unit 3

Articles Of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) First governing document of US - created a WEAK central government; issues with trade - different currencies in each state, tariffs on goods traded between states Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789 Set up the 1st independent American government (1783-88). Nonbinding "league of friendship" among sovereign states with weak central government to help with common defense & cooperation (like the European Union). Replaced by our current constitution in 1788

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. a series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution in which the Federalist position in regards to the Constitution was argued and published in a New York newspaper and later widely circulated. written anonymously by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

Anti-Federalist

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states A group who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1787. They opposed a strong central government (tyranny) and supported states' rights. "I smell a rat!" A group who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1787. They opposed a strong central government (tyranny) and supported states' rights. At the time of the Con, they argued that the Con was a class based document, would erode fundamental liberties and weaken the states.

Inclusion

Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom. The practice of educating all students, including those with severe and multiple disabilities, in neighborhood schools and general education classrooms. An approach that describes the education of students with disabilities with their same-age peers without disabilities. Students without disabilities are taught in general education classrooms with medications and services provided in that setting rather than in a separate setting. Educating exceptional learners in a regular classroom while offering them any extra assistance they need. The need to involve others in one's activities or to be involved in the activities of others. An instructional arrangement whereby students with disabilities receive instruction and services in a general education setting with regular education peers.

Coin And Print Money

National Powers (Expressed, Implied, Inherent) expressed Delegated or enumerated power. This power belongs to the federal government. A power exclusive to Congress. Government/expressed/enumerated List some expressed powers of the national government Federal powers(7)

Anti-Federalist Papers

This paper was concerned about the presidency turning into a monarchy. National Gazette, George Mason: a series of essays written to counter and defeat the proposed U.S. Constitution the collective name given to the scattered writings of those Americans who during the late 1780s to early 1790s opposed to or who raised doubts about the merits of a firmer and more energetic union as embodied in the 1787 United States Constitution. The miscellaneous, uncoordinated collection of pseudonymous Anti-Federalist writings created in opposition to ratification

Debt

an obligation to pay or do something something, typically money, that is owed or due An obligation or liability to pay or render something to someone else. the accumulated negative balance. money or goods or services owed by one person to another An obligation of repayment owed by one party to a second party

Viewpoint

perspective An opinion The way someone sees something a mental position from which things are viewed attitude n. point of view; one's own way o vantage a way of looking at something Author's perspective or feelings or opinion about a topic. "Some scientists believe..." is another word that means point of view in a piece of literature or writing.

Unanimous

showing complete agreement approved by everyone concerned in complete agreement; sharing the same opinion or view maximum, fundamental, conclusive, elemental agreed to by everyone Of one mind everyone agrees

Regulate

to control with rules to make and enforce rules fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of to control or direct by some particular method control according to a set of rules to set or adjust the amount, restrict something

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society A written plan of government A nation's basic law, creates political institutions, assigns or divides power in government and often provides certain guarantees to citizens. Can be written or unwritten. Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed. Had a bill of rights added A document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government Includes 3 branches of government

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president A certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population. each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency's choice. The candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state. Constitutional system for electing president and vice president. Each state has electors = to number of senators + representatives (DC also has 3 because of 23rd Amendment). Citizens of state vote for candidate. Winner gets all electoral college votes (except Maine & Nebraska which uses proportional system). Winner of majority of electoral college votes becomes president. If no majority then President picked by House from top 3 candidates. Representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president. A body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

Federalist

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank (BUS); loose interpretation Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention. A term used to describe proponents of the Constitution during the debate over ratification.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment) Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives. *Provisions: Slaves had a say in government, so every 5 slaves is equal to 3 free persons. method laid out by the Constitution for counting slaves among the population of Southern states for "proportional" representation in Congress. also established three branches of government with the power of checks and balances on eachother as the Constitution was being created, the plan that stated that slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a free person; this was used to determind eventual membership in the House of Representatives solution to arguments between Northern and Southern states as to how to count slaves on tax roll and representatives

Trade

Barter By 1750 there were states on the rise (like European empires) and declining states (like the Ottomans and Mughals). This occurred because of change in global ____ patterns Exchange of goods and services Commerce Exchange of goods and services in a market (domestic exports & imports). A skilled job, typically one requiring manual skills and special training. The business of buying and selling or exchanging items

Individual Rights

Basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed in the Bill of guaranteed or belonging to a person Theses are protected by the Bill of Rights and include economic rights related to property, political rights related to freedom of speech and press, and personal rights related to bearing arms and maintaining private residences. people have the right to peacefully ask the gov't to change a problem or to make a new law 1) Whether to gov has an adequate reason to take away a person's life liberty or property Asks whether the govs differences in the treatment of people are adequately justified. in the american demoracy individual rights are protected by government the rights to full legal, social, and economic equality extended to blacks. personal liberties and freedoms guaranteed in the bill of rights Ex: Freedom of Religion, Speech and Press, Right to bear arms

James Madison

Father of the Constitution (1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution. Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812, author of Bill of Rights The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers.

Framers

Group of delegates who drafted the United States Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 A general term for the men who wrote the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The men who wrote the Constitution. The delegates that went to Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation but decided to write a new constitution instead Feared political parties, thought they had to much power Original writers/creators of the United States Constitution (James Madison, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson)federalist The framers of the constitutional conventional are known as the 55 men who were at the convention, aka founding fathers

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. In response to the Annapolis Convention's suggestion, Congress called for the states to send delegates to Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation. Delegates came to the convention in May 1787, and drafted an entirely new framework that would give greater powers to the central government. This document became the Constitution. Following the events of Shays' Rebellion, a convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. rebellion to lower taxes and issue paper money, state refused, rebels attacked courthouses, rebellion was crushed by forces. A Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. farmers in debt tried to prevent courts from foreclosing farms in debt this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes A rebellion by former veterans of the revolutionary war who did not receive enough compensation to sustain a life after the war. Tax collectors were not very sympathetic towards the vets and these conflicts became known as Shay's Rebellion, and small armies were raised prepared to fight. This rebellion was squashed by Jefferson who feared that it would get out of hand, and therefore prevented any further problems. This showed that there was going to be no deconstruction of the new empire.

Tax

SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION; IN BIOLOGY, THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFYING ORGANSIMS IN CATEGORIES A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. A classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin The branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics System by which we name and classify all organisms, living and extinct. Discipline of biology primarily concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species based on natural relationships

Ratify

To approve formally; confirm; verify to confirm by expressing consent, approval, or formal sanction. confirm, affirm, endorse, approve sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid.