Unit 3 Exam - Human A&P
What percentage of bone is considered "organic" or living? _________ % 65% 50% 10% 35% 0% (bone is not alive!)
35%
Bone fractures generally take ___________ to heal in young adults. 2-3 months 1-2 months 4-6 weeks 6 - 8 weeks
6-8 weeks
What percentage of bone is "inorganic"?
65% Bone is 65% inorganic or non living mineralized substance (this provides the hardness and strength of bone) But bone also contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves and living bone cells that make up 35% of the bone
When does ossification of bone start in the developing fetus? 1-2 weeks after birth 28 weeks gestation 8 weeks (after conception) 2 weeks after conception
8 weeks (after conception)
Which event has to proceed all others during endochondral ossification? An epiphyseal plate is formed. A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis. Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. A cartilage model of the bone is formed.
A cartilage model of the bone is formed This event precedes all others in endochondral ossification, the process by which a bone develops by replacing existing hyaline cartilage
fibrous joints
All three joints in the figure are classified as __________. fibrous joints cartilaginous joints synovial joints
What does BID stand for?
Bone Identification
What is found within a Synovial joint? connective tissue fibers hyaline cartilage fluid elastic cartilage
Fluid
A hole in a bone is a __________ Trochanter Foramen Sinus Spine Fossa Meatus Condyle Process
Foramen
A shallow depression in a bone is a ________ Fossa Foramen Process Spine Condyle Sinus Trochanter Meatus
Fossa
________________: An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children.
Green stick fracture
Which is the most common type of cartilage in the human body? Hyaline Fibrocartilage Synovial Elastic cartilage
Hyaline
Which type of cartilage is found at the epiphysis of long bones as "articular cartilage"? Reticular cartilage fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Which bone is found in the Axial skeleton? Hyoid bone Tibia Femur Scapula
Hyoid bone
True
Large red arrow is pointing to the Central canal, (or Haversian canal) which lies in the center of an osteon. (T/F)
Which bone contains this feature: foramen magnum Temporal bone Zygomatic Occipital bone Sphenoid bone
Occipital bone
Which bone cells form bone? chondroblasts osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
____________ are cells that build bone matrix.
Osteoblasts
_____________ is a disease in which bones lose mass and strength, becoming brittle.
Osteoporosis
Which bone is classed as a "sesamoid" bone ? vertebrae Tibia Hyoid Patella
Patella
Part of a bone that projects is a _________ Fossa Foramen Process Sinus Meatus
Process
Which bone is classed as a "flat" bone ? vertebrae Patella rib Tibia
Rib
Which of the following will be a single bone? Scapula Tibia Clavicle rib
Scapula
A space of cavity within a bone is a _________ Process Sinus Fossa Foramen
Sinus
an osteon
The area circled in blue is _______:' 1 lamella an osteon 1 trabecular ring an osteoid lamina
the epiphyseal plate
The arrow in the figure is pointing to which of the following structures? a secondary ossification center a primary ossification center the articular cartilage the epiphyseal plate
Movement of the arms away from the midline would be: abduction eversion inversion supination adduction
abduction
What is found at the center of an osteon? nothing blood vessels and nerves lacuna and lamellae osteogenic bone cells
blood vessels and nerves
Osteoclasts ________. calcify bone matrix break down bone form skeletal cartilage form new bone
break down bone
Letter C shows a fracture with several pieces of bone. Which term describes this type of fracture? complex comminuted avulsion greenstick compound
comminuted
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. elastic tissue Sharpey's fibers fat blood-forming cells
fat
Which is the toughest type of cartilage? Hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage Reticular cartilage fibrocartilage
fibrocartilage
Osteoblasts __________. form skeletal cartilage maintain bone matrix form new bone break down bone
form new bone
An epiphyseal type fracture is most often seen among____________ the elderly, especially those with a history of osteoporosis. patients with achondroplastic anemia patients with history of Paget's disease in growing children before the epiphyseal growth plate has closed.
in growing children before the epiphyseal growth plate has closed.
Which is NOT needed to produce strong healthy bones? sunlight exposure vitamin D in the diet Calcium in the diet lactose (found in dairy products) all are needed in the process of bone calcification
lactose (found in dairy products) Lactose is a sugar found in dairy products; but lactose is not required in bone calcification.
Living bone cells ( osteocytes) sit in a space, known as a __________. lacuna lamella osteon lamellar canaliculi
lacuna
What connects bone to bone? periosteum and Sharpey's fibers tendons tendons and ligaments ligaments
ligaments
Older men who are overweight may develop ______________ (due to weight gain in the abdomen) lordosis scoliosis kyphosis sciatica
lordosis
Which body part does NOT hyperextend? hand (at wrist) head (at neck) entire body / trunk entire leg lower leg no body part can hyperextend!
lower leg
Which body part can hyperflex? hand (at wrist) lower arm no body part can hyperflex entire leg foot
no body part can hyperflex
Touching the thumb to another finger on the same hand, is known as ____________ circumduction inversion antagonism opposition supination
opposition
The word root ________ means around or enclosing.
peri-
The connective tissue membrane that encloses a bone is the ___________.
periosteum
Movement of the palm to turn over, out of anatomical position is known as_____ inversion pronation supination plantarflexion eversion
pronation
Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________. retraction protraction pronation adduction
protraction
The word root _______ means embryonic or formative cell.
-blast
The word root _________ means one that breaks or destroys.
-clast
In her video she stated that: spina bifida always results in complete paralysis spina bifida is associated with increased cigarette use by the mother spina bifida may develop before or after birth A deficiency of the vitamin, Folic acid is associated with increased risk of spina bifida
A deficiency of the vitamin, Folic acid is associated with increased risk of spina bifida
ring of bone --- lamella
Arrow is pointing to ___ ring of bone --- lamella ossified canaliculi trabecular ring of bone a ring of bone known as an "osteoid"
Which statement is one of the reasons we store calcium in our bones? - Ca is stored in bones to provide a ready source of Ca needed for ATP production in mitochondria - Ca is needed for muscle contraction, if your diet is Ca deficient, you will use the Ca stored in the bones for muscles to use - Stored Ca in bones can be recycled for the production of hormones needed by the adrenal glands - Bone contains a source of Ca needed to break down proteins in the stomach
Ca is needed for muscle contraction, if your diet is Ca deficient, you will use the Ca stored in the bones for muscles to use
_________________: Bone fragments into many pieces.
Comminuted fracture
During the video, I mentioned that the __________ type fracture has a high risk of infection. comminuted trabecular compound displaced stage 3
Compound In a compound fracture, bone breaks through the skin, allowing bacteria the chance to set up an infection in the wound.
A rounded projection of bone that articulates with another bone is a ________ Meatus Foramen Condyle Sinus Fossa
Condyle
In the demo video, I explained that I wanted students to be careful how they described movements and joints. Which statement is something I said during the video when I pointed to my elbow? - hold the elbow next to your body so that it remains still during movement - Do not ever say "flexion of the elbow"; the elbow does not move. - Do not combine the terms, flexion and extension in the same sentence - the only way to hyperextend your lower arm at the elbow is if you have broken it. (I then gave a personal story of how I broke my elbow at age 10)
Do not ever say "flexion of the elbow"; the elbow does not move. use the phrase: flexion of the lower arm at the elbow
After a fracture occurs, the first step is the formation of a "soft" callus that will gradually be replaced with the "hard" callus. (T/F)
False The first step of healing is the formation of a hematoma (blood clot) due to torn blood vessels in the bone and periosteum.
The main role of the axial skeleton is to help us manipulate our environment. (T/F)
False It is the appendicular skeleton, along with the skeletal muscles that attach to it, that allows us to manipulate our environment. The axial skeleton is mostly involved in protecting, supporting, or carrying other body parts.
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________. hands feet arms hands and the feet
Feet
Trochanters are very large projections of bone found only on 1 bone, the _______________ Scapula Fibula Hyoid Femur Tibia
Femur
Which bone would not be a result of intramembranous ossification? parietal bone of skull flat bones of the skull clavicle femur no human bones are formed using intramembranous ossification
Femur only the clavicle and the flat bones of the cranium (frontal, parietal , occipital and temporal bones) are formed by intramembranous ossification
At the elbow, the joint between the Humerus and the Ulna allow _____________ type movement. Pivoting and Gliding Pronation and Supination Inversion and Eversion Flexion and Extension
Flexion and Extension
Hinge joint with allow for what type of movement?
Flexion and extention
Which bone contains this feature: frontal sinus Temporal bone Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
One of the most common joints to become dislocated is the shoulder joint. The head of the humerus slips out of the: _____ Olecranon fossa of humerus Olecranon fossa of Scapula Glenoid fossa of Clavicle Glenoid fossa of Scapula
Glenoid fossa of Scapula
Bones do NOT have a role in ________. blood cell formation movement support glycogen production fat storage
Glycogen production - Glycogen production (glycogenesis) is not a role of bone; it takes place primarily in muscle and liver cells.
The osteon is the unit of cortical (dense) bone. What is the term for the rings of bony matrix that form the concentric circles of an osteon? osteonic rings laminar rings osteiod matrix rings lamellae
Lamellae
Compression This is a "compression" type fracture commonly seen in vertebrae.
Letter A is pointing to a ________________ type fracture of the vertebrae. compression avulsion transversal herniated oblique
commonly seen in patients with osteoporosis This is a "compression" type fracture commonly seen in vertebrae of patients with osteoporosis. Their bone loses density and becomes very brittle and easy to break.
Letter A is pointing to a type of vertebral fracture. In the video, I said that this type of fracture is : ____. commonly seen in patients with osteoporosis commonly seen in patient's suffering from fibromyalgia is a sign of ricketts (a childhood disease of bone) often seen in trauma patients
False Letter A is pointing to dense bone (aka cortical bone) Letter A points to a microscopic picture of real cortical bone showing the osteons (structural unit of cortical bone)
Letter A is pointing to cancellous bone also known as spongy or trabecular bone (T/F)
A bone such as the phalange of the finger, would best be described as a ____ bone, based on its overall type shape. Sesamoid Long Irregular Short
Long
For bones of the skull, you will see a picture of the entire skull, except for ______________ which must be identified as a single bone. sphenoid bone nasal bone mandible maxilla
Mandible
Tunnel-like hole in a bone is a __________ Fossa Foramen Process Sinus Meatus
Meatus
plane/gliding
Name the type of synovial joint at Arrow A (between the carpals of the hand) hinge saddle type synovial joint plane/gliding condyloid type synovial joint
The __________ lies on the surface of the bone. hyaline cartilage articular cartilage periosteum endosteum
Periosteum Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.
What is the arrow pointing to?
Periosteum The periosteum is the tough, outer layer found on the surface of all bones.
Bone fractures generally take longer to heal in the elderly because of ___________. loss of bone density poor health and nutrition poorer circulation increased risk of osteoporosis
Poorer circulation
At the elbow, the joint between the Humerus and the radius allow _____________ type movement. Pivoting and Gliding Pronation and Supination Flexion and Extension Inversion and Eversion
Pronation and Supination
darker line is the epiphyseal growth plate, patient is less than 20 years old
Referring to the area at tip of white arrow, within the red circle, which statement is true? darker line indicates site of bone remodeling darker line indicates a transverse fracture of the bone darker line indicates the fused growth plate of a young adult, aged 22 to 28 years of age darker line is the epiphyseal growth plate, patient is less than 20 years old
A sharp projection/ridge is a ________ Condyle Fossa Trochanter Spine
Spine
________________: Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.
Spiral fracture
A line on a skull is called a ________. Process Condyle Fossa Suture
Suture A suture is the contact site between 2 bones; a suture is a special type of joint that does not allow any movement.
Why, or why not, is swimming recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis? Swimming is recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is considered a weight-bearing exercise. Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise. Swimming is recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as forces are applied in all directions on the bones simultaneously. Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as forces are applied in all directions on the bones simultaneously in swimming.
Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise.
True Volkman's canal runs perpendicular to the length of the bone.
The arrow is pointing to Volkman's canal. (T/F)
Volkman's canal
The arrow is pointing to _________: Volkman's canal Haversian canal central canal canaliculi trabecular canal
Trabecular (spongy bone)
The arrow is pointing to ___________ type of bone. dense Medullary Trabecular Cortical
1 trabecula Trabecular (spongy) bone is found at the center of a bone. The repeating unit is the "trabecula".
The arrow is pointing to ___________. a lacuna osteoid 1 trabecula 1 lamella
Canaliculi
The arrow pointing to several tiny lines represent: osteoducts osteon canals Haversian canals lacunar extensions canaliculi
collagen fibers
The arrows are pointing to alternating lines within each ring of bone that represent___________. keratin fibers collagen fibers cartilage fibers osteoid fibers + Calcium
extension of the finger Extension of a body part returns that part back to anatomical position
The blue arrow indicates: rotation of the finger inversion of the finger extension of the finger flexion of the finger
What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? the diaphysis the medullary cavity the epiphyses the epiphyseal plate
The epiphyseal plate The epiphyseal plate is a weak point because of the lack of calcification.
flexion of the finger
The red arrow indicates: rotation of the finger inversion of the finger extension of the finger flexion of the finger
hyaline cartilage The cartilage models used to form bones are composed of hyaline cartilage. This tissue persists within the epiphyseal plate at the boundary between primary and secondary ossification centers until early adulthood
The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what tissue? mesenchyme fibrocartilage dense connective tissue hyaline cartilage
Why is trabecular bone (aka spongy bone) found at center of bones, instead of cortical bone ?
The trabecular bone is light in weight which reduces the overall weight of the bones. The cortical bone is dense and heavy which would cause the overall bone to be super heavy.
Lower leg Flexion of a body part takes that part out of anatomical position. The joint, in this case, the knee, does not move. This is flexion of the lower leg AT the knee.
This is flexion of the __________: knee Lower leg entire leg foot
circumduction
This movement is: circumduction inversion supination pronation
opposition
This movement is: circumduction supination inversion opposition antagonism
Spongy bone contains ________. lamellar bone trabeculae osseous lamellae osteons
Trabeculae
Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion. True False
True
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. (T/F)
True
Which bone is classed as an "irregular" bone ? Patella vertebrae Tibia rib
Vertebrae
articular cartilage, composed of Hyaline type cartilage Articular cartilage is found on the epiphyseal surface of long bones for protection (it acts like "Teflon coating" for bones)
What type of cartilage is wearing away? Synovial cartilage, composed of elastic type cartilage articular cartilage, composed of Hyaline type cartilage Periosteal cartilage, composed of Hyaline type cartilage Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
What type of cartilage is within this joint? Synovial cartilage Reticular cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage
What type of cartilage? Symphatic cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage
What type of cartilage? Symphatic cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Reticular cartilage
Symphyses
What type of joint? Symphyses Synchondroses gomphosis none of the choices are correct
Fibrous type
What type of joint? Synovial type Fibrous type cartilaginous type gomphosis
rotation rotation is the movement of 1 bone around another, the atlas rotates around the dens of the axis .
What type of movement is shown in this image? rotation pronation eversion opposition circumduction
Saddle The saddle type synovial joint is only found in 1 place in the human body. This joint allows opposition of the thumb to each fingertip.
What type of synovial joint allows for this type of movement? Saddle Plane/Gliding Condyloid Hinge Ball and Socket Pivot
Atlas rotates about the dens of the Axis
Which 2 bones allow this movement seen in the image? atlas rotates about the occipital condyle Atlas rotates about the dens of the Axis Axis rotates about the dens of the atlas occipital bone of skull rotates about the dens of the axis
endochondral ossification The figure illustrates a step in the embryonic formation of a bone from a cartilage model
Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure? bone remodeling bone fracture repair intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification
Fracture A A transverse fracture runs across or perpendicular to the length of a long bone, or in the transverse body plane.
Which fracture can be classed as a transverse fracture? fracture A fracture C fracture B both letter B and C
fracture A
Which fracture can be classed as compound or open? fracture A fracture B fracture C both B and C are compound
Letter B indicates Adduction of fingers
Which is adduction of the fingers? Letter B indicates Adduction of fingers neither letter indicates adduction Letter A indicates Adduction of fingers
Letter A indicates Dorsiflexion of foot Dorsiflexion: toes lift upward. Plantarflexion: entire body lifts upward and/or toes point downward.
Which is dorsiflexion of the foot? Letter A indicates Dorsiflexion of foot Letter B indicates Dorsiflexion of foot neither letter indicates dorsiflexion
Pivot The movement is rotation. The type of synovial joint is: Pivot
Which joint allows for this movement? Saddle Plane/Gliding Condyloid Hinge Ball and Socket Pivot
Letter C is pointing to the condyloid type joint
Which joint is a "condyloid" type synovial joint? none of these joints are condyloid, condyloid joint is found at the base of the skull Letter C is pointing to the condyloid type joint Arrow A is pointing to more than 1 condyloid joint Letter B is pointing to a condyloid type joint
Letter B is pointing to the saddle type joint which allows opposition
Which joint will allow the movement, opposition? Letter C is pointing to the condyloid type joint that allows opposition none of these joints allow opposition, that only occurs at the base of the skull Letter B is pointing to the saddle type joint which allows opposition Arrow A is pointing to gliding type joints that allow opposition
the formation of bone in a membrane The figure illustrates the formation of new bones within a fibrous membrane ("intramembranous") during embryonic development
Which of the following best describes the process shown in the figure? the formation of bone in a preexisting cartilage model the formation of bone in a membrane bone remodeling in response to changes in mechanical stress bone repair at a site of fracture
F Interphalangeal joints are hinge joints capable of uniaxial angular movement.
Which of the following is a hinge joint? A B F D
cartilaginous joints All of these joints are composed primarily of cartilage (hyaline and/or fibrocartilage)
Which of these terms best categorizes the joints in the figure? synovial joints fibrous joints cartilaginous joints
This is a symphyses type cartilaginous joint (with fibrocartilage in the joint)
Which statement about The joint at the tip of blue Arrow is true? this is a synchondroses type cartilaginous joint with hyaline type cartilage within the joint this is a gomphosis type joint This is the pubic symphysis joint that is a synovial type joint This is a symphyses type cartilaginous joint (with fibrocartilage in the joint)
this is a fibrous joint with no movement allowed
Which statement is true about the joint at the tip of Arrow B? this is a synchondroses type joint with limited movement this is the lambdoid suture which is a fibrous type joint this is the sagittal suture which is a semi moveable synovial joint this is a fibrous joint with no movement allowed
Ball and Socket
Which synovial joint allows for this type of movement? Saddle Plane/Gliding Condyloid Hinge Ball and Socket Pivot
Kyphosis kyphosis is an extreme abnormal curvature of the spine in the anterior / posterior direction in the thoracic region
Which type of abnormal curvature is shown in this picture on the right side? lordosis scoliosis kyphosis stenosis
Scoliosis Scoliosis is an extreme abnormal curvature of the spine that is lateral, or side-to-side.
Which type of abnormal curvature is shown in this picture? lordosis scoliosis kyphosis stenosis
Osteocyte osteocytes are "resting" or mature bone cells that are still alive but are not actively producing bony matrix. Osteoblasts produce and surround themselves with bone and that space within the bone becomes the lacuna and the cell retires and becomes an osteocyte in a lacuna.
Which type of bone cell is found within the lacuna of osteons? The oval space is the _________: osteogenic cells osteoblast osteoclast osteocyte
osteoclast
Which type of bone cell will remove bone? Name the bone cell at the tip of the blue arrow: osteocyte osteoclast osteodendritic cell osteogenic stem cell osteoblast
Hinge Hinge type synovial joints allow the finger to flex and extend.
Which type of synovial joint allows for this movement? Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball and Socket Plane/Gliding Condyloid
hinge type
Which type of synovial joint is at tip of Arrow D? (joint between the proximal and middle phalanges of digit #2) hinge type condyloid type joint gliding plane none of the choices saddle
Bone density and overall strength will increase due to loads (stresses) placed upon it. This is known as : ___________Law Bernstein's law Wolf's law Harry's law Murphy's law Osteogenic law of stress
Wolf's law
Which statment about ligaments and types of connective tissue, is true? - a ligament is a type of dense regular connective tissue that connects bone to muscle - a ligament is a type of dense irregular connective tissue that connects bone to bone - a ligament is a type of dense regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone - a ligament is a type of dense irregular connective tissue that connects bone to muscle
a ligament is a type of dense regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Spreading your fingers apart on your hand would be this type of movement: ________ adduction abduction plantarflexion inversion supination eversion
abduction
What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called? abduction flexion adduction extension
abduction
Performing "jumping jacks" requires ________. pronation and supination abduction and adduction inversion and eversion flexion and extention
abduction and adduction
Which are common fractures seen in patients with osteoporosis? bones of forearm (patient falls and tries to catch themself) "hip" fracture (actual break occurs at neck of femur) all are commonly seen with patients who have osteoporosis compression fracture of vertebra
all are commonly seen with patients who have osteoporosis
Extension is an example of a(n) ________ movement. nonaxial rotational gliding angular
angular Angular movements increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones. Extension is an angular movement that increases the angle between the articulating bones. Angular movements may occur in any plane of the body and include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
Lordosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine found in the : ___ anterior/posterior curvature in the lumbar region only "side "to side curvature in lumbar region only anterior/posterior curvature in the thoracic region anterior/posterior curvature in the cervical or sacral region
anterior/posterior curvature in the lumbar region only Lordosis is an abnormal anterior/posterior curvature in the lumbar region. Kyphosis is an abnormal curvature, anterior/posterior direction (only in thoracic region)
Spina bifida is a birth defect due to incomplete development of vertebrae. This disorder occurs in the ___ cervical vertebrae thoracic vertebrae lumbar vertebrae cervical or lumbar vertebrae any level of the spinal column
any level of the spinal column
Long bones, such as the femur of the thigh, must grow in 2 dimensions, lengthwise and in diameter. Which term indicates growth in diameter or width? diametric growth cortical growth appositional growth medullary growth
appositional growth
Where do you find the epiphysis of a bone? covering the surface of the entire bone the middle part or shaft of a long bone at the ends of a long bone within the central cavity of a bone
at the ends of a long bone
Where would you find a pivot type synovial joint? at the knee between the humerus and the clavicle at the pubic symphysis joint between 2 cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis)
between 2 cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis)
Where in the human body can you find an example of a symphyses type joint with fibrocartilage between the 2 bones? within bones of the carpals and tarsals between tarsals and tibia/fibula between the vertebrae between the sternum and the ribs
between the vertebrae
In the video, I mentioned that not all of the bone undergoes remodeling at the same time. What is the term for the area in which new bone is being created? bone remodeling unit osteoid unit osteogenic site ossification remodeling site
bone remodeling unit
Remodeling a kitchen to add additional cabinets to existing ones also means adding extra support. In a similar respect, bone remodeling alters bone structure without adversely affecting bone strength. What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support? carbonate phosphate chloride calcium
calcium
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate? fibrous joint cartilaginous joint amphiarthrotic joint synarthrotic joint
cartilaginous joint The epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint-a hyaline cartilage "growth plate" between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone.
The canaliculi are living extensions of the: cell membrane of the osteocyte lacuna membrane lamellae cell membrane of the osteoblast
cell membrane of the osteocyte
Which area of the spinal column is MOST affected by "Text Neck"? cervical vertebrae thoracic vertebrae lumbar vertebrae sacral area
cervical vertebrae
Who is most at risk for developing rickets? child with lighter colored skin living in Alabama child with darker colored skin living in Alabama child with darker skin living in very cold climate (Alaska) child with lighter colored skin living in Alaska all children are at the same risk for rickets
child with darker skin living in very cold climate (Alaska) A child living in a very cold area will have less chance of sun exposure needed to activate vitamin D. Increased melanin in the skin will block sun rays from reaching the vitamin D in the blood vessels close to skin surface.
Which movement does not relate specifically to the foot? inversion eversion circumduction plantarflexion dorsiflexion
circumduction circumduction is used for movement of the arm at the shoulder, this term is not used with the foot
Which of the following are correctly matched? nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through
compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin
What is found within a fibrous joint? fluid nothing connective tissue fibers hyaline cartilage
connective tissue fibers
Select all the risk factors that increase the chances to develop osteoporosis, listed in our book: diet poor in calcium, vitamin D insufficient weight-bearing exercise smoking genetics / family history antibiotic usage hormone-related conditions such as diabetes consumption of alcohol history of allergy to gluten
diet poor in calcium, vitamin D insufficient weight-bearing exercise smoking genetics / family history hormone-related conditions such as diabetes consumption of alcohol
At what age do bones reach their peak density? early adulthood at birth early childhood late adulthood
early adulthood
The majority of bones in the human body are formed by _____________________. (bone is created using a pattern first created using cartilage) intrachondral osteogenesis endochondral ossification intramembranous ossification endomembranous osteogenesis
endochondral ossification
What is an open reduction? ends of broken bone require surgery for realignment, using pins, plates or wires treatment of a fracture does not require a cast surgery in which excess bone is removed ends of a broken bone are realigned without surgery, cast is placed bone graft requiring removal of bone from one area of the body, moved to another on same patient
ends of broken bone require surgery for realignment, using pins, plates or wires the word "reduction" means to realign the ends of a broken bone. Open reduction requires surgery, a closed reduction does not require surgery. Both types of reduction will require a cast.
In a child, there will be 2 areas of cartilage present in a long bone, which are: ____ and _____ joint surface + medullary cavity epiphyseal growth plate + joint surface epiphyseal growth plate + diaphysis diaphysis + joint surface
epiphyseal growth plate + joint surface
The hormone, estrogen, helps maintain the normal density of bone but after menopause, estrogen levels in women ______ . This leads to an imbalance in bone cell activity. estrogen levels increase, osteocytes differentiate into osteoclasts estrogen levels increase, osteoclasts become more active than osteocytes estrogen levels decrease, osteoclasts become more active than osteoblasts estrogen levels decrease, osteoblasts become more active than osteoclasts
estrogen levels decrease, osteoclasts become more active than osteoblasts Estrogen plays a restraining role in osteoclast activity before menopause (osteoclasts break down bone during the normal maintenance of bone) At menopause, estrogen production declines and allows the osteoclasts to degrade bone faster than osteoblasts can produce new bone. This results in a loss of bone density seen typically in women over 40 years, depending upon onset of menopause.
In the demo video, I used a model of a skeleton arm to demonstrate the elbow joint. The ulna/humerus joint allows:___________ rotation circumduction flexion only flexion and extension supination and pronation
flexion and extension
What does "FHP" stand for? forward head position flexed head position forward head posture flexed head posture none of the choices are correct
forward head posture
Where would an avulsion take place? between cartilage and bone (cartilage does tear) fragment of bone breaks between bone and periosteum between ligament and bone fragment of bone breaks at base of tendon (tendon does not tear)
fragment of bone breaks at base of tendon (tendon does not tear)
Which statement about rickets, is FALSE? osteoid is formed, but does not calcify due to insufficient Ca levels frequent bone fractures occur Patient with this disorder have "bowed" bones due to body weight curving the long bones epiphyseal growth plates will be wider than normal all statements are true
frequent bone fractures occur This disorder causes "soft" weak bones but fractures are NOT a common symptom.
Which are 2 risk factors for osteoporosis that can NOT be changed? death death and gender gender and age age and diet smoking habit and family history
gender and age
Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength? bone length cartilage vitamin E gravity
gravity
According to our textbook, which statement regarding closure of the epiphyseal growth plate is correct? growth plates of males close at 20, growth plates for females at 19 growth plates of females close at 21, growth plates for males at 18 growth plates of males close at 21, growth plates for females at 18 both male and female growth plates close at approximately 20 years
growth plates of males close at 21, growth plates for females at 18
In which part of the body would you look to find a saddle type synovial joint? elbow foot knee hand
hand The saddle type synovial joint is only found at the base of the thumb. More precisely, it occurs between metacarpal #1 and the carpals.
The word root ________ means blood.
hema-
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is ________. bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling hematoma formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation bone remodeling, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bony callus formation hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling From start to finish, a fracture is repaired by: (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) formation of a bony callus, and (4) bone remodeling. Use the pneumonic HFBR (His Femur Better Repair!) to help you remember the order. H = hematoma, F = fibrocartilaginous callus, B = bony callus, R = remodeling.
Blood cells are formed by the process of ___________.
hematopoiesis
In a child, there will be 2 areas of cartilage present in a long bone, which type of cartilage? Hyaline elastic fibrocartilage reticular
hyaline hyaline (the most common type of cartilage) is found within the epiphyseal growth plate and as the articular cartilage on surface of the epiphysis I will expect you to know the 3 types of cartilage and examples of locations that you can find them. Ex: fibrocartilage is the toughest type and can be found between the vertebrae in the spinal column. Hyaline can be found in articular cartilage, within the epiphyseal growth plate, between ribs and sternum and in the nose (in an adult)
Referring to that organic part of bone, which of the following is NOT organic? osteocytes (mature bone cells) collagen fibers ground substance lamellar bone (bony matrix)
lamellar bone (bony matrix)
Which is not a common, possible sign/ symptom of osteoporosis? kyphosis loss of weight fracture of vertebrae change in size and position of abdomen due to spinal curvature loss of overall height
loss of weight
What controls bone remodeling? mechanical stress and diet the nervous system and hormones hormones and diet mechanical stress and hormones
mechanical stress and hormones Remodeling goes on continuously in the skeleton, regulated by genetic factors and two control loops that serve different homeostatic conditions. One is a negative feedback hormonal loop that maintains Ca2+ homeostasis in the blood; the other involves responses to mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton.
What does the term "crepitus" mean? uric acid crystals are breaking down due to osteoclast activity intense inflammation seen in rheumatoid arthritis formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) noise heard due to tiny osteophytes (bone spurs) that move as the ends of the bone rub together
noise heard due to tiny osteophytes (bone spurs) that move as the ends of the bone rub together
Where do you find articular cartilage? covering the surface of the entire bone lining the diaphysis on the surface of the epiphysis of long bones within the central cavity of a bone
on the surface of the epiphysis of long bones
The word root ________ means bone.
oste-
Which type of bone cell creates and forms new osteoid (bony matrix)? osteocyte osteon osteoclast osteoblast
osteoblast
Calcium is released by the action of _____________,which break down bone matrix.
osteoclasts
Which cell type has several nuclei? (multinucleate) - no bone cell has more than one nucleus!! - osteocytes (retired cells merge to form 1 large cell with many nuclei) - osteoclasts - osteoblasts
osteoclasts
Why would the body need to degrade bone in response to a hormone? osteoclasts react to Parathyroid hormone to degrade bone to increase Ca levels in blood due to Ca deficient diet osteoblasts respond to Parathyroid hormone and release Ca due to a diet poor in Ca intake diet deficient in Ca intake will lead to release of calcitonin which stimulates osteocyte activity
osteoclasts react to Parathyroid hormone to degrade bone to increase Ca levels in blood due to Ca deficient diet The hormone, parathyroid hormone, will stimulate osteoclasts to degrade bone in order to increase blood levels of Calcium. Ca is needed for muscle contraction,nerve conduction and blood clotting. If the diet does not contain adequate Ca intake, the bones will provide a needed supply.
When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________. osteocyte chondrocyte osteogenic cell osteoclast
osteocyte
Canaliculi are tiny extensions of the cell membrane of __________ osteocytes lacuna osteogenic stem cells osteoclasts
osteocytes
Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones? Paget's disease osteoporosis osteomalacia rickets
osteoporosis
Which hormone will signal the bone cell at the osteoclast to degrade bone? calcitonin growth hormone no hormone can change bone density parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone
When you are driving a car, and you press the front part of your foot on the gas pedal to accelerate, this movement would be: ___ plantarflexion circumduction dorsiflexion inversion eversion
plantarflexion
1 function of bone is ________. Which is the best answer? a. protection b. protection from bacteria, viruses c. protection of internal organs from injury d. protection of internal organs from injury, example: ribs protect heart
protection of internal organs from injury, example: ribs protect heart
During the demonstration video of movements, I used the arm from a skeleton. Which of the 2 bones of the forearm crosses over the other, during pronation? _________ ulna crosses over the radius during pronation radius crosses over the ulna during pronation humerus pronates with the radius radial tuberosity allows pronation across the ulna
radius crosses over the ulna during pronation
Which type of arthritis is more common in women and is due to an autoimmune type disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the synovial membrane within joints? rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis gouty arthritis "wear and tear" arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
What does an osteoclast do? secretes enzymes and acids to degrade bone produces 2 osteogenic hormones stimulates the endosteum to thicken produces new osteoid, or bony matrix
secretes enzymes and acids to degrade bone
Where in the human body can you find the "ball and socket" type synovial joint? at hip (between head of femur and the coccyx) at elbow (beween distal humerus and head of radius) at base of skull (between occipital bone and first cervical vertebrae) shoulder (between head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula)
shoulder (between head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula) there is a ball and socket type synovial joint at the hip, between the head of the femur and the acetabulum (not the coccyx!!
Circumduction occurs at the: _____ shoulder (between humerus and scapula) base of thumb (the saddle joint) neck (between axis and atlas) hip (between femur and obturator foramen)
shoulder (between humerus and scapula)
One function of bone is protection, name 2 other functions of bone: ________ and ____________. a. protection of internal organs from injury and support/framework b. protection of internal organs from injury and storage of Calcium c. storage of calcium and support/framework for the body
storage of calcium and support/framework for the body
Why is sunlight exposure needed for strong bones? sunlight activates Vitamin D in blood vessels close to skin surface sunlight is needed to activate calcium that is absorbed into the bloodstream sunlight causes the release of activated vitamin D from the liver sunlight is necessary to stimulate the release of stored vitamin D from dermis of the skin
sunlight activates Vitamin D in blood vessels close to skin surface
Which statement about synovial joints is true? Articular cartilage is found on: ____________________ and is composed of ____________ type cartilage. surface of diaphysis, composed of Hyaline type cartilage surface of diaphysis, composed of Reticular type cartilage surface of epiphysis, composed of Hyaline type cartilage surface of epiphysis, composed of Fibrocartilage type cartilage
surface of epiphysis, composed of Hyaline type cartilage the epiphysis is the end part of a long bone while the diaphysis is the middle part of a long bone.
All of the following are fibrous type joints, except: ____ gomphosis syndesmosis suture synchondroses all are fibrous joints
synchondroses The synchondroses type joint contains cartilage not CT fibers, thus it does not belong in the fibrous joint category. The easiest way to remember this: "chon" is the root word that means cartilage.
Which of the following types of joints, allows the most movement? cartilaginous synovial symphyses fibrous synchondroses
synovial
Which of the following types of joints, allows the most movement? symphyses synovial fibrous cartilaginous synchondroses
synovial
The movement, flexion: ____________ brings a body part back to anatomical position takes a body part out of anatomical position rotates a body part around another
takes a body part out of anatomical position
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability? the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity the amount of muscle tone applied to tendons that cross the joint the number and positioning of reinforcing ligaments the shape of the articulating surfaces
the amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints.
What is intramembranous ossification? A. the formation of bone from within fibrous membranes B. the formation of bone from preexisting elastic cartilage models C. the formation of bone from preexisting hyaline cartilage models D. the formation of bone from preexisting fibrocartilage models
the formation of bone from within fibrous membranes
Where do you find the diaphysis of a bone? within the central cavity of a bone at the ends of a long bone the middle part or shaft of a long bone covering the surface of the entire bone
the middle part or shaft of a long bone
If the mandible is elevated, which statement is true? the mandible is pulled back the mouth is closed the mouth is open the mandible is sticking "out" or forward
the mouth is closed
If the mandible is depressed, which statement is true? the mandible is sticking "out" or forward the mandible is pulled back the mouth is closed the mouth is open
the mouth is open If the mandible is depressed, (moved inferiorly) the mouth is open; if the mandible is elevated, (moved superiorly) the mouth is closed.
What is osteoid? the inorganic part of the matrix of bone the outer surface of bone the organic part of the matrix of bone one of the cell types found in bone
the organic part of the matrix of bone Osteoid is the organic part of the (extracellular) bone matrix and includes ground substance, composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, and collagen fibers.
A joint is: ____________ where 2 bones meet the site at which 2 bones meet and allow movement the site or location at which 2 bones come in contact or articulate
the site or location at which 2 bones come in contact or articulate
Which statement about synovial joints is true? there are 6 types of fluid filled synovial joints in the human body there are 10 different types of synovial joints, based on movement allowed only bones in the hands are correctly termed "synovial" the joint between the 2 parietal bones is a synovial joint synovial joints do not allow any movement
there are 6 types of fluid filled synovial joints in the human body
Which bone would likely take the longest to heal? thigh bone of an elderly individual finger bone of an elderly individual thigh bone of a young individual finger bone of a young individual
thigh bone of an elderly individual
In the demo video for movements, I mentioned one easy way to remember pronation. Which is it? I didn't mention any easy method to help remember pronation think of "pro" and connect that to our nation full of "pros" in the field of sports think of "pro" basketball players who pronate the forearm to dribble a ball thinks of "pros" and "cons" it is an advantage, or "pro" to turn your hand over
think of "pro" basketball players who pronate the forearm to dribble a ball
Which statement about osteogenesis imperfecta, is FALSE? this disorder is due to defective production of the protein, keratin Patient with this disorder are usually shorter than normal frequent bone fractures and blue sclera are symptoms scoliosis, lateral curvature of the spine, is a common symptom all statements are true
this disorder is due to defective production of the protein, keratin This disorder is due to defect in production of collagen, the strongest protein in our body.
During Stage 3 of bone repair, which type of bone replaces the cartilage of the "soft callus" ? "plate" bone compact bone cortical fibrocartilaginous bone trabecular
trabecular During stage 3, the cartilage pattern is replaced with trabecular (spongy) bone. Both words, cortical and compact, refer to the outer dense bone composed of osteons.
Which statement about spongy bone isfalse? trabecular bone contains tightly packed osteons surrounded by compact bone spaces contain bone marrow pieces of this type of bone look like "T" 's spongy bone is also known as trabecular bone
trabecular bone contains tightly packed osteons osteons are not found in trabecular bone, osteons are found in dense, cortical bone (aka compact bone)
Which 2 bones at the elbow are a hinge joint? carpals and radius ulna and humerus ulna and radius humerus and scapula
ulna and humerus
