unit 3 psych test

which structure serves as the entry way for sound waves?

auditory canal

in which structure are sound waves transduced to neural signals ?

cochlea

provide an example of the phi phenonmenon

perceptual illusions ex. when two light bulbs are next to each other and they light up really fast next to eachother

Path of a sound wave:

sound wave- pinna -ear canal-ear drum or tympanic membrane (cone shaped)-bones in the inner ear, osicles, 3 smallest bones in the body(hammer,anvil,stirrup)-oval window-fluid of the cochlea vibrating the basialr membrane- cillia or hair cells- nerve fibers

what are the ossicles and what is their function?

sound waves from the ear drum- cochlea -3 smallest bones in the body

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT A bitter B sweet C salty D spicy E sour

spicy

bottom up processing

starts at your sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

Young-Helmotz trichromatic (3 color) theory

3 types of cones (red, green, blue) -when stimulated together their combined power allows the eye to register any color

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located? A Occipital cortex B Retina C Optic chiasm D Lens E Cornea

A Occipital cortex

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness? A Basilar membrane B Hammer, anvil, and stirrup C Auditory nerve D Temporal lobe E Central sulcus

B Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Bob is concerned because his children have been eating too much of an expensive breakfast cereal, so he brings home a less expensive version that looks and tastes exactly the same to him. His children immediately notice that the new cereal is less sweet. Which of the following concepts best explains the conflicting perceptions of Bob and his children? A Perceptual adaptation B Sensory adaptation C Difference threshold D Signal-detection theory E Absolute threshold

C Difference threshold

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina? A Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones, optic nerve B Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, rods and cones, optic nerve C Optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones D Rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve E Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

E Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal? A The cochlea B The auditory nerve C The anvil D The stirrup E The eardrum

E The eardrum

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called A auditory localization B dichotic listening C deep processing D divided attention E selective attention

E selective attention

A loud high pitched sound like a baby crying would result from sound waves with BLANK frequency and BLANK amplitude.

GREAT HIGH

retina

Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones- color

what are the two photoreceptors of the eye?

RODS: low light vision helpful in peripheral vision, less numerous than cones CONES: detect color and find detail, highly concentrated in the FOVEA (point of central focus)

feature dectors

Specific parts of the visual cortex that respond to shapes, angles, movements

sensation

The bottom up process by which our senses like vision, hearing and smell receive and relay outside stimuli to the central nervous system

Prosopagnosia (face blindness)

a neurological disorder that impairs a persons ability to perceive or recognize faces

One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely A an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment B an inherited familial characteristic C an example of imitation of behavior modeled by other family members D a classically conditioned taste aversion response E a common but temporary aversion to bitter tastes produced by cold viruses

an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment

what is the volley principle?

come back

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their A rods B cones C lens D optic nerve E occipital lobe

cones

top down processing

constructs perceptions from this sensory input by drawing on your experience and expectations

what are the three grouping principles gestalt uses?

continuity, closure, proximity/ similarity

how do we know if a stimulus changes its intensity?

difference threshold- the ability to detect the difference between 2 stimulai. ex. the difference between two volumes on the radio

the fundemental principle of gestalt psychology is called:

figure and ground in gestalt psychology we organize the visual field into objects or figures that stand out from their surroundings on the ground

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is A green B red C blue D violet E black

green

in which structure would you expect sensorineural hearing loss to occur?

hair cells/ cochlea

change blindness

is the failure to notice an obvious change, the failure to notice the existence of an unexpected item.

cocktail party effect

is the phenomenon of being able to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, much the same way that a partygoer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room.

what did the visual cliff experiment demonstrate ?

it was the lab with the babies- illision of falling off a cliff - would not go to mother on the other side demonstrates depth perception emerges in early life still unknown if you are born with it or its developed

how do we perceive loudness and pitch

loudness= amplitude pitch=frequency

inattentional blindness

occurs when an individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight purely as a result of lack of attention rather than any vision defects or deficits. ex. bear video

frequency theory

of hearing proposes that whatever the pitch of a sound wave, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency will be sent to the auditory nerve. for example a tone measuring 600 hertz will be transduced into 600 nerve impulses a second. -not related to location

place theory

of hearing suggests, that we hear different pitches because of different areas of the cochlea respond to higher and lower pitches

how does the place theory contribute to our understanding of auditory perception?

position of neurons within the cochlea

webers law

quantifies the perception of change in a given stimulus. It is the percentage change that matters. -two lights must differ intensity by 8% for you to notice a change. -two weights must differ by 2% -tones must differ by 3%

what are the 6 different monocular cues?

relative size- farther = smaller relative height- higher the object the farther it looks relative motion interposition- if one object blocks the view of another - we perceive it as closer light and shadow linear perspective - parallel lines meet in the distance

what concept is demonstrated by the floating finer sausage?

retinal desparity -sensory input from 2 eyes looking beyond demonstrates a new image

in which structure is information about body position transmitted to the brain

semi- circular canals

types of hearing loss

sensorineural and conductive sensorineural-nerve deafness results from damage to the cochleas hair cells. conduction- hearing loss resulting from the damage to the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea.

stimulus input for vision is light energy. Name different wavelengths and frequencies. same for hearing.

short wavelength: high frequency - bluish colors long wavelength: low frequency - redish colors high amplitude: bright colors low amplitude: dull colors

parallel processing

the ability to process and analyze many different aspects of incoming stimulai is called the brain simultaneously making sense of form, depth, color, and motion

when do we detect stimulus?

the absolute threshold- the minimum stimulation needed to register a particular stimulus 50% of the time ex. the lowest beep at the doctors office

selective attention (FMR)

the focusing our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

which model describes the sensation of pain?

the gate control theory the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signinals or allows them ti pass on to the brain. ex. rubbing your elbow after bitting it (sensation)

sensory adaptation

the process by which our brain cells become less sensative to constant stimuli that are picked up by our senses. ex. when you smell something really strong at first in a area, but over time you get used to it and it goes away.

sensory transduction

the process of converting one form of enregy into another form is called transduction. involves 3 steps 1. receive sensory stimulation often using specialized receptor cells 2. transform that stimulation into neural impulses 3. deliver the neural information to the brain

opponent process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green specific combinations allow us to register colors ex. one color pair suppresses the other... when you stare at a specific color for too long and one becomes fatigued

perception

top down way that our brains organize and interpret the sensory information and out it into context

what does the term gestalt mean

whole