Unit 3 psych

(11-2) A psychology professor wants to measure how often parents read to their children and how much the parent and child interact during the reading process. The best measurement approach would be: (A) Self-report (B) Observation (C) Equally good (D) Equally bad, need experiment

(B) Observation

(12) Which one of the following numbers couldn't possibly be a value of r? (a) 1.5 (b) -1 (c) .5 (d) 1

(a) 1.5

(12) Outliers can: --Increase r --Decrease r --Affect the amount of shared variability --All of the above

--All of the above

(11) Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with observer bias? --Having specific coding criteria that observers are trained to use --Using multiple observers --Measuring the behavior unobtrusively --Double-blind designs

--Measuring the behavior unobtrusively

(11) In the hockey study example, what kind of bias would it be if the raters had read the news reports about fans being negative towards youth players, in particular male fans and this affected how researchers/observers coded the audiotapes of fan comments? --Observer effects --Observer bias --Inter-rater reliability --Reactivity

--Observer bias

(12) Dots in scatterplots that deviate conspicuously from the main dot cluster are viewed as --Outliers --More informative as other dots --The same as other dots --Errors

--Outliers

(15) What does the standard error of the estimate represent? --The amount of unexplained variability --The amount of explained variability --The r2 value of the data --The predicted Y values given X

--The amount of unexplained variability

(12) Think about the formula for r. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the calculation of the correlation coefficient, r: --The denominator can be negative --The numerator shows us the amount of shared variability --The numerator can be negative --r of 1 means that all variability is shared

--The denominator can be negative

(11) Which of the following is NOT an issue with observational research? --Observer effects --There are few statistical techniques to analyze observational data --Lack of agreement between observers --Potential for unclear operational definitions of behavior

--There are few statistical techniques to analyze observational data

(15) Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. Suppose she finds that home-life satisfaction at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but that there is no correlation between job satisfaction at the first time point and home-life satisfaction at the second time point. Which statement explains why Professor Horvat can't conclude that home-life satisfaction causes job satisfaction? --There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship. --Home-life satisfaction is not related to job satisfaction --Home-life satisfaction does not occur before job satisfaction.

--There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship.

(11) Why are response sets in surveys a potential problem? --We can't differentiate someone that supports everything from someone taking a shortcut --They may reflect social desirability biases --We are only measuring someone's subjective opinions --People may not know the correct answer to what we are asking

--We can't differentiate someone that supports everything from someone taking a shortcut

(15-1) What does it mean if we find an r2 of 0? --There was no variability in Y given X (!"|$) --We can perfectly predict the value of Y from the value of X --The squared deviations of Y from predicted Y were all zero --We would be just as accurate by predicting Y from the mean of Y, than by using X to predict Y

--We would be just as accurate by predicting Y from the mean of Y, than by using X to predict Y

(11) When might open-ended questions be best for a survey? --When you want to decrease reactivity of the participants. --None of the above --When you're interested in socially disapproved behaviors such as drinking and driving --When you're conducting a large survey and need standardized responses

--When you're interested in socially disapproved behaviors such as drinking and driving

(15) Indra wants to investigate the relationship between job status (whether or not they have a job) and grades among college students. She goes to the student center and hands out a survey with two questions about job status and GPA. She finds that at her institution, students with jobs have higher grades than students without jobs. Which of the following variable could be an alternative explanation for the association between job status and grades? --SAT scores --conscientiousness --number of part-time jobs --gender

--conscientiousness

(16) Mediator WHY? • medium = in the middle = middleman

A variable that helps explain the meaningful association between two variables that have an existing correlation, because the mediator variable arises from or is internal to the independent variable.

(13-2) How many homeruns would we predict a team hits if they have zero at bats? A) -774.87 B) .17 C) 135

A) -774.87

(12-2) What could be a most plausible third variable here? A) Age B) City one lives in C) Height

A) Age

(11-2) In the hockey study example, what kind of bias would it be if the raters had read the news reports about fans being negative towards youth players, in particular male fans and this affected how they coded the audiotapes of fan comments? A) Observer bias B) Observer effects C) Reactivity

A) Observer bias

(13-1) "Still Face" experiment Masking coders of videos to experimental condition helps avoid: A) Observer bias B) Observer effects C) Participant reactivity D) B and C

A) Observer bias

(16) Playing violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior because people who play violent video games have more aggressive parents. These aggressive parents are more likely to allow their kids to play violent games and to accept aggressive behavior in their children. What type of predicted model is this? A) Third variable B) Moderator C) Mediator D) None of the above

A) Third variable

(15-2) f there is a negative correlation between X and Y then the linear regression equation Y = bX + a, would necessarily have: A) b<0 B) a<0 C) a>0 D) b>0 E)A&C

A) b<0

(12-1) Which part of the equation can be negative? r = SPxy/sqrt.(SSx*SSy) SPxy = Sum of ((xi-mux)*(yi-muy)) A) numerator B) denominator C) both

A) numerator

(13-2) If the data point (X=___, Y=___) is added, the beta will increase and the intercept will decrease. A) 8; 1 B) 1; 8 C) 8;8 D) 7;12

B) 1; 8

(12-1) What kind of claim do we typically test with correlations? A) Frequency B) Association C) Causal

B) Association

(12-2) What could be a most plausible third variable here? A) Hair color B) Grade level C) Avg books read/week D) All of the above

B) Grade level

(16) Playing violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior very strongly among teenagers, but less strongly among young adults. What type of prediction is this? A) Third variable B) Moderator C) Mediator D) None of the above

B) Moderator

(13-1) You would like to study whether people eat more when they distract themselves with their phone while eating. You decide to randomly choose 5 fast food restaurants where you'll observe the amount ordered, what someone does while eating, and how much they ate. If you do all the coding of behavior and know the hypothesis of the study, this would be a: A) Un-blinded study B) Single-blind study C) Double-blind study

B) Single-blind study

(12-1) You are working on developing a test of driving intelligence that could be delivered on the internet to screen for drivers who have a high risk of accidents. An example of criterion validity for your test of driving intelligence would be: A) Endorsement of your test by an expert in the field B) Strong correlation with number of accidents in the two years after taking the questionnaire C) Strong relationship with a questionnaire commonly used to measure driving aptitude D) Weak relationship with technical knowledge of how automobiles work

B) Strong correlation with number of accidents in the two years after taking the questionnaire

(15-1) What does the standard error of the estimate represent? A) The amount of explained variability B) The amount of unexplained variability C) The r2 value of the data D) The predicted Y values given X

B) The amount of unexplained variability

(13-1) Which of the following is true about self-reports? A) They are always less reliable and valid than observational data B) They are valuable sources of information when researchers are interested in a person's internal experiences C) They are always biased by socially desirable responding D) They are valuable sources of information when researchers are interested in measuring people's behaviors

B) They are valuable sources of information when researchers are interested in a person's internal experiences

(13-2) f the data point (X=10, Y=2) is added, the beta will _______ and the intercept will _______. A) increase; decrease B) decrease; increase C) increase; increase D) decrease; decrease

B) decrease; increase

(15-1) In the figure at the right, the highlighted data point would have a _________ value for the (yi-yi') term in the equation for Sy|x. A) positive B) negative

B) negative

(12-1) What happens if one variable doesn't have any variability? Shows: r = SPxy/sqrt.(SSx*SSy) SPxy = Sum of ((xi-mux)*(yi-muy)) A) r=-1 B) r=0 C) r is weak D) r=1

B) r=0

(13-1) The following problematic question appears on a personality test for job placement: "Please indicate your agreement to the following statement: I am almost always on time for appointments and I enjoy having a wide circle of acquaintances." How could this question be changed to improve its construct validity? A) include an additional component to the same question to determine social desirability response bias B) split the question into two so that it is not double-barreled C) add an additional phrase to capture more in the same question, such as "and it is difficult to get me excited" D) use less neutral language so that it is more of a leading question

B) split the question into two so that it is not double-barreled

(13-2) In a scatterplot, predictive errors are associated with: A) discrepancies between dots and the regression line. B) vertical discrepancies between dots and the regression line. C) horizontal discrepancies between dots and the regression line. D) either vertical or horizontal discrepancies between dots and the regression line.

B) vertical discrepancies between dots and the regression line.

(15-2) If we computed a regression equation for the two scatterplots in figure above, which would have a higher R2 ? A. A would have a higher R2 B. B would have a higher R2 C. The R2 values would be the same for the two scatterplots D. R2 is undefined for a perfect relationship

B. B would have a higher R2

You test your hypothesis that greater time outdoors is related to less anxiety. Your correlation is r = -.40, p=.08. Given an alpha (type-I error rate) of .05, your conclusion should be to: A. reject the null hypothesis B. fail to reject the null hypothesis C. support the alternative hypothesis D. report your correlation as statistically significant

B. fail to reject the null hypothesis

Having lots of "noise" in the data (e.g., using an unreliable measure) _______. A. increases Type-I errors only B. increases Type-II errors only C. increases Type-I and Type-II errors D. affects statistical power but not statistical decision errors

B. increases Type-II errors only 29 mins

(12-1) Which r value represents the strongest correlation? weakest correlation? A) 0.42 B) 0.75 C) 0.28 = weakest D) -0.90 = strongest

C) 0.28 = weakest D) -0.90 = strongest

Which of the following is true? A) Validity and reliability are never related. B) A measure with low validity can never have high reliability. C) A measure with low reliability can never have high validity. D) Highly reliable measures are always highly valid.

C) A measure with low reliability can never have high validity. Have to have reliability to have validity Something that is never giving us the same answer will never give us the right answer

(13-1) Which of the following study is correlational A) A social psychologist tells some research participants that they need to hurry over to the next building to complete a study. She tells others that they can take their time. Then she observes whether they stop to help a research assistant who is pretending to be hurt. B) A cognitive psychologist compares the ability of people to recall words that they were instructed to "read" with their ability to recall words that they were instructed to "imagine." C) An educational researcher compares the academic performance of students from the "rich" side of town with that of students from the "poor" side of town. D) An automotive engineer installs different stick shifts in a new car prototype, each time asking several people to rate how comfortable the stick shift feels.

C) An educational researcher compares the academic performance of students from the "rich" side of town with that of students from the "poor" side of town.

(13-1) When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is important not to: A) Measure the values for X and Y independently B) Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed C) Assume causality D) Check the direction of the relationship

C) Assume causality

You want to measure reading proficiency in children. Which measure below would be an example of a measure with an ordinal level of measurement? A) Number of books read per week B) Who picks the books read (parent, child) C) Class rank based on a reading assessment D) Test score on a reading assessment

C) Class rank based on a reading assessment

(13-1) "Not enough Zzzs? Social Media use could be messing with your sleep" What is a major caveat of the headline? A) It implies the study is valid B) It does not mention third variables that were ruled out with their survey C) It implies a causal relationship based on association D) It should be a frequency claim

C) It implies a causal relationship based on association

(16) Playing violent video games is associated with aggressive behavior because children model what they see in video games. What type of prediction is this? A) Third variable B) Moderator C) Mediator D) None of the above

C) Mediator

(13-1) You would like to study whether people eat more when they distract themselves with their phone while eating. You decide to randomly choose 5 fast food restaurants where you'll observe the amount ordered, what someone does while eating, and how much they ate. Your method of observation is best described as: A) Participant B) Controlled C) Naturalistic D) Self-report

C) Naturalistic

(13-1) Why wouldn't we use a Pearson correlation to test the relationship shown in the figure? A) One variable has much more variability than the other B) Pearson correlations should only be used for categorical data C) Pearson correlations should only be used when the relationship is linear

C) Pearson correlations should only be used when the relationship is linear

What statistic do we use to quantify the scatter around the regression line? A) Mean absolute deviation B) Standard deviation C) Standard error of the estimate D) Standard beta of estimate

C) Standard error of the estimate

(13-1) Which of the following is NOT an issue with observational research? A) Observer effects B) Lack of agreement between observers C) There are few statistical techniques to analyze observational data D) Potential for unclear operational definitions of behavior E) Observer bias

C) There are few statistical techniques to analyze observational data

(11-2) Dr. Johnson is surveying to understand people's attitude towards government's new health policy. She is worried that people might show fence-sitting behavior. Which of the following is an ideal approach to create the survey if she would like to use a Likert scale response format? A) Use double-barreled questions B) Word the question so that it leads to a certain response C) Use even number of response options on the scale D) Use double negatives

C) Use even number of response options on the scale

(11-2) Why are response sets in surveys a potential problem? A) They may reflect social desirability biases B) We are only measuring someone's subjective opinions C) We can't differentiate someone that supports everything from someone taking a shortcut D) People may not know the correct answer to what we are asking

C) We can't differentiate someone that supports everything from someone taking a shortcut

What does it mean to say that psychology relies heavily on indirect measurement? A) We can't make scientific claims about psychological processes. B) Psychology relies on using samples of the population instead of measuring the whole population. (all of science does this, not just psych) C) We try to measure unobservable things by using operational measures. D) Nomeasureisperfect.

C) We try to measure unobservable things by using operational measures. Ex.: measuring someones reaction time to hit button (observable) measures attention (unobservable)

(13-1) Jiung is conducting a study that involves observing a child's reaction when his/her mother plays with another sibling. He is conducting his study in a controlled laboratory setting and has trained all his research assistants for observation coding with a detailed manual that included a literature review on the topic and his hypotheses for the study. Should he have included information about hypotheses in his coding manual? A) yes, this limits observer bias B) yes, this limits observer effects C) no, a masked design would be better D) no, you should only convey hypotheses to coders in a naturalistic observational study E) it would not matter as long as the coders do not interact with the participants

C) no, a masked design would be better

Suppose we find that buying pizza for a work party leads to positive morale which then leads to the work being done in half the time. What does positive morale serve as in this example? Correct Answer Mediator

Correct Answer Mediator

(12) Who was the "guest lecturer" that appeared at the end of Week 12_Lecture 2 recording? Elon Musk Dr. Pearson Dr. Adam Waytz Correct! Dr. Demir-Lira's daughter

Correct! Dr. Demir-Lira's daughter

(11-2) Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity? A. Blending in with the surroundings B. Waiting to begin observations C. Measuring the behavior unobtrusively D. Using multiple observers

D. Using multiple observers

Suppose a new participant is added to the data set above with an age of 87 years. Which measure of variability would be most affected? A. mean B. median C. inter-quartile range D. standard deviation

D. standard deviation

(16) Steps in Testing Mediation 1. Is beta coefficient significant for path c ? 2. Is beta coefficient significant for path a ? 3. Is beta coefficient significant for path b ? 4. Last step is a regression: Predictors are both recess and physical activity

Does path c get weaker or non- significant when the mediator is in the regression? If yes, evidence in favor of mediation prediction.

Based on the plot below: How many instagram followers would you predict someone has if they have 1 facebook friend?

Intercept = 239 Beta = 0.34 Intercept = 0 Facebook friends Beta = Gaining 1 Facebook friend Intercept + Beta = 1 Facebook friend 239 + 0.34 = 239.34 Instagram followers with 1 Facebook friend Y = 239 + 0.34x Y = 239 + 0.34(1) = 239.34

(16) Suppose we find that physical activity is related to lower levels of depression symptoms, and the relationship is stronger for older adults. What kind of variable is age in this example? A) Third variable B) Moderator C) Mediator D) None of the above

Moderator

Variables

Nominal: Cat, dog, fish Ordinal: 1st, 2nd, 3rd Interval: Jan 2020, Jan 2021 Ratio: Height

Based on the plot below: How much variability does number of facebook friends account for in number of instagram followers?

R^2 Linear = 0.228 = 22.8%

(16) Moderator versus Third variable

Similarities: • Both involve multivariate research designs. • Both can be detected using multiple regression. Differences: • Third variables are external to the bivariate correlation (problematic) - nuisance, not of interest to researchers • Mediators are internal to the causal variable (not problematic) - great interest to researchers, mechanism.

(15) True or false? "Multivariate correlational designs are often used when it is impossible to conduct an experiment." Correct! True False

True

(15) True or false? "Multivariate designs CANNOT be used to establish the case for causation." Correct! True False

True

(13-2) Do teams with more strikeouts get less hits?

U = -.50x + 1980 Similarly..."For every 100 strikeouts,

(13-1) In the correlation matrix below, what is the Pearson r between FruitPerDay and StepsPerDay? what is the p-value for Pearson r between FruitPerDay and StepsPerDay? a. .025 = Pearson r b. .698 = p-value c. 1 d. 250

a. .025 = Pearson r b. .698 = p-value

(11-1) Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? a. Give the survey questions to different groups of people. b. Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. c. Combine the two questions into a single question. d. Both b and c control for question order effects.

b. Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.

(13-1) What is the pearson correlation between two variables if one variable has all the same scores (e.g., they all score perfect on a memory measure)? a. r=1 b. r=0 c. r is weak

b. r=0

(11-1) In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question? a. It is a forced-choice question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It has a double negative. d. It is a leading question.

c. It has a double negative.

(12-1) Assume the two scatterplots above show data for two different groups in your study. Which scatterplot represents a stronger correlation? a. They have the same strength b. Scatterplot A c. Scatterplot B d. There is no relationship in either scatter plot

c. Scatterplot B

For the distribution below are these measures of central tendency or variability?

central tendency: mean, median, mode variability: range, IQR, standard deviation

standard error of estimate (how wrong are you?)

gives a measure of the standard distance between the predicted Y values on the regression line and the actual Y values in the data

For the distribution below where would we predict the mean and median to be?

positive skew --> mean>median skew pulls mean to its side

Based on the plot below: How many instagram followers would you predict someone gains for each new facebook friend?

slope (beta) 0.34

Validity vs. Reliability

test measures what it should vs. same scores on a retest A measure must be reliable to be valid If data are unreliable, we can't use them to assess a theory about a construct But a reliable measure is not necessarily valid

Based on the plot below: How many instagram followers would we expect if someone doesn't have any facebook friends?

y-intercept 239 Note: 2 parts of equation: beta (slope) and y-intercept

Suppose we find that frequency of flossing is a predictor of lower risk of death. What would be an example of a plausible:

• Third variable - conscientiousness • Moderator - economic level of the country • Mediator - dental health

(16) Suppose we find that eating more turkey is related to a longer nap after Thanksgiving dinner. What would be an example of a plausible:

• Third variable - relaxed mood • Moderator - age • Mediator -