNA polymerase ATP

DNA

Match each eukaryotic regulatory mechanism with where it would act within the "central dogma." (DNA availability; mRNA processing, mRNA exit from the nucleus; protein degradation; transcription factors) - occurs before transcription - occurs after translation - occurs at initiation of transcription - occurs after transcription but before translation

DNA availability -> occurs before transcription mRNA processing, mRNA exit from nucleus -> occurs after transcription but before translation protein degradation -> occurs after translation transcription factors -> occurs at initiation of transcription

Epigenetics is the study of ______ that affect gene expression but do not change the DNA sequence. Multiple choice question. DNA modifications mRNA splicing mechanisms translation termination mechanisms ribosomal variations

DNA modifications

All viruses contain genetic material, which is either RNA or ______, and a(n) ______ coat that surrounds the genetic material. Multiple choice question. cAMP; steroid cAMP; protein DNA; protein DNA; steroid

DNA; protein

During transcription, what reads the template strand within a gene and adds complementary bases? Multiple choice question. the ribosome RNA polymerase amino acid polymerase transfer RNA

RNA polymerase

Select the true statement about viral infection of a host cell. Multiple choice question. Viral penetration into a host cell increases the likelihood of a longer life for the host cell. Viral penetration into a host cell may not cause immediate death of the host cell. Viral penetration into a host cell always results in immediate death of the host cell.

Viral penetration into a host cell may not cause immediate death of the host cell.

Select the two characteristics that all viruses share. Multiple select question. a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material ribosomes several cell organelles, such as a cell membrane and a nucleus genetic material, either RNA or DNA outer envelope composed of lipids

a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material; genetic material, either DNA or RNA

Select all of the following that are methods of gene regulation found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes. Multiple select question. adding methyl groups to silence genes splicing exons in alternative ways controlling access of RNA polymerase to the promoter blocking mRNA exit from the nucleus proteins that bind to regulatory sequences within DNA

adding methyl groups to silence genes, splicing exons in alternative ways, blocking mRNA exit from the nucleus

A variant of a gene is referred to as a(n) Multiple choice question. transposable element. epitope. mutagen. allele.

allele

On a tRNA molecule, the ________ is a three-base sequence that is complementary to and binds to an mRNA codon during translation.

anticodon

What three-base site of a tRNA molecule is complementary to an mRNA codon? Multiple choice question. exon anticodon intron amino acid binding site

anticodon

After a virus attaches to and penetrates a host cell, a virus can enter a phase where symptoms of the infection are delayed or it can Multiple choice question. change forms and become a prion. convert the cell to a virus. become an organelle in the cell by endosymbiosis. cause immediate cell death.

cause immediate cell death

During transcription, a gene's DNA sequence is transcribed into a Multiple choice question. complementary DNA molecule. sequence of amino acids. complementary RNA molecule. correct protein.

complementary RNA molecule

What symptom of influenza infection is due to dead and damaged host cells in the airway? Multiple choice question. body aches interruption of nerve impulses fever and inflammation cough and sore throat

cough and sore throat

During the elongation stage of translation, a _______ bond is formed between the incoming _______ acid and the growing polypeptide chain, and empty tRNAs are released from the ribosome. Multiple choice question. hydrogen; nucleic covalent; nucleic hydrogen; amino covalent; amino

covalent; amino

A DNA molecule consists of two intertwining strands of nucleotides that form a Multiple choice question. cloverleaf shape. beta-pleated sheet. single alpha helix. double helix.

double helix

Transcription, translation, nucleotide synthesis, and modification of mRNA are all processes that require Multiple choice question. oxygen. phosphorylation. energy. a membrane.

energy

Modifications to the DNA, such as methylation, that do not change the nucleotide sequence but do affect gene expression are called ______ modifications. Multiple choice question. transgenic epigenetic transforming enhancer

epigenetic

What are coding regions of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated? Multiple choice question. histones introns caps exons

exons

After translation is complete, the newly synthesized protein must ______, as determined by some regions of the amino acid chain. Multiple choice question. fold into its functional shape thread back through the ribosome be modified with a cap and poly A tail have its introns removed

fold into its functional shape

Select all of the bases that can be present in DNA nucleotides. Multiple select question. guanine correct adenine correct thymine correct ribose uracil cytosine

guanine, adenine, thymine, cytosine

A(n) __________ is a portion of mRNA that is about 1,000 nucleotides long and that is removed before translation.

intron

In archaea and eukaryotes, a part of an mRNA molecule that is removed before translation is called a(n) Multiple choice question. poly A tail. codon. cap. intron.

intron

An animal virus can cause a(n) ______ viral infection, in which disease symptoms are not produced immediately, but the viral information remains inside the cell. Multiple choice question. latent proteinaceous lysing envelope

latent

In the ______ infection cycle, a bacteriophage replicates and then causes the host cell to burst, thus killing it and releasing the new viral particles. Multiple choice question. lytic latent lysogenic prophage

lytic

In what type of bacteriophage infection does the host cell burst open, releasing the new viral particles? Multiple choice question. lytic prophage polygenic lysogenic

lytic

In transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a(n) ______ molecule, and in translation, the "message" in an mRNA molecule is translated into a(n) ______ sequence. Multiple choice question. protein; tRNA tDNA; RNA nucleotide rRNA; DNA mRNA; amino acid

mRNA; amino acid

A(n) ___________ is any external agent, such as X-rays or chemicals, that induces mutations.

mutagen

UV rays, X-rays, some chemicals found in tobacco, and radioactive fallout are all examples of _____, agents that can damage DNA and cause mutations. Multiple choice question. mutagens alleles polymerases splicesomes

mutagens

A change in a gene sequence or a regulatory DNA sequence is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. repression mutation operator epigenetic modification

mutation

A(n) _________ is a change in a cell's DNA sequence.

mutation

________ provides the raw material for evolution because it can create new alleles, which are alternative forms of the same ______. Multiple choice question. Transcription; codons Repression; mRNA Mutation; gene Translation; anticodons

mutation; gene

Select all of the reasons that gene regulation is advantageous in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Multiple select question. Not all cells need all proteins encoded in the genome. It allows cells to delete unneeded genes and recycle the nucleotides for other processes. It saves energy.

not all cells need all proteins encoded in the genome, it saves energy

The DNA double helix is made up of two strands of ______ monomers oriented in opposite directions. Multiple choice question. amino acid fatty acid nucleotide glucose

nucleotide

Subunits called ______ are the building blocks of DNA. Multiple choice question. amino acids proteins nucleotides monosaccharides

nucleotides

What describes a substitution mutation? Multiple choice question. one DNA base is deleted two DNA bases are deleted or inserted one DNA base is replaced with another one DNA base is inserted

one DNA base is replaced with another

In bacteria, a(n) ______ is a group of genes under control of a single promoter. Multiple choice question. operator operon genome enhancer

operon

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infects many species of Multiple choice question. plants. protists. bacteria. animals.

plants

RNA ______ is the enzyme that builds the RNA chain during transcription. Multiple choice question. polymerase primase ligase helicase

polymerase

A(n) ______ is an infectious protein and is simpler than a virus. Multiple choice question. capsid nucleosome prion viroid

prion

At the beginning of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the ______ on the DNA. Multiple choice question. small ribosomal subunit promoter anticodon codon

promoter

The ______ is a sequence of DNA that signals the start of a gene and also which of the two strands of DNA is the template for transcription. Multiple choice question. promoter instigator terminator cap

promoter

Select all of the following that are present in a bacterial operon. Multiple select question. promoter enhancer operator TATA box group of genes

promoter, operator, group of genes

Enzymes and chaperone proteins assist in ______ that takes place after translation is complete. Multiple choice question. exon splicing tRNA recharging protein folding ribosome disassembly

protein folding

The term prion is an abbreviation that stands for Multiple choice question. proteinaceous infectious particle. pre-influenza onset cycle. premutated oncogene. polymorphic nuclease.

proteinaceous infectious particle.

In the "central dogma," information flows from DNA to RNA to ______. Multiple choice question. the nucleus genes proteins nucleic acids

proteins

Only producing proteins that are needed allows a cell to Multiple choice question. save energy. increase nucleotide synthesis. express all of its genome at all times. have a supply of all possible proteins available.

save energy

How does a fever help fight a viral infection? Multiple choice question. allows cilia to sweep mucus from the respiratory tract results in the formation of mucus from dead cells reduces blood flow to the airways speeds immune responses

speeds immune responses

What role does DNA play in the cell? Multiple choice question. package proteins synthesize lipids and carbohydrates store instructions for making proteins correct catalyze reactions

store instructions for making proteins

The replacement of one DNA base with another is called a(n) Multiple choice question. insertion mutation. substitution mutation. frameshift mutation. deletion mutation.

substitution mutation

Vaccines work by causing Multiple choice question. the immune system to recognize molecular components of the virus without the person having the disease. latent viral infections to become active and therefore treatable. direct destruction of viruses by enzymes contained in the vaccines. the virus to infect different types of cells that are components of the vaccine, thereby redirecting the infection away from the body's cells.

the immune system to recognize molecular components of the virus without the person having the disease.

A latent viral infection is one in which Multiple choice question. the virus enters the lytic infection stage aggressively and kills the host cell rapidly. the viral genetic information remains inside the cell but does not cause disease symptoms. the virus remains attached to the cell but never penetrates it. disease symptoms are present but viral infection does not occur.

the viral genetic information remains inside the cell but does not cause disease symptoms.

The first virus ever discovered was ______, a virus that infects over 120 plant species. Multiple choice question. a T-even bacteriophage smallpox influenza tobacco mosaic virus

tobacco mosaic virus

Eukaryotic cells can compact their DNA or add methyl groups to make their DNA unavailable for Multiple choice question. intron removal. exit from the nucleus. translation. transcription.

transcription

In a process called ______, an RNA copy of a gene sequence on the DNA molecule is made. Multiple choice question. replication reciprocation translation transcription

transcription

In eukaryotic cells, proteins called ______ factors bind at specific DNA sequences and form a pocket that allows RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. Multiple choice question. replication crossover mutagen transcription

transcription

In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase cannot bind to the promoter and initiate transcription without the presence of regulatory proteins called Multiple choice question. operators. transcription factors. repressors. activating enzymes.

transcription factors

During ___________ the information that is encoded in the DNA base sequence is copied into the complementary language of mRNA. Then, once the mRNA is produced and modified, a process called __________ uses that information to assemble a sequence of amino acids.

transcription, translation

In the "central dogma," describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein, DNA is copied to RNA in a process called _______ and the information in RNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein in a process called __________.

transcription, translation

In the "central dogma," describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein, DNA is copied to RNA in a process called __________, and the information in RNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein in a process called _______.

transcription, translation

True or false: Gene regulation allows cells to produce only the proteins that they need.

true

Preventative treatments for viruses called ______ cause the immune system to recognize molecular components of a virus without exposing the person to the disease, conferring future immunity to the target virus. Multiple choice question. antibiotics transfusions vaccines anti-viral drugs

vaccines

Attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release are the stages of Multiple choice question. transcription. DNA replication. translation. viral replication.

viral replication

A small, infectious agent that is composed of genetic information inside of a protein coat is a called a Multiple choice question. single cell. bacterium. virus. prokaryote.

virus

A(n) ___________ is a noncellular, small, infectious agent that is simply genetic information enclosed in a protein coat.

virus

Select all the ways that cells can make DNA less available for transcription. Multiple select question. wind or fold DNA in a way that makes it unavailable unwind DNA tag DNA with methyl groups remove introns and splice exons together

wind or fold DNA in a way that makes it unavailable, tag DNA with methyl groups