Unit 4
3. Maritime Empires
Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland into Maritime empires, ones based on sea travel.
12. Engenhos
Sugar plantations referred as "engines."
7. Which cash crop did Portugal focus on growing - where did it need to grow it?
Sugarcane, a tropical climate.
● improved by Muslim navigators in 12th century, let sailors find out their position based on the equator
_ Astrolabe
Italian cities
had a monopoly on European trade with Asia. How did this push Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands
Describe how the Spanish replaced indigenous political structures using the followings systems:
▪ Viceroys: Spanish royalty appointed viceroys to act as administrators and representatives of the Spanish. ▪ Audiences: To keep these viceroys from operating independently of the crown, Spain established audiences, or royal courts, to which Spanish setters could appeal viceroy's decisions or policies.
Navigators
○ Prince Henry the Navigator: (1394-1460) Prince Henry is the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, to search for all- water route to the east as well as for African gold. Under him, Portugal began importing enslaved Africans by sea, replacing the overland slave trade. ○ Bartholomew Diaz: Bartholomew Diaz, a Portuguese navigator and explorer who led the first European expedition to the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, opening a sea route to Asia.Diaz departed from Portugal and went past the tip that Prince Henry discovered, Went to South tip of Africa and back, went from Lisbon however he fear of munity so he returned home. ○ Vasco Da Gama: The Portuguese nobleman Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) Sailed father east than Diaz, landing in India in 1498. There he claimed territory as part of Portugal's empire. The Portuguese ports in India were a key step in expanding Portugal's trade in the Indian Ocean and with points farther east. ● What was the significance of Afonso de Albuquerque? Portuguese naval/military leader who ended Muslim control of the Indian Ocean trade--took Goa, Moluccas, and held much of SE under Portuguese control. ● How had China's role changed after Zheng He? How did the presence of Portugal impact China? China stopped exploring after reclaiming back the tributes states. It did not threaten at this point china was at its height in this "late imperial" period of the last two dynasties. 7. How did the Portuguese try to control their trade networks? Summarize
2. Omani-European Rivalry
A trade rivalry between the Muslim traders from Oman and the European Christian traders over the Indian Ocean Trade and trade settlements in Oman.
Francisco Pizarro
An emperor also a soldier and conquistador that was best known for conquering the Incas and executing their leader, Atahuapta.
13. Cash Crop
Are grown for sale rather than subsistence.
Why were peasants usually poor?
Because they were enslaved
How did states measure wealth? Describe the system or theory this entails; what is the government's role?
By gold and silver and by selling more goods to other countries than they would buy this known as Mercantilism this what they government used to increase its wealth.
7. How did the Portuguese try to control their trade networks? Summarize their efforts; what resource did they specifically intend to control?
By ships necessary for the enforcement of a large trade empire and over all the Portuguese Corruption among the government officials also hampered the trading empire to gain control over spice trade in the area and to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Hormuz.
5. Caravel
Caravel is three-masted sailing ship developed by the portuguese in the 15th century allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier- designed ships.
● small three-masted ship developed by Portuguese in 15th century, allowed sailors to survive storms better than earlier ships
Caravel______
● also known as mapmaking, helped sailors navigate
Cartography
Chattel Slavery
Chattel Slavery is a system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold.
● originally created in China for fortune telling, helped steer a ship in the right direction.
Compass
15. Creole
Creole is referred to a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the caribbean (Language one definition : West African languages and grammatical patterns to create new languages known broadly as Creole.)
10. Explain how captives in the Americas were able to keep parts of their cultures (African Diaspora). Give examples.
Creole(language)= parts of west Africa and colonizers language. Music - gospel, reggae and samba etc. religion of European Christian + Negro spirituals.
11. How did the Columbian Exchange impact the environment? Explain.
Effected population, biodiversity and change of global economy such as Spain mined silver in the Americas but lead an inflation in Spain. However, this silver sparked inflation in Spain, which contributed to the down fall of the Spanish Empire
Encomenderos
Encomederos are landowners who compelled indigenous people to work for them as exchange for food and shelter, as landowner required of serfs in Europe's manorial system.
7. Trading Post Empire
Ensure control of trade, the portuguese had built a series of forts stretching from Hormuz on the Persian Gulf (built in 1507) to Goa in Western India (built in 1510) to Malacca on the Malay Peninsula (built in 1511). The goals of construction were to establish a monopoly (complete control over a market.) Over the spice trade in the area and to license all vessels trading Malacca and Hormuz. These forts gave Portugal a global trading post empire, one based on small outpost, rather than controlled of large territories. The Portuguese also restricted Indian Ocean trade to those who were willing to buy permits.
8. Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese navigator first to go around the globe by being sponsor of the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. He died on the voyage in the philippine islands in 1522 however one of his ships made it back to spain.
Who led the way in European exploration at first
Ferdinand Magellan, is remembered as the first person to sail completely around the globe, later on Christopher Columbus is who reached the Americas and claimed it for spain.
Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution is a group of nobles invited prince William of orange, who was james's nephew and son-in-law, to invade England with an army also to become the new crown king. As in 1689, William and his wife Marry II (James's daughter) began their joint rule of England. Both William and Mary were protestant, and the English throne remained in protestant hands after that. English people called this revolt the Glorious Revolution or also known as the Bloodless Revolution.
9. Galleons
Heavily armed Spanish ships that made stops in Philippines.
6.Mercantilism
In the 17th century the Europeans measured wealth from silver and gold of a country , so to maximize this they sold many of goods to other countries and to buy from few countries to minimize the flow of metals this theory became known as Mercantilism.
Indentured Servants
Indentured servants were servants contacted to work for specified period of years in exchange for passage.
What was the only way people could move up in this social caste?
Intermarriage.
10. Northwest Passage
A route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the Precious trade in spices and luxury trade.
The transfer of crops, animals, and disease between the European the Eastern and Western hemisphere, known as the Columbian Exchanged, altered life everywhere.
- Along with the colonies in the Americas that led to the exchange of new types of food, plants, and animals. - The exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between (the New World) between Americas and (the Old World Europe).
3. What else began to settle in the Americas, along with colonists? How did this further the decline of the indigenous?
- Insects, rats, and disease- carrying animals also began to settle during this time. -This brought diseases like malaria, measles, and influenza which killed a lot of the indigenous
long-term results of these techniques on exploration, gunpowder, Islam, and Africa.
- The long term result was rapid expansion of exploration and global trade. Gunpowder helped Europeans in their conquests - Gunpowder were also used by sea pirates, like Sea beggar- Dutch pirates. - Because of the result of the expansion because of the gun powder of the Abbasid Empire and the activities of Muslim merchants, Islam spread rapidly in North Africa and the trading cities along Africa's east coast. - Interaction among various of cultures inside and outside of Africa brought extensive trade and new technology into the continent because of the expansion.
2. Explain how various states utilized silver, making it a 'dominant force' in the global economy.
-Europeans exchanged silver for luxury goods -Manila galleons allowed silver trade to flourish -Silver became China's primary currency
14. African Diaspora
A dispersion of Africans out of Africa captive into the Americas but able to keep some of their aspects of their cultures.
8. Describe the issues that made Portugal vulnerable. Who began challenging them in East Asia during this time?
Lacked workers and the ships necessary for the enforcement of a large trade empire. Corruption among government officials also hampered the trading empire and Malaysia and Indonesia were challenging the Portugal's.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is an economic system that increased government controlled of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of the colonies, claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country.
Who formed the middle class?
Merchants and artisans.
Metacom's War
Metacom's war (1675 - 1678) is also known as King Philip's War in part as result of English colonists using underhanded tactics in their continuing pressure to control Native America lands.
1. Primogeniture Laws
Not all sons of the wealthy could own land because of the Primogeniture Laws gave each of the estate to the oldest son.
6. During the 16th and 17th centuries, millions of Africans were kidnapped by slave traders, yet the population in Africa grew - why?
Nutritious foods like yams & manioc were grown from plantations then were introduced to Africa increasing the population.
4. Prince Henry the Navigator
Prince Henry the Navigator 1394 - 1460 became the first European Monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, to search all water route to the east as well as for African gold. Under him, Portugal began importing enslaved Africans by sea, replacing the overland slave trade.
● searched for a place to settle where they would be treated w/tolerance
Religious minorities
Manchu Power and Conflicts in the Qing Dynasty Who ruled over China under the Qing dynasty?
The Manchu people from Manchuria ruled over the majority, Han Chinese and other ethnic groups. How were the Manchu like the Mongols? 1. They both put their own people in the top positions of government. 2. Both maintain continuity with some traditional Chinese practices.
Commercial Revolution
The commercial Revolution consisted of the recreation of a European economy is based on trade. The commercial Revolution helped to connect Europe with the rest of the world through trade, commerce, and investing. It bought the Europeans influence to other countries, and in return countries influenced European when it came to food, clothing, and other items.
Middle Passage
The grueling journey the Atlantic was recognized as the Middle Passage because it was the Middle part of the captive's journey.
Hacienda System
The hacienda system arose when landowners developed agriculture on their land such as fruit, wheat, vegetables, and sugar. They used coerced labor to work the fields.
Why did the Japanese government ban Christianity in 1587?
The japanese government ban christianity in 1587 cause when thousands of japanese converted to Chirstianity, some christians seemed intolerant of other faiths because they destroyed Buddhist shrines. Describe Japan by 1630:
4. Why was this one of the greatest population disasters in human history?
The population of indigenous people fell by more than 50% and some Americans lands lost up to 90% of their original population
11. Columbian Exchange
The transfer of crops, animals, and disease between the European the Eastern and Western hemisphere, known as the Columbian Exchanged, altered life everywhere.
2. Explain why the indigenous lacked the immunities the Europeans had. What was the relationship between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres before contact with one another?
They lacked the immunities Europeans had because they hadn't been exposed to the disease before. -The Western and Eastern hemispheres had been isolated from each other.
6. Explain how Western European countries developed naval technology as a combination of old and new practices.
They used Greek sailing traditions by using the stars to navigate. They combined this knowledge with ideas from the Islamic and Asian sailors and scholars.
12. Compare and contrast the crops and impact of trade on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. (Both find new ways disease, food and animals.)
Trade on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres were such as plants, animals, crops, livestock, diseases, slaves and humans. - Diseases spread to the Americas such as smallpox were extremely harmful to the population of the New World and caused a total of 100 million deaths. However, many new crops and foods were exchanged which restored the population that had been lost. - These new foods that were exchanged were rich in vitamins and minerals they had new flavors, and they became embedded in the lives of those who they traded with. - - Many residents from the Americas left to settle in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, and many residents from the eastern hemisphere left to settle in the Americas.- The Columbian exchanged ended up resulting in a huge population growth, even though many lives were lost to diseases due to the Europeans.
. How were the following impactful in the creation of these practices and trade routes?
● Al-Andalus: Al-Andalus is where Islamic ideas diffused into Europe. ● Prince Henry the Navigator:A Portuguese ● Prince strongly supported navigation for Portugal . ● ● He financed expeditions along African's Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope. ● Because of Prince Henry Portugal explored African coastal communities and kingdoms before other Europeans powers.
This rivalry led to Columbus searching for a new route to India. What did his voyages get from the following:
● Americas: Tobacco, maize, sugar, and rum ● Africa: Enslaved people ● Asia: Silk, spices, and rhubarb
5. Along with germs and disease, other items were exchanged of great significance.
● In the Eastern Hemisphere ○ Pigs, cows, wheat, grapes: They became staples in the American diet. ○ Horses: They allowed Indians to hunt buffalo on horseback very efficiently causing a surplus of food. ○ ○ Efficiency gave them more time for other things like art and spirituality. ● In the Western Hemisphere: ○ Maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, cacao: They caused tremendous population growth in Europe.
8. How did the following advancements in ideas impact trade and travel:
● Newton's discovery of gravitation: Newton increased the knowledge of the tides and considerations, to travel to one center rather than the other, along with sailors could reliably predict when the depth of the water near a shore would decrease exposing dangerous rocks since most Arab sailors traveled in lateen sail. ● Astronomical charts: Any map of the stars and galaxies.
The Casta System in Latin America
● Peninsulares: those born on the Iberian Peninsula. ● Criollos: Those of Europeans ancestry who were born in the Americas. ● ● Castas: people of mixed - raced ancestry. ● Mestizos: Mix of European and Indigenous ancestry ● Mulattoes: Mix of European and African ancestry. ● Zambos: Mixed indigenous and African ancestry
List the developments in equipment that impacted trade and travel
● _______ Carrack_______: (3 or 4 sailing mass) Square and lateen sails/masts, made for trade and used by Portugal. ● ______ Caravel______: (large and strong ships) Lateen sails, made for long voyages at great speed, used by Portugal/Spain. ● ________ Fluyt_______: Square sails, used for trade(cargos), used by the Dutch. ● _____ Lateen Sail_____________: ship sail in the shape of a triangle used by Arab sailors in the Indian Ocean first; could catch wind on either side of the ship didn't matter if it was cloudy.
European states wanted to expand their authority and control of resources. List were the motives for these conquests for power below:
● ______________ Collection______________through taxes, new trading opportunities, and silver ● _________________ European rivalry___________led to European states expanding to claim territory before others ● _____________________Christian missionaries,_______led Europeans to seek out people in other lands and convert them
