Unit 4
Where are halogens frequently found in nature?
as salts in the ocean
Transition elements also belong to the ______.
d block
As the atomic number increases, the reactivity of the halogens...
decreases.
Nonmetals are defined as elements that generally cannot conduct _____ and are poor conductors of heat.
electricity
The reactivity of a given element is most closely related to its _____.
electron configuration
Aufbau Principle
electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
Heavier noble gases are able to form compounds with other elements under specific conditions because their valence _______ are farther from the _____.
electrons, nucleus
Where are the transition elements found on the periodic table?
groups 3-12
Which of the following are true about halogens.
halogens react with alkali metals and to form halide salts, Elements of Group 17 are called halogens, halogens are one electron short of a full shell
When does the d sublevel get filled with electrons?
immediately after the s sublevel that is one principal energy level
As you move from left to right on the periodic table, electronegativity _____, and as you move from the top to the bottom, it _____.
increases;decreases
How many valence electrons do alkali metals have?
1
What will be the atomic radius of copper, if the distance between two adjacent copper atoms in metallic copper is 256 pm?
128 pm
How many GROUPS are there in the modern periodic table?
18
Alkali metals have _______ outer electron(s); alkaline -earth metals have _____; halogens have _____.
1;2;7
Below are electron orbital notations for several atoms. Which would represent a nonmetal?
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Which electron notation is incorrect:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p6 5s2 4d7 5p6 6s1
Helium has ___ outer electron(s), but all the other __________ have ___ outer electrons.
2;noble gases;8
How many valence electrons do metalloids have?
3-6
The melting point of potassium is 337 K and the melting point of cesium is 302 K. What is the melting point of rubidium?
320k
Halogens all have _______outer electrons; they are very______; their names all end in ________
7, reactive, -ine
What percent of elements are metals?
75%
Halogens all have ___ outer electrons; they are very _______; their names all end in _____.
7; reactive; -ine.
There are _____ periods and ______ groups of elements.
7;18
Luster
A shine or glow of a meterial (gold, germanium, and silicon have high luster)
Which electron is the first to be removed from any atom?
A valence electron
Electronegativity is a measure of an _____ or _______ from another atom during bonding
Ability, tendency to attract electrons
brittle
Able to break or shatter easily when struck (ex. sulfer S)
Conductivity
Able to conduct electrical current or heat (Copper Cu has high electrical conductivity AND Tungsten (W) has high thermal (heat) conductivity.
Which of the following groupings contains only representative elements?
Al, Mg, Li
The _______ are soft solids and react with many subtances, including water.
Alkali metals
The reason we do not find ________ in pure form in nature is that they are extremely reactive.
Alkali metals
Which element is NOT a metalloid?
Aluminum
Pauli Exclusion Principle
An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons. To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must have opposite spins; that is, the electrons spins must be paired.
What is a metalloid?
An element that has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals.
The correct noble gas notation for arsenic is
Ar]4s2 3d104p3
What metalloid has commonly been used as an insecticide due to its effectiveness as a poison.
Arsenic
A is a metalloid located in group 13 on the periodic table. A is...
B (boron)
Which has the largest atomic radius? (Sr, Be, Mg, Ba)
Ba
What halogen element is a dark orange liquid?
Bromine
What is the only nonmetal that is liquid at room temperature?
Bromine
Bromine is sometimes used as a disinfectant in swimming pools instead of what other nonmetal?
Chlorine
Most transition metals contain a partially filled _____ subshell.
D
Which of the following electron arrangements does NOT represent an atom in its ground state? (1s) (2s) (2p) (3s) (a) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ) (b) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) (c) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ) ( ↑ ) (d) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ ↓ ) ( ↑ )
D
Copper can be shaped into wires because it is ______.
Ductile
malleable
Easily hammered or flattened into a thin sheet (ex. Gold Au)
The tendency of an element to attract electrons to itself is called _______.
Electronegativity
Hund's Rule
Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.
Which has the greatest electronegativity? (At, Br, CI, F)
F
What is NOT a use for antimony?
Fertilizers
Nitrogen has a lower ionization energy value than _____ when moving from beryllium to neon.
Fluorine
What is a vertical COLUMN on the modern periodic table called?
Group
atomic orbital
is often thought of as a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
What is the name of group 17 on the Periodic Table?
Halogens
Across a period, the effective nuclear charge increases and therefore it becomes _______ to remove an electron.
Harder
Who is creditied with the discovery of the atomic number?
Henry Mosely
Isotopes of the same element have different ____. I. number of neutrons II. number of protons III. mass numbers
I and III
Which of the following reactions would occur? I. Mg + Fe(NO3)2 II. Mg + Cu(NO3)2 III. Mg + AgNO3 IV. Mg + KNO3
I, II, III
What halogen element is a dark purple-gray solid?
Iodine
What is the energy needed to remove the most loosely bound electron from an atom?
Ionization Energy
Copper
Is a good conductor of electricity and is very flexible and ductile.
Metal
Is an element that is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Mercury
Is the only metal to exist as a liquid at room temperature.
______ are the 14 transition metals that follow lanthanum in the periodic table.
Lanthanides
Which has the highest ionization energy? (K, Fr, Li, Na)
Li
The ability to flatten without shattering when hit with a hammer
Malleable
Which statement best explains the reactivity of noble gases?
Noble gases are typically unreactive since they have full outer electron shells.
The atomic radius is the distance from the _____ to the ______.
Nucleus, edge of the electron cloud
Which statement(s) are TRUE about noble gas compounds?
Only larger noble gases can form compounds AND only helium and neon have not formed compounds.
Elements in the same group have similar ________?
Physical and chemical properties
Why is the table of elements called 'periodic'.
Properties of elements are seen in repeating patterns.
The presence of inner-shell electrons cause the outermost electrons of an atom to be less attracted to the nucleus. This is called electron _____.
Shielding
Examples of metals include...
Sodium
An element that is a nonmetal...
Sulfur
What nonmetal is used in the process of vulcanization of rubber?
Sulfur
Density
The mass (g) per unit volume (cm3)
Why didn't Mendeleev use atomic number to order his periodic table?
The nucleus of the atom had not been discovered yet.
atomic number
The total number of protons in the atoms of an element •It identifies each element •Two elements cannot have the same atomic number
During most chemical reactions, what happens to the atoms of a halogen?
They gain one electron
Which of the following statements are TRUE about nonmetals?
They have a wide variety of properties, most of which are the opposite of metals AND they can exist as solids, liquids, or gases.
The area of the periodic table with the smallest atomic radii is the _____.
Top right corner
ductile
able to be drawn out into a thin wire (ex. copper Cu)
The ________ are soft solids and react with many substances, including water.
alkali metals
What is the name of group 1 on the Periodic Table?
alkali metals (except H)
What is the name of group 2 on the Periodic Table?
alkaline earth metals
Which other elements of the periodic table do halogens readily react with to form halide salts?
alkaline earth metals
Metals are found on the _____ of the periodic table, are _____ in appearance, and are _____ conductors of heat and electricity.
left side;shiny;good
One metal-like property of silicon is its _____, while a nonmetal-like property of silicon is its _____.
luster; brittleness
What is the name of group 18 on the Periodic Table?
noble gases
The halogen electron configuration in the outer shell is...
ns2np5
The modern periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic ____.
number
What are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called?
periods
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to ___________.
remove an electron from an atom
As a new period of elements is formed, elements with ______ stay in the _______
similar chemkcal properties, same group
Which of these sets of elements have the most similar physical and chemical properties?
strontium, magnesium, calcium, beryllium
The electrons that determine the chemical properties of elements are ______.
the ones in the outermost energy level
atomic mass
the weighted average mass of all naturally occuring isotopes of an (different atoms) of an element.
In 1829, the German chemist J. W. Döbereiner grouped most elements into what?
traids
What is the name of groups 3-12 on the Periodic Table?
transition metals
Which describes the state that the noble gases are found at room temperature?
unreactive monatomic gases
