Unit 4 AP Gov FRQ

(6b) Briefly explain each of the following case scenarios AND how the Supreme Court ruled with regards to affirmative action in each: 1) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)- 2) Adarand Construction v Pena (1995)- 3) Texas v Hopwood (1996)- 4) Grutter v Bollinger (2003)- 5) Gratz v Bollinger (2003)- 6) Schuette v Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action (2014)-

1) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)- The equal protection provision in the 14th amendment was applied to this case. The court ruled that reserving 16 seats for racial minority students is unconstitutional; significance of the decision is institutions cannot hire or admit people based solely on race but it can be a factor (affirmative action) 2) Adarand Construction v Pena (1995- Ruled that Congress must show that affirmative action programs meet the strict scrutiny test 3) Texas v Hopwood (1996)- Declared that the University of Texas law school's' affirmative action admissions program unconstitutional 4) Grutter v Bollinger (2003)- The Court voted to uphold the Constitutionality of the University of Michigan's law school admissions policy, which gave preference to minority applicants 5) Gratz v Bollinger (2003)- The court struck down Michigan's undergraduate point system, which gave minority applicants extra points because they were minorities 6) Schuette v Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action (2014)- Ruled that voters could use ballot initiatives to put an end to state-sponsored affirmative action policies in the area of higher education

(5b) Explain the significance of each decision in United States politics. 1) United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) 2) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) 3) Hernandez v. Texas (1954) 4) Loving v Virginia (1967) 5) Reed v Reed (1971) 6) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) 7) Tennessee v. Lane (2004) 8) Obergefell v Hodges (2015)

1) United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) - Said the 14th amendment guaranteed birthright citizenship regardless of race 2) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)-Declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. 3) Hernandez v. Texas (1954)-Ruled that Mexican Americans and all other nationality groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment. 4) Loving v Virginia (1967)- Invalidated laws preventing interracial marriage 5) Reed v Reed (1971)- Ruled in favor of Sally Reed by finding that Idaho's probate law discriminated against women. Significance: This decision was the first time that the Supreme Court ruled that its Equal Protection Clause protected women's rights. 6) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)- Declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas. 7) Tennessee v. Lane (2004)- Court ruled that Tennessee could not deny disabled persons equal protection under the law (had to install handicap-accessible courthouses) 8) Obergefell v Hodges (2015)- Ruled that the right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both due process clause and the 14th amendment

(4c) Describe a specific legislative action that extended civil rights to each of the following. 1) Women- 2) Persons with disabilities- 3) African Americans- 4) LGBT Community- 5) Hispanic Americans - 6) Asian and Pacific Island Americans- 7) Native Americans-

1) Women- 19th Amendment: allowed women to vote 2) Persons with disabilities- Disabilities Act: prevents discrimination based on disabilities for employment and requires public facilities to be handicapped accessible. 3) African Americans-Civil rights act of 1964: banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal 4) LGBT Community-Proposition 8: the Supreme Court ruled that California could not revert back to making gay marriage illegal in that state 5) Hispanic Americans -Voting Rights Act of 1975: After non-English speakers protest about their discrimination at the polls, Congress votes to expand the Voting Rights Act of 1975 to require language assistance at voting stations. The original act, passed in 1965, only included blacks and Puerto Ricans. The Voting Rights Act leads to an increasing political representation of Latinos in the US. 6) Asian and Pacific Island Americans-Civil Liberties Act of 1988: Congress apologized to the interned and their descendents and offered reparations to them and their families 7) Native Americans-Dawes Act of 1887: promoted assimilation of Native Americans over discrimination

(4d) Describe a Supreme Court decision that extended civil rights to each of the following. 1) Women- 2) Persons with disabilities- 3) African Americans- 4) LGBT Community- 5) Hispanic Americans- 6) Asian and Pacific Island Americans-

1) Women- Reed v Reed (1971): Ruled in favor of Sally Reed by finding that Idaho's probate law discriminated against women. Significance: This decision was the first time that the Supreme Court ruled that its Equal Protection Clause protected women's rights. 2) Persons with disabilities- Tennessee v Lane: 5-4 ruling that disabled persons could sue states that failed to make reasonable accommodations to ensure that courthouses are handicapped accessible 3) African Americans- Brown v Board of Education declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. 4) LGBT Community- Obergefell v Hodges (2015): ruled that the right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both due process clause and the 14th amendment 5) Hispanic Americans- Hernandez v Texas: Ruled that Mexicans had the right to a jury that included other Mexican Americans 6) Asian and Pacific Island Americans- Yick Wo v. Hopkins- ruled that San Francisco city ordinance that discriminated against Chinese laundry businesses violated the equal protection law

(1a) Identify and explain three Amendments to the Constitution that were intended to specifically impact Black Americans.

13th Amendment-officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery to this day. 14th Amendment- declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans. 15th Amendment- prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

(3a) Identify two amendments that influenced civil rights through the expansion of suffrage.

15th Amendment- Cannot deny the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude 19th Amendment- Cannot deny the right based on gender

(3b) For each of the the above, discuss three significant events that led to their passage.

15th Amendment: 13th amendment banned slavery, 14th amendment equal protection, and Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared all people born in the U.S. citizens !9th Amendment: Seneca falls convention in 1848 aimed to abolish discrimination against women, interest group work Advocated for voting rights, WWI

(2c) Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1973

Bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students... Specifically, the number of female athletes have risen as athletic opportunities for females have increased. There is also equal access to higher education, and schools have an obligation to prevent and address any reported sexual harassment.

(1f) Identify and briefly explain two tactics used by citizens to further the goals of the Civil Rights movement.

Boycotting: the withdrawal from the use of a certain good or service as protest Ex. Montgomery bus boycott was a 13-month boycott where people refused to use the bus as transportation until Court ruled that segregation on buses is unconstitutional Sit-ins: involves one or more people nonviolently occupying an area for a protest Ex. helped to shut down businesses that were segregated. Four African American college students walked up to a whites-only lunch counter at the local WOOLWORTH'S store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and asked for coffee. When service was refused, the students sat patiently. Despite threats and intimidation, the students sat quietly and waited to be served.

(1d) Identify and explain the ruling (& the one issued one year later) in the most significant Supreme Court case on the topic of school desegregation, including the constitutional basis for the ruling.

Brown v. Board of Education-African American minors had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. Brown argued that such segregation violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court decided that "separate but equal" facilities are inherently unequal and violate the protections of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown II-After its decision in Brown (1) the Court convened to issue the directives which would help to implement its newly announced Constitutional principle. The Court held that the problems identified in Brown I required varied local solutions. They were to implement the principles which the Supreme Court embraced in its first Brown decision.

(1e) Identify two examples of Civil Rights legislation regarding African Americans and explain two main components of each.

Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women, ended unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public facilities Voting Rights Act 1965: Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, act allowed for a mass enfranchisement

(4a) Describe the difference between civil rights and civil liberties.

Civil rights protects groups from discrimination and civil liberties protect individuals from government actions

(2a) The Equal Pay Act of 1963

Employers cannot pay employees different wages on the basis of their gender...has been quite effective, as females' wages have risen dramatically since 1963. However, the goals of the act have not been fully realized as women still don't earn 100% of men's earnings.

(4b) Identify the primary clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that is used to extend civil rights.

Equal Protection Clause: Provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws"

(5a)Identify which provision of the Fourteenth Amendment was applied in each of the following Supreme Court cases.

Equal protection clause

(6d) Justify the need for affirmative action with two supported reasons.

Gives minorities a chance because usually people have a subconscious discriminatory view on things and affirmative action prevents that The average african american household is $25,000 lower than the average white household, so affirmative action allows minorities who aren't given as many opportunities through their family and their community a solid chance to get into the college of their dreams Helps society become more diverse and have a diverse learning atmosphere

(6a) Define affirmative action.

LBJ's executive order-designed to correct the effects of past discrimination; requirement by law that positive steps be taken to increase the number of minorities in business, schools, colleges, and labor

(6c) Justify the removal of affirmative action with two supported reasons.

Mismatch theory: minority students get accepted into a university that they're not prepared for. The students try to catch up with their classmates, but drop-out rates are high with minority students due to these students not being adequately prepared for the level of difficulty. Hurts the merit system. Affirmative action admits students on the base of race, and not merit, which undermines the system that our government and society had adopted years and years ago.

(3d) Facing discrimination at the voting booth, many African American citizens turned to alternative forms of political participation. Describe two alternative forms of participation that helped bring about changes in civil rights policies and explain why they were effective in changing civil rights policies.

Organized Interest Group Activity: Founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Boycotts & sits-in: Montgomery Bus boycott and helped shut down businesses that were segregated

(2b) The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting based on gender, race, age, national origin...has been effective. Equal Opportunity Commission was created to monitor and enforce the bans on employment discrimination. Was upheld in U.S. v. Heart Atlanta Motel

(1b) Explain how Plessy v. Ferguson relates to an amendment noted above.

Plessy v Ferguson ruled race separated institutions or services were constitutional as long as they were equal, "separate but equal", denied 14th amendment

(3c) Despite ratification, voter turnout among African American citizens was very low throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Explain how two measures taken by some states prior to the 1960s affected voter turnout among African American citizens.

Poll taxes, which was a tax that one would have to pay in order for that person to be eligible to vote Literacy tests, which were tests that one needed to pass in order for that person to be eligible to vote

(1c) Identify and explain three tactics used to prevent full implementation of the 15th Amendment

Poll taxes- were charged to keep poor African Americans from voting. Literacy tests- were rigged and used to disenfranchise African Americans. Grandfather clause- implemented the rule that if your grandfather voted, then you were inherently allowed to vote also

(2d) The Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution

Proposed amendment to guarantee equal rights for women... Has not been effective, as the proposed amendment was never ratified. Even after extending the deadline for ratification, the amendment did not garner the necessary ¾ of state's approval, especially since quite a few states rescinded their votes.