Unit 4 & 5 APUSH Exam

Who led the conservative Senecas, who condemned assimilation and demanded a return to ancestral customs? a. Lalawethika b. Chief Red Jacket c. Tecumseh d. Tenskwatawa, "The Prophet"

b. Chief Red Jacket

Which of the following was an outcome of the postwar election of 1818? a. Federalist Governor Morris of New York astonished the country by announcing himself an enthusiastic Republican and winning election to the Senate. b. Federalists were soundly beaten, with the Republicans winning margins of approximately five to one in both the Senate and House of Representatives. c. The Federalists exploited voters' discontent with the economic downturn and the War of 1812, making strong gains in the House and regaining control of the Senate. d. Federalists and Republicans officially disbanded their parties, announcing that "the time for partisan politics had ended."

b. Federalists were soundly beaten, with the Republicans winning margins of approximately five to one in both the Senate and House of Representatives.

What was the immediate cause of the illegal duel in which Vice President Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804? a. Hamilton's affair with Burr's wife b. Hamilton's accusation that Burr was aiding a plot to destroy the Union c. Hamilton's decision to support Jefferson and oppose Burr in the 1800 election d. Burr's accusation that Hamilton was leading a Federalist secession plot

b. Hamilton's accusation that Burr was aiding a plot to destroy the Union

How did Andrew Jackson respond to South Carolina's claimed right of nullification in 1832? a. Jackson asked Congress to prepare a bill to expel South Carolina from the Union if it did not stop its threats. b. He asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing him to use the military to suppress any act of nullification. c. He pulled federal troops and navy ships out of forts and ports in South Carolina where they might have provoked an attack by the South Carolina militia. d. Jackson asked Congress to raise the tariff rates even higher if South Carolina did not stop its threats.

b. He asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing him to use the military to suppress any act of nullification.

Why did Thomas Jefferson dispatch the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804? a. Jefferson hoped to establish an effective American claim to the Louisiana Territory. b. He wanted a report on the physical features and the plant and animal life of the Louisiana Territory. c. The president needed to lay the groundwork for establishing Indian schools in the region. d. He asked them to identify areas into which the Ohio and New York Indian tribes could be relocated.

b. He wanted a report on the physical features and the plant and animal life of the Louisiana Territory.

Why was the decision in the case Marbury v. Madison (1803) of great importance in American history? a. President Jefferson used the public backlash against this decision to purge the federal judiciary of Federalists and to attempt to impeach Chief Justice Marshall. b. It marked the first occasion on which the Supreme Court declared that it had the power to rule national laws unconstitutional. c. It marked the onset of a period of frequent declarations by the Supreme Court that laws enacted by the Republican-dominated Congress were unconstitutional. d. In refusing to uphold Marbury's right to his commission, Chief Justice Marshall established an implicit political alliance with President Jefferson.

b. It marked the first occasion on which the Supreme Court declared that it had the power to rule national laws unconstitutional.

Why was the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 significant? a. The battle persuaded British diplomats finally to sign the peace treaty. b. It restored national pride and made Andrew Jackson an American hero. c. The battle revealed that most American soldiers did not accept the peace treaty. d. It showed that American guerilla fighters could still defeat the British troops.

b. It restored national pride and made Andrew Jackson an American hero.

In which of the following lists is the emergence of American financial institutions placed in the correct chronological order? a. Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States, land banks b. Land banks, Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States c. Bank of North America, land banks, Second Bank of the United States d. Second Bank of the United States, Bank of North America, land banks

a. Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States, land banks

Which of the following statements describes the impact of the Jacksonian-era constitutional revolution on the states? a. Between 1830 and 1860, twenty states revised their charters and enhanced democracy. b. The "commonwealth" philosophy of economic development was strengthened. c. States began to pass their own tariff laws and print their own currency. d. The power of state governments to regulate business was enhanced.

a. Between 1830 and 1860, twenty states revised their charters and enhanced democracy.

Which of the following cases is properly paired with its corresponding decision? a. Gibbons v. Ogden—national government controls interstate commerce b. Fletcher v. Peck—states may not tax federal institutions c. McCullough v. Maryland—sanctity of contract d. Dartmouth College v. Woodward—judicial review

a. Gibbons v. Ogden—national government controls interstate commerce

Why was Toussaint L'Ouverture a significant figure in the 1790s? a. He led black Haitians in their fight to seize control of Saint-Domingue. b. The leader negotiated with John Jay to create the terms of the Jay Treaty. c. L'Ouverture became the first president of the new French Republic. d. L'Ouverture solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats in France.

a. He led black Haitians in their fight to seize control of Saint-Domingue.

Which of the following statements characterizes the Second Bank of the United States in the 1830s? a. Its cautious monetary policy pleased bankers, creditors, and East Coast entrepreneurs, who funded economic development. b. Most Americans welcomed the Second Bank's policy of forcing unsound western banks to close. c. Eastern entrepreneurs and bankers opposed the Second Bank because it strove to limit their plans for national economic development. d. Jackson's opponents in Congress knew he opposed the Second Bank and attempted to stall a vote on its charter until he left office.

a. Its cautious monetary policy pleased bankers, creditors, and East Coast entrepreneurs, who funded economic development.

Which of the following statements characterizes federal land price policies in the Northwest Territory during 1790-1820? a. Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy land. b. The Federalist administrations dropped the minimum price per acre in order to encourage speculators to purchase larger tracts of land. c. Jeffersonian Republicans raised the price to $2 per acre and the minimum purchase requirement to 320 acres. d. Jeffersonian Republicans doubled the price per acre to discourage speculators from buying up most of the federal land.

a. Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy land.

Which of the following spurred the Panic of 1819 in the United States? a. Reckless practices pursued by shady state-chartered banks b. Significant inflation of agricultural prices c. Overly restrictive lending policies of the Second Bank of the United States d. Excessive government spending on canal-building

a. Reckless practices pursued by shady state-chartered banks

The 1832 Ordinance of Nullification was based on which of the following beliefs? a. States had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce. b. States can neither bring suit against nor tax a federal institution. c. Only the president has the right to rule an act of Congress invalid. d. The people are the ultimate source of power for the national government.

a. States had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce.

Which of the following factors made the critical contribution to the Federalist Party's downfall? a. The adoption of many of their policies by Republicans b. The establishment of a national bank c. Washington's principle of neutrality d. Their failure to pay off the national debt

a. The adoption of many of their policies by Republicans

Why did Thomas Jefferson call his election to the presidency the "Revolution of 1800"? a. The government changed peacefully despite bitter partisan conflict and foreign crisis. b. There was no true majority, so the Supreme Court determined his victory. c. He removed Federalists and installed all new government officials. d. He subsequently filled the Supreme Court with Republican judges.

a. The government changed peacefully despite bitter partisan conflict and foreign crisis.

Why was Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 significant? a. The treaty opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade. b. Through this treaty, the English stopped arming the Indians around the Great Lakes. c. The treaty lowered the price of western lands, making them affordable to farmers. d. Through this treaty, Jefferson and Madison negotiated the Louisiana Purchase.

a. The treaty opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade.

Indians ceded much of Ohio and acknowledged American political sovereignty in which of the following treaties? a. Treaty of Greenville b. Treaty of Paris c. Treaty of Ghent d. Jay Treaty

a. Treaty of Greenville

Which region of the Union was known for its support of the declaration of war on England in 1812? a. Western and southern states b. Maritime states c. Middle Atlantic states d. New England states

a. Western and southern states

Thomas Jefferson's vision for the future of the United States included which of the following ideas? a. Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families b. A rejection of scientific farming in favor of agricultural traditionalism c. Industrialized urban centers at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution d. Expansion of the institution of slavery to the West

a. Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families

President Martin Van Buren responded to the Panic of 1837 by a. adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance. b. depositing government gold and silver from private banks. c. instituting an extensive public works program. d. revoking Andrew Jackson's Specie Circular of 1836.

a. adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance.

In the U.S. Supreme Court case of Worcester v. Georgia (1832), John Marshall and the Court majority issued a decision that a. upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities. b. sanctioned the stationing of federal troops on tribal lands. c. upheld Georgia's rights to Cherokee lands. d. declared the 1830 Indian Removal Act unconstitutional.

a. upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities.

How did President Andrew Jackson change the federal system of office holding? a. He created a civil service system that awarded federal positions on the basis of merit. b. Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure. c. He established a formula for bipartisan staffing of federal offices and the cabinet. d. Jackson wrested the power of appointment from state legislatures and Congress.

b. Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure.

Who is considered the first real politician, partly because he created the first statewide political machine? a. Andrew Jackson b. Martin Van Buren c. John Quincy Adams d. Alexander Hamilton

b. Martin Van Buren

Which of the following statements describes the Federalists' response to the War of 1812? a. Almost all Federalists supported the war out of patriotism and a desire to acquire eastern Canada from Britain. b. Most Federalists strongly opposed the war and some in Massachusetts met to consider amending the Constitution to prevent future such wars. c. Most Federalists reluctantly supported the war because public opinion favored it and they wanted to win in the upcoming midterm elections. d. Federalists, such as Daniel Webster, welcomed the high tariff brought by the war because it would help New England industries.

b. Most Federalists strongly opposed the war and some in Massachusetts met to consider amending the Constitution to prevent future such wars.

Which of the following statements characterizes the American political system directly after the American Revolution? a. It was highly democratic and open to almost all white males. b. Notables managed local elections through their personal connections. c. Pressure to make politics more democratic spread westward from New England. d. Political parties were well established and regulated in most states

b. Notables managed local elections through their personal connections.

Which of the following phrases describes the federal judiciary at the time Thomas Jefferson became president in 1801? a. Dominated by impartial judges b. Packed with hostile Federalists c. Understaffed and lacking direction d. Sympathetic to the Republican Party

b. Packed with hostile Federalists

Which of the following stipulations was included in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819? a. Britain reimbursed American shippers for wartime damages. b. Spain ceded Florida to the United States. c. Britain agreed to limit its naval forces in the Great Lakes. d. The 49th parallel became the border between Canada and the United States.

b. Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

The prophet Tenskwatawa was historically significant for which of the following activities? a. Tenskwatawa led a coalition of Indians to resettle in Canada under British protection. b. Tenskwatawa urged Indian peoples to work together and to shun the ways of Americans. c. He urged Native Americans to assimilate and adopt the superior technology of westerners. d. He signed a peace treaty with Indiana's governor to allow his people to live on a large reservation.

b. Tenskwatawa urged Indian peoples to work together and to shun the ways of Americans.

Which of the following statements describes events surrounding the election of 1824? a. The disputed outcome led to extended rioting in several large southern cities. b. The Republican candidate William Crawford died from a stroke in the midst of the campaign. c. John Quincy Adams became president even though Andrew Jackson had more popular votes. d. It was the first time a presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives.

b. The Republican candidate William Crawford died from a stroke in the midst of the campaign.

The following questions refer to the following excerpt. "[T]he twelve thousand Americans who flooded into Louisiana in the decade after 1803 almost overwhelmed New Orleans's baffling patterns of race, language, law and culture. Jefferson . . . had always assumed that the Creoles would be displaced, assimilated, or marginalized by English-speaking settlers—and they might have been except for the aftermath of the Haitian and French Revolutions. Between May 1809 and January 1810, New Orleans welcomed ten thousand French-speaking refugees . . . whose arrival made the city even more Caribbean. . . . Controversies over race, religion, law, language, and culture . . . worked . . . along the vulnerable fault lines of nineteenth century American society and government. By 1818-1819 when treaties . . . drew the final boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, the second half of our national history was well underway." — Jon Kukla, historian, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America, 2003 Which of the following was the most direct effect of the developments described in the excerpt? a. The consolidation of Federalists' power b. The emergence of secessionist schemes in the United States c. France's defeat of the Haitian Revolution d. The Industrial Revolution

b. The emergence of secessionist schemes in the United States

Which of the following describes Jefferson's approach to the opportunity to purchase Louisiana in 1802? a. Unsure of the extent of his presidential powers, Jefferson procrastinated until Congress forced him to act. b. The opportunity led Jefferson to revise his view of the presidential powers granted by the Constitution. c. Jefferson delayed so that he could obtain a constitutional amendment allowing presidential land purchases. d. In keeping with his strict constructionist view of the Constitution, Jefferson jumped on the opportunity.

b. The opportunity led Jefferson to revise his view of the presidential powers granted by the Constitution.

Jefferson's administration demonstrated its disagreement with Hamilton's philosophy by a. reducing the protective tariff. b. ending the excise tax. c. implementing the Embargo Act. d. abolishing the national bank.

b. ending the excise tax.

As a result of the Embargo Act of 1807, the American economy a. suffered little damage because American merchants ordered their ships to trade only between neutral ports. b. fell into a slump and the American gross national product dropped by 5 percent. c. suffered considerably less damage than did the economies of both France and Britain. d. suffered little damage because northeastern merchants smuggled their goods out through Canada.

b. fell into a slump and the American gross national product dropped by 5 percent.

In the 1824 U.S. Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Marshall Court's decision a. reaffirmed the concept of county or city control over interstate commerce. b. overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City. c. reaffirmed the concept of state control over interstate commerce. d. permitted local or state monopolies if they benefited the common good.

b. overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City.

The Panic of 1819 caused which of the following outcomes? a. The Bank of the United States revoked state banks' charters. b. The U.S. government moved to increase economic regulations. c. American cotton and wheat prices plummeted over 50 percent. d. State banks instituted more generous lending practices.

c. American cotton and wheat prices plummeted over 50 percent.

The following questions refer to the following excerpt. "[T]he twelve thousand Americans who flooded into Louisiana in the decade after 1803 almost overwhelmed New Orleans's baffling patterns of race, language, law and culture. Jefferson . . . had always assumed that the Creoles would be displaced, assimilated, or marginalized by English-speaking settlers—and they might have been except for the aftermath of the Haitian and French Revolutions. Between May 1809 and January 1810, New Orleans welcomed ten thousand French-speaking refugees . . . whose arrival made the city even more Caribbean. . . . Controversies over race, religion, law, language, and culture . . . worked . . . along the vulnerable fault lines of nineteenth century American society and government. By 1818-1819 when treaties . . . drew the final boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, the second half of our national history was well underway." — Jon Kukla, historian, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America, 2003 The excerpt best reflects which of the following trends in the history of the United States? a. America's conflicted relationship with Great Britain b. America's enthusiasm about the French Revolution c. Americans' westward migration in pursuit of land d. Americans' disagreements over the institution of slavery

c. Americans' westward migration in pursuit of land

How did the spread of industrialization in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s affect skilled artisans? a. Employers and the courts blocked all their efforts to form craft unions in order to seek higher wages and better working conditions. b. They tried, but usually failed, to avoid the regimentation of factory work by moving to small towns or by setting up small, specialized shops that catered to a limited market. c. As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status. d. The wave of strikes that broke out in 1836 were put down by armed federal troops on orders from President Jackson.

c. As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status.

In 1832, a South Carolina state convention committed which of the following actions? a. Ordered the state militia to arrest customs officials and to impound their collections b. Threatened to impeach Jackson for his unconstitutional actions c. Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state d. Declared that the state had decided to secede from the Union

c. Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state

In the landmark case of Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837), Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the U.S. Supreme Court did which of the following? a. Upheld the protected legal position of existing state-chartered monopolies b. Ruled that the city of New York could use its "police power" to inspect new immigrants' health c. Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies d. Reaffirmed John Marshall's interpretation of the contract clause in the U.S. Constitution

c. Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies

Which of the following arguments did President Jackson offer as a justification for destroying the Second Bank of the United States? a. The U.S. government was forced to play too large a role in managing the bank. b. It had not been able to influence credit in a satisfactory manner. c. It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners. d. The bank had not been successful at stabilizing the currency.

c. It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners.

Which of the following statements describes Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? a. Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill for his own reasons and without offering any reason or explanation to the public. b. Jackson staked his presidency on the veto, declaring that he would resign if Congress passed the bill over his veto. c. It was a popular move, blending constitutional arguments, an appeal to patriotism, and class rhetoric. d. The action was unpopular and surprised most Americans, who thought the issue had been resolved.

c. It was a popular move, blending constitutional arguments, an appeal to patriotism, and class rhetoric.

Which of the following took place after the Bank of the United States' charter expired in 1811? a. Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States later that same year. b. Federalists urged the bank's dissolution on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. c. It was not renewed, but a Second Bank of the United States was chartered five years later. d. President James Madison began to invest his own funds in the Bank of the United States.

c. It was not renewed, but a Second Bank of the United States was chartered five years later.

Which of the following statements characterizes Andrew Jackson's intentions toward Native Americans during his presidency? a. He sought better relations with the "civilized" Indians of the Old Southwest, encouraging them to continue their adaptation to white ways. b. Jackson intended to force Native Americans to comply with federal treaties, even when they ran counter to the national interest. c. Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society. d. He planned to encourage missionaries to convert the tribes east of the Mississippi River to Christianity and white culture.

c. Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.

Correctly match the candidate in the 1824 presidential election with his description. a. Adams—choice of the Republican caucus in Congress b. Calhoun—Secretary of the Treasury in the Monroe administration c. Jackson—popular War of 1812 hero d. Crawford—Speaker of the House of Representatives

c. Jackson—popular War of 1812 hero

In which of the following ways was Chief Justice Roger Taney different from his predecessor, John Marshall? a. Marshall was a Democrat while Taney was a Whig. b. Taney was a more avid believer in the sanctity of contracts. c. Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights. d. Unlike Marshall, Taney had a nationalistic interpretation of the commerce clause.

c. Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights.

The following questions refer to the following excerpt. "Since . . . cultural and political movements failed to achieve a binding national unity, a militant campaign of whiteness rapidly emerged as [Andrew] Jackson's principal safeguard of white American identity. . . . In the national culture . . . racial mixture rapidly moved to a central focus of public concern because it was the only thing the great majority of white Americans genuinely agreed on—that mixture was wrong. Racial unity had always been important, but now racial purity became the elixir of national salvation. National consciousness was now shaped not just by fearfulness about the 'blackness' of Indians, but especially about the mixed bloods. They were not only 'black,' they were 'black hearted' in their . . . attitudes towards whites, and they threatened to pollute whites' bloodstream by intermixture." — Thomas Ingersoll, historian, To Intermix with Our White Brothers: Indian Mixed Bloods in the United States from Earliest Times to the Indian Removals, 2005 Which of the following nineteenth-century groups would have been most likely to oppose the ideas described in the excerpt? a. Southern cotton planters b. Whites living on the frontier c. Northern evangelical Protestants d. Democratic working men

c. Northern evangelical Protestants

Which of the following took place in response to the Jefferson administration's purchase of Louisiana? a. Southern Federalists conspired with Aaron Burr and General James Wilkinson to capture the region and establish it as a separate nation. b. Most Federalists became Republicans. c. Some New England Federalists devised a plan to secede from the Union and establish a northern confederacy. d. Many Native Americans poured into the region.

c. Some New England Federalists devised a plan to secede from the Union and establish a northern confederacy.

Why did Thomas Jefferson decide to attempt to purchase New Orleans in 1801? a. He feared that racial violence in Haiti would spread to the American continent via French New Orleans. b. Napoleon Bonaparte had announced a plan to establish a French empire in North America. c. Spain refused to allow American farmers to ship their products through the port, in violation of the Pinckney Treaty. d. Great Britain wanted to use the port as a military staging point for its conquest of French and Spanish islands in the Caribbean.

c. Spain refused to allow American farmers to ship their products through the port, in violation of the Pinckney Treaty.

The following questions refer to the following excerpt. "Since . . . cultural and political movements failed to achieve a binding national unity, a militant campaign of whiteness rapidly emerged as [Andrew] Jackson's principal safeguard of white American identity. . . . In the national culture . . . racial mixture rapidly moved to a central focus of public concern because it was the only thing the great majority of white Americans genuinely agreed on—that mixture was wrong. Racial unity had always been important, but now racial purity became the elixir of national salvation. National consciousness was now shaped not just by fearfulness about the 'blackness' of Indians, but especially about the mixed bloods. They were not only 'black,' they were 'black hearted' in their . . . attitudes towards whites, and they threatened to pollute whites' bloodstream by intermixture." — Thomas Ingersoll, historian, To Intermix with Our White Brothers: Indian Mixed Bloods in the United States from Earliest Times to the Indian Removals, 2005 The ideas described in this excerpt differ most significantly from those held by which of the following groups from earlier periods in American history? a. English settlers in Jamestown in the early seventeenth century b. White slave owners in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century South c. Spanish settlers in Mexico in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries d. Puritan settlers in seventeenth-century Massachusetts Bay

c. Spanish settlers in Mexico in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Which of the following was the primary function of the Second Bank of the United States? a. To make a profit for the federal government through judicious loans to the country's most promising entrepreneurs b. To serve as a clearinghouse for foreign investments and currency in order to raise the country's international economic standing c. To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin d. To keep the economy in equilibrium by raising or lowering interest rates in response to changes in the capitalist business cycle

c. To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin

Andrew Jackson and his supporters won the election in 1828 in part by a. repudiating the growing authority of political powers. b. promising to expand and extend Clay's American System. c. calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image. d. branding his opponent as "Old Hickory" to emphasize his old-fashioned political style.

c. calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image.

As president, John Quincy Adams supported which of the following policies? a. Strict limits on the powers of the federal government. b. The implementation of lower tariffs on imported products. c. A suspension on "internal improvements" by the federal government. d. A national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit.

d. A national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit.

Sequoyah developed which of the following to assimilate members of the Cherokee tribe into American life? a. A new charter of government modeled directly on the U.S. Constitution b. A bank that issued notes to encourage economic development for the Cherokee tribe c. A political party that appealed to Native Americans of all tribes d. A perfected system of writing for the Cherokee language

d. A perfected system of writing for the Cherokee language

On whom did President Jackson rely for political advice? a. Several key western senators, including Henry Clay b. Chief Justice John Marshall c. His official cabinet officers d. An informal group called the Kitchen Cabinet

d. An informal group called the Kitchen Cabinet

The following questions refer to the following excerpt. "Since . . . cultural and political movements failed to achieve a binding national unity, a militant campaign of whiteness rapidly emerged as [Andrew] Jackson's principal safeguard of white American identity. . . . In the national culture . . . racial mixture rapidly moved to a central focus of public concern because it was the only thing the great majority of white Americans genuinely agreed on—that mixture was wrong. Racial unity had always been important, but now racial purity became the elixir of national salvation. National consciousness was now shaped not just by fearfulness about the 'blackness' of Indians, but especially about the mixed bloods. They were not only 'black,' they were 'black hearted' in their . . . attitudes towards whites, and they threatened to pollute whites' bloodstream by intermixture." — Thomas Ingersoll, historian, To Intermix with Our White Brothers: Indian Mixed Bloods in the United States from Earliest Times to the Indian Removals, 2005 The point of view illustrated by the excerpt was most likely a reaction to which of the following developments occurring in the United States at that time? a. The Bad Axe Massacre, in which Indians killed thousands of white settlers b. Seminoles' intermarriage with runaway slaves who had settled in Florida c. The Democratic Party's efforts to retain the presidency in the 1834 election d. Cherokees' adoption of whites' economic and political practices and beliefs

d. Cherokees' adoption of whites' economic and political practices and beliefs

What was the outcome of President John Quincy Adams' support of the Creeks in their treaty negotiations with the state of Georgia? a. His New England supporters deserted his bid for reelection. b. The Georgia state legislature called for his impeachment. c. A large reservation in central Georgia was set aside for the Creeks. d. Georgia's governor attacked him as a "public enemy" and "ally of the savages."

d. Georgia's governor attacked him as a "public enemy" and "ally of the savages."

Why did Andrew Jackson veto the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? a. One of his major congressional opponents, Daniel Webster, directed the Boston branch of the bank. b. His opponents in Congress, most of whom supported the Second Bank, had tried to embarrass him politically. c. French aristocrats had invested heavily in the bank and he objected to their influence. d. He thought it interfered with the rights of states and the liberties of the people.

d. He thought it interfered with the rights of states and the liberties of the people.

The Trail of Tears was the direct consequence of which of the following government actions? a. The Bad Axe Massacre b. Worcester v. Georgia c. The Louisiana Purchase d. Indian Removal Act of 1830

d. Indian Removal Act of 1830

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, written by John C. Calhoun, bore a similarity to the argument made by which of the following people? a. Thomas Paine in Common Sense b. John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison c. George Washington in his farewell address d. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutionsd. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

d. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

What occurred during the Bad Axe Massacre of 1832? a. The Choctaw chief Bad Axe fought a pitched battle against white settlers in Mississippi. b. U.S. troops surrounded and massacred an entire Cherokee village in Georgia. c. U.S. troops pursued Black Hawk's followers into Wisconsin and killed 850 of his warriors. d. Seminole Indians in Florida ambushed the U.S. Army unit Jackson sent to remove them

d. Seminole Indians in Florida ambushed the U.S. Army unit Jackson sent to remove them.

What occurred during the Bad Axe Massacre of 1832? a. The Choctaw chief Bad Axe fought a pitched battle against white settlers in Mississippi. b. U.S. troops surrounded and massacred an entire Cherokee village in Georgia. c. U.S. troops pursued Black Hawk's followers into Wisconsin and killed 850 of his warriors. d. Seminole Indians in Florida ambushed the U.S. Army unit Jackson sent to remove them.

d. Seminole Indians in Florida ambushed the U.S. Army unit Jackson sent to remove them.

Which of the following elements defined the Democrats under Andrew Jackson? a. Views on patronage b. Treatment of the national bank c. Consideration for Native Americans d. Support for average Americans

d. Support for average Americans

In which of the following actions did President James Madison contradict the traditional philosophy of Republicans? a. Cutting the federal budget significantly b. Endorsing and signing Henry Clay's Bonus Bill c. Approving the Judiciary Act of 1801 d. Supporting the creation of the Second Bank of the United States

d. Supporting the creation of the Second Bank of the United States

Which of the following developments spurred the Panic of 1837? a. The stock market crashed, causing widespread bankruptcy. b. State governments throughout the country defaulted on their debts. c. Cotton prices dropped to an all-time low. d. The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States.

d. The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States.

What did the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution specify should be done in an election like the election of 1824, in which no presidential candidate received a majority of the electoral votes? a. The candidate with the most electoral votes wins. b. Congress appoints a special bipartisan commission. c. The Supreme Court intervenes to determine the winner. d. The House of Representatives decides the outcome

d. The House of Representatives decides the outcome.

Which of the following statements characterizes the operations of the Bank of the United States in the twenty years after its 1791 chartering? a. Serving as a central clearinghouse, the bank was able to prevent states from issuing much paper currency that wasn't backed by gold or silver. b. The national bank was so successful that Jefferson Republicans embraced it and helped secure a new charter after the original charter expired. c. In most years, the bank did not make a profit, and operating subsidies from the federal government were required to keep it afloat. d. The bank had branches in eight major cities to respond to demands for commercial credit, and its profits averaged 8 percent annually.

d. The bank had branches in eight major cities to respond to demands for commercial credit, and its profits averaged 8 percent annually.

The following questions refer to the following excerpt. "[T]he twelve thousand Americans who flooded into Louisiana in the decade after 1803 almost overwhelmed New Orleans's baffling patterns of race, language, law and culture. Jefferson . . . had always assumed that the Creoles would be displaced, assimilated, or marginalized by English-speaking settlers—and they might have been except for the aftermath of the Haitian and French Revolutions. Between May 1809 and January 1810, New Orleans welcomed ten thousand French-speaking refugees . . . whose arrival made the city even more Caribbean. . . . Controversies over race, religion, law, language, and culture . . . worked . . . along the vulnerable fault lines of nineteenth century American society and government. By 1818-1819 when treaties . . . drew the final boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, the second half of our national history was well underway." — Jon Kukla, historian, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America, 2003 The developments described in the excerpt most strongly suggest which of the following about that period of American history? a. The spread of American culture to the West soon eradicated French and Spanish customs. b. Republicans' relations with Native Americans were friendlier than those of Federalist leaders. c. The policies of the United States extended republican institutions into vast new territories. d. The growth of the United States complicated the construction of an American identity.

d. The growth of the United States complicated the construction of an American identity.

Which of the following was true of the "Era of Good Feeling"? a. There was an absence of economic debate in this period. b. It saw a rise in nationalism and an end to sectionalism. c. Americans embraced state loyalties rather than national ones. d. There was apparent political harmony.

d. There was apparent political harmony.

In the aftermath of the nullification crisis, President Jackson responded to southern concerns about the tariff by a. attempting unsuccessfully to have Congress repeal the Tariff of 1832. b. insisting that he had won the conflict and disregarding the issue. c. insisting that high protective tariffs were in the national interest. d. persuading Congress to pass a new tariff that gradually reduced duties.

d. persuading Congress to pass a new tariff that gradually reduced duties.

In 1801, Jefferson responded to the Barbary States; threats against American shipping by a. "showing the flag" through a token bombardment of the Barbary States but, in the end, continuing to pay the same tribute. b. announcing that it was too expensive to maintain the navy that the Federalists had built to deal with this threat and that it would be cheaper to pay a higher tribute. c. ordering a naval bombardment and the landing of U.S. Marines, who destroyed the Barbary States' capacity to harass American shipping. d. refusing tribute payments, retaliating against renewed Barbary attacks, then working out a diplomatic solution involving much lower tribute payments.

d. refusing tribute payments, retaliating against renewed Barbary attacks, then working out a diplomatic solution involving much lower tribute payments.

John Marshall's decisions upheld the principle of a. states' rights. b. social welfare. c. limited government. d. the supremacy of national laws over state laws.

d. the supremacy of national laws over state laws.