Unit 3 Part 2 Biology

Gamete

haploid cells produced by an organism through meiosis used for sexual reproduction. the human gametes are the sperm and egg.

Interphase

longest part of cell cycle; growth, metabolism, and prep for division occurs, DNA replication

Cancer

malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division

Haploid

one half of the normal number of chromosomes found in an organisms gametes. the haploid number in human sperm and egg is 23.

Sister Chromatid

one half or the replicated chromosome. they migrate during anaphase of meiosis and anaphase 2 of mitosis

Mitosis

process by which cell divides and two identical daughter cells are produced

Meiosis

process that consists of two cell divisions, but only one chromosome replication (sometimes called reduction division); occurs in sex organs only (gonads: testes and ovaries) to produce sex cells (gametes: sperm and eggs)

Malignant

Cancerous cells that can move to areas other than the place of origin

Sexual Reproduction

Pattern of reproduction that involves the fusion of haploid sex cells to produce a diploid zygote that develops into a multicellular organism

Mutation

a change in the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism

Codon

a sequence of 3 nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid in protein synthesis

Asexual Reproduction

a single parent produces cells genetically identical to itself

Anticodon

a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

Mutagen

an agent such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a radioactive element, that can cause a mutation (change in DNA) in an organism

Crossing Over

an exchange of genetic material from non-sister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis

Binary Fission

cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome; type of asexual reproduction

Cytokinesis

division of plasma membrane resulting in two daughter cells; last phase of the cell cycle

Diploid

the normal number of chromosomes found in an organisms cell. for humans the diploid number is 46

Transcription

the process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.

Cell Cycle

the process cells go through to create more cells. Includes: interphase (G1, S, and G2), Mitosis, Cytokinesis; creates identical daughter cells; primarily for growth and repair in multicellular organisms