Unit 4 (Chapter 13-16 [Module 9-10])

World Health Organization recommends what kind of diet?

"Mediterranean" style diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, & unsaturated fats. Diet associated w/ reduced risk for a wide variety of different cancers

Vital capacity

Amount of air that can be drawn in with a deep breath and expelled. *maximum volume of air lungs can draw in & expel—begin to diminish at age 40 & may drop by 40% by age 70

Define Menopause. What are its symptoms & treatments?

Cessation of menstruation & of ability to bear children. When a woman permanently stops ovulating, menstruating, & can no longer conceive a child; generally considered to have occurred one year after last menstrual period. *most experience it b/w 45-55 *begin w/ a process called Menopausal transition Symptoms of Menopause & Aging: *Hot flashes, night sweats *Vaginal dryness, painful intercourse *Sleep disturbances *Mood disturbances (depression, anxiety, irritability) *Urinary incontinence *Cognitive disturbances (forgetfulness) *Somatic symptoms (back pain, tiredness, stiff/ painful joints) *Sexual dysfunction Treated: Short-term, low-dose administration of artificial estrogen, antidepressant drugs, antihypertensive clonidine & anticonvulsive drug gabapentin treat hot flashes but result in some risks, adverse effects

Distance Learning

Courses are delivered via mail, e-mail, the Internet, or other technological means *more than 1 in 4 students will take an online course at some point in their college career

Ego-Control

Self-control & self-regulation of impulses.

Social Clock

Set of cultural/ soceity's norms or expectations for the appropriate timing of life events, such as marriage, parenthood, entry into work, and retirement, should occur.

Substantive complexity

Degree to which a person's work requires thought and independent judgment; & a person's flexibility in coping w/ cognitive demands

Psychological maturity

Depend on achievements as discovering one's identity, becoming independent of parents, developing system of values, & forming relationships

Mammography

Diagnostic X-ray examination of the breasts. *greatest for women over 50

Spillover hypothesis

Hypothesis that there is a carryover of cognitive gains from work to leisure that explains the positive relationship b/w activities in the quality of intellectual functioning.

Onset of adulthood is marked by __ criteria.

Internal; indicators as a sense of autonomy, self-control & personal responsibility—that it is more a state of mind than a discrete event

In-house adulthood

Live-in adult children and their parents treat each other as equals

Students' Cognitive growth in college changes in response to...

(1) Curriculum offers new insights & new ways of thinking (2) other students who challenge long-held views & values (3) student culture different from the culture of society at large (4) faculty members who provide new role models

Ego-resiliency

(1) Dynamic capacity to modify one's level of ego-control in response to environmental & contextual influences. (2) Ability to adapt flexibly & resourcefully to potential sources of stress.

Define Diabetes. What is the common type?

(1) One of most common diseases of childhood. Characterized by high levels of glucose in blood a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both. (2) Disease which body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone that converts sugar, starches, & other foods into energy needed for daily life. 1. T2 diabetes (common type)- mature onset diabetes develops after age 30 & becomes more prevalent w/ age; diabetes glucose levels rise b/c cells lose ability to use the insulin the body produces 2. T1 juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent, diabetes, lvl of blood sugar rises b/c body doesn't produce enough insulin

Stress

(1) Physical or psychological demands on a person or organism. (2) Response to physical or psychological demands. *People early in middle age tend to experience higher lvls of stress & more frequent stress than other age groups -come from role changes, career transitions, grown children leaving home, & the renegotiation of family relationships Gender's response to stress: *Women: tend & befriend; nurturant activities promote safety, & reliance on social networks to exchange resources and responsibilities *Men: fight or flight activated in part by testosterone

Normative-stage models

(1) Theoretical models that describe psychosocial development in terms of a definite sequence of age-related changes. (2) Theoretical approaches hold that adults follow a basic sequence of age-related psychosocial changes. *what is normative depends on expectations about timing of life events in particular cultural group.* *supports idea development is continuous throughout life span. People continue to change & develop throughout their entire lives. Q: Does personality change in typical ways @ certain periods throughout life course? MU: In-depth interviews, biographical materials C/S: Changes have to do w/ personal goals, work, & relationships

What are the 4 key factors to successfully transition from school to work?

(1) competence (in general & at work) (2) personal characteristics such as initiative, flexibility, purposefulness, & a sense of urgency (3) positive personal relationships (4) links b/w schooling & employment

What are 5 ways to decrease one's calories intake?

(1) use smaller plates (2) use tall, skinny glasses (3) use small rather than large serving utensils (4) buy food in smaller packages, or put snacks in plastic baggies rather than eating from bag (5) keep snacks in the cupboard rather than out on plates or easily accessible.

Postformal thought

*Combines logic w/ emotion & practical experience in resolution of ambiguous problems.* Mature type of thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well as logic and allows room for ambiguity, uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection, and compromise. *characteristic is its flexibility & relativistic (acknowledges more than one valid way of viewing an issue & world is made up of shades of gray. *Allows adults to transcend a single logical system [established political system & ideology] & reconcile or choose among conflicting ideas; develops response to events/ interactions open up unaccustomed ways of looking at things & challenge a simple, polarized view of the world) *draws on intuition & emotion as well as logic to help people cope w/ situations such as social dilemmas, which are often less clearly structured & are fraught w/ emotion

Why might young adults stay single?

*Have not found the right mate; others are single by choice. *More women today are self-supporting, & there is less social pressure to marry. Many single adults postponing marriage & children due to economic instability or out of a desire for self-fulfillment. *Some enjoy sexual freedom, find lifestyle exciting, OR like being alone. And some postpone or avoid marriage b/c fear it will end in divorce.

moratorium status

*a self-conscious crisis that ideally leads to a resolution & identity achievement status* a category of identity status in which the individual is in the phase of experimentation regard to occupational, ideological choices & has not yet made a clear commitment to them

Costa & McCrae's Five Factor model:

*each personality trait has a cluster (# of facets)* 1. Openness: open to experience are willing to try new things and embrace new ideas. *Imaginative/practical *Interested in variety/ routine *Independent/conforming 2. Conscientiousness: are achievers, competent, orderly, dutiful, deliberate, & disciplined *organized/disorganized *careful/ careless *disciplined/impulsive 3. Extraversion: 6 facets: warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, & positive emotions *sociable/ retiring *fun-loving/somber *affectionate/ reserved 4. Agreeableness: are achievers: they are competent, orderly, dutiful, deliberate, and disciplined *Softhearted/ ruthless *trusting/ suspicious *helpful/ uncooperative 5. Neuroticism (emotional stability): 6 factors: anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, & vulnerability. *calm/anxious *secure/ insecure *self-satisfied/ self-pitying -associated w/ serious illness and reduced longevity

What are the negative impacts from a divorce?

*men can have negative effects on physical or mental health or both (Wu & Hart, *Women more likely experience a sharp reduction in economic resources & living standards after separation/divorce; however, women in unhappy marriages benefit more from dissolution of relationship than men in unhappy marriages

How do new parents cope with their multiple roles (partner, parent, & employee) and relationships?

*new parents may cut back on working hours, refuse overtime, or turn down jobs that require excessive travel to increase family time & reduce stress *a couple may make a trade-off, trading a career for a job, or trading off whose work takes precedence depending on shifts in career opportunities & family responsibilities.

What positivity/negatively contribute to marital happiness?

+: Increased economic resources, equal decision making, nontraditional gender attitudes, and support for the norm of lifelong marriage; marital happiness was -: premarital cohabitation, extramarital affairs, wives' job demands, & wives' longer working hours. Increases in husbands' share of housework appeared to lower marital satisfaction among husbands but improved it among wives *Women place more importance on emotional expressiveness *Men's efforts to express positive emotion to their wives, pay attention to dynamics of relationship, & set aside time for activities focused on building relationship are important to women's perceptions of marital quality

HT's presumed benefits & suspected risks:

+: When started at menopause & continued @ least 5 yrs, can prevent/ stop bone loss after menopause, prevent hip and other bone fractures. However, bone loss resumes within 3 yrs when HT stops -: Risks of breast cancer, heart attack, stroke, heightened risk of ovarian cancer, gallbladder disease & blood clots exceeded benefits; doesn't improve cognition or prevent cognitive impairment after age 65, but increases risk of dementia or cognitive decline

K. Warner Schaie's life-span model of cognitive development in 7 stages:

1. Acquisitive stage (childhood & adolescence)- Children & adolescents acquire info & skills for their own sake or as preparation for participation in society. ex: a child might read about dinosaurs out of pure interest in topic. 2. Achieving stage (late teens or early 20s-early 30s)- Young adults no longer acquire knowledge merely for its own sake; they use what they know to pursue goals, such as career & family. ex: a young adult might take a college class as preparation for a career in a particular area. 3. Responsible stage (late 30s-early 60s)- Middle-aged people use their minds to solve practical problems associated w/ responsibilities to others, such as family members or employees. ex: an adult might figure out a more efficient way to complete a task at work. 4. Executive stage (30s or 40s through middle age)- People in the executive stage are responsible for societal systems (such as governmental or business organizations) or social movements. They deal w/ complex relationships on multiple lvls. ex: an adult might mediate a disagreement b/w 2 coworkers so office runs more smoothly. 5. Reorganizational stage (end of middle age, beginning of late adulthood)- People who enter retirement reorganize their lives & intellectual energies around meaningful pursuits that take the place of paid work. ex: a retired adult might decide to volunteer at a local botanical garden. 6. Reintegrative stage (late adulthood)- Older adults may be experiencing biological, cognitive changes & tend to be more selective about what tasks they expend effort on. Focus on the purpose of what they do & concentrate on tasks that have most meaning for them. ex: a person feeling effects of age on her joints might decide to take a daily walk rather than a run for health. 7. Legacy-creating stage (advanced old age)- Near end of life, once reintegration has been completed (or along w/ it), older people may create instructions for disposition of prized possessions, make funeral arrangements, provide oral histories, or write their life stories as a legacy for their loved ones. ex: An older adult might complete an advance directive & distribute it to his children.

3 stage Recentering process which power, responsibility, & decision making shift from family of origin-> independent young adult:

1. Beginning of emerging adulthood- individual is still embedded in family of origin, but expectations for self-reliance & self-directedness begin to increase. ex: a young adult might still live at home & attend high school but would be expected to schedule & monitor his own activities during nonschool hours. 2. During emerging adulthood- individual remains connected to but no longer embedded within the family of origin. Temporary, exploratory involvements in a variety of college courses, jobs, & intimate partners mark this stage. Toward its end, individual is moving toward serious commitments & gaining resources to support them. ex: an undergraduate student might live in a college dorm but still be supported financially by her parents as she attends school. 3. Usually by age 30, individual moves into young adulthood- marked by independence from family of origin (while retaining close ties to it), commitment to a career, a partner, & possibly children. A young adult might be settling into a career or marriage & live independently but still remain close to his/her parents & family of origin

What are the 3 types of depressions?

1. Depressive mood- an extended period of sadness 2. Depressive syndrome- an extended period of sadness along w/ a variety of other symptoms (crying & feelings of worthlessness/ hopelessness) 3. Major depressive disorder- most serious & requires medical intervention; symptoms include depressed or irritable moods every day, show reduced interest in enjoyment of previously pleasurable activities, often either gain/lose significant amounts of weight, have difficulties sleeping too little/much, often show a variety of cognitive biases & maladaptive recurrent thoughts

Two types of coping that deals with stress

1. Emotional-focused coping: attempts to manage emotions associated w/ experiencing a particular event by such tactics as refusing to think about an issue or reframing the event in a positive light. 2. Problem-focused coping: addressing an issue head-on & developing action-oriented ways of managing & changing a bad situation *College-aged women are also more likely to use emotion-focused strategies, experienced higher lvls of stress than college-aged men.

Horn & Cattell proposed 2 types of intelligence:

1. Fluid Intelligence 2. Crystallized Intelligence

4 Changes in Human Reproductive Systems during Middle Ages:

1. Hormonal Change Female: Drop in estrogen & progesterone Male: Drop in testosterone 2. Symptoms F: Hot flashes, vaginal dryness, urinary dysfunction M: Undetermined 3. Sexual Changes F: Less intense arousal frequent & quicker orgasms M: Loss psychological arousal, less frequent erections, slower orgasms, longer recovery b/w ejaculations, increased risk of erectile dysfunction 4. Reproductive Capacity F: Ends M: Continues; some decrease in fertility occurs

6 types of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):

1. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)- where women receive fertility drugs to increase production of ova. Ova surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, & implanted in the woman's uterus. B/c several embryos typically transferred to uterus to increase chances of pregnancy, procedure increases likelihood of multiple, usually premature, births *uses technique intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) *Most common method (99%) 2. In Virto Maturation (IVM)- performed when egg follicles developing. Harvesting a large # of follicles before ovulation then allowing them to mature in laboratory can make hormone injections unnecessary & diminish the likelihood of multiple births 3. Artificial Insemination- injection of sperm into a woman's vagina, cervix, or uterus—can be used to facilitate conception if a man has a low sperm count. If the man is infertile, a couple may choose artificial insemination by a donor (AID). 4. Ovum Transfer- A fertile younger woman is fertilized in the laboratory or via artificial insemination in donor & implanted in prospective mother's uterus. IVF using donor eggs tends to be highly successful 5. Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) & Zygote Intrafallopain Transfer (ZIFT)- Either the egg & sperm or the fertilized egg are inserted in fallopian tube 6. Surrogate Motherhood- a fertile woman is impregnated by prospective father, usually by artificial insemination. She agrees to carry the baby to term & give it to father & his partner *AAP committee recommends a prebirth agreement on period of time which surrogate may assert parental rights.

What are the 8 patterns of loving in b/w the triangular theory of love elements?

1. Nonlove- *All three components of love—intimacy, passion, & commitment—are absent.* This describes most interpersonal relationships, which are simply casual interactions. 2. Liking- *Intimacy is the only component present.* There is closeness, understanding, emotional support, affection, bondedness, and warmth. Neither passion nor commitment is present. 3. Infatuation- *Passion is the only component present.* "love at first sight," a strong physical attraction & sexual arousal, w/o intimacy or commitment. Can flare up suddenly & die just as fast—or, given certain circumstances, can sometimes last for a long time. 4. Empty love- *Commitment is the only component present.* Often found in long-term relationships that have lost both intimacy & passion, or in arranged marriages. 5. Romantic love- *Intimacy & passion are both present.* Romantic lovers are drawn to each other physically & bonded emotionally. They are not, however, committed to each other. 6. Companionate love- *Intimacy & commitment both present.* A long-term, committed friendship, often occurring in marriages which physical attraction has died down but partners feel close to each other & have made decision to stay together. 7. Fatuous love- *Passion & commitment are present w/o intimacy.* Kind of love leads to a whirlwind courtship, which a couple make a commitment on basis of passion w/o allowing themselves time to develop intimacy. Usually does not last, despite the initial intent to commit. 8. Consummate love- *All 3 components present in "complete" love, which many people strive for, especially in romantic relationships.* Is easier to achieve it than to hold on to it. Either partner may change what he/she wants from relationship. If other partner changes, too, relationship may endure in a different form. If other partner does not change, relationship may dissolve.

Giligan's 3 Levels of Moral Development in Women (+ 2 transitions b/w each lvls):

1. Orientation of Individual survival- woman concentrates on herself—on what is practical & best for her. T1. From selflshness to responsibility- woman realizes her connection to others & thinks about the responsible choice would be in terms of other people (including her unborn baby), as well as herself. 2. Goodness as self-sacrifice- conventional feminine wisdom dictates sacrificing woman's own wishes to what other people want—& will think of her. Considers herself responsible for actions of others, while holding others responsible for her own choices. She is in a dependent position, one in which her indirect efforts to exert control often turn into manipulation, sometimes through the use of guilt. T2. Woman assesses her decisions not on basis of how others will react to them but on her intentions & consequences of her actions. She develops new judgment takes into account her own needs, along w/ others. Wants to be "good" by being responsible to others, but also wants to be "honest" by being responsible to herself. Survival returns as a major concern. 3. Morality of nonviolence- By elevating injunction against hurting anyone (including herself) to a principle that governs all moral judgment & action, woman establishes a "moral equality" b/w herself & others is then able to assume responsibility for choice in moral dilemmas

2 types of vision problem due to aging:

1. Presbyopia- Age-related, progressive loss of the eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity in the lens. 2. Myopia- Nearsightedness increases throughout middle age

What other 2 senses declined in middle age?

1. Sensitivity to taste and smell generally begins to decline *taste buds become less sensitive and the number of olfactory cells diminishes, foods may seem more bland 2. Strength and coordination decline gradually due to loss of muscle fiber replaced by fat

What are the 3 violence types of IPV?

1. Situational couple- physical confrontations develop in heat of an argument. In context of marriage, may reflect poor marital adjustment or acute stress. It may be initiated by either partner & unlikely to escalate in severity; often related to use of drugs/alcohol 2. Emotional abuse- insults and intimidation, may occur either w/ or w/o physical violence 3. Intimate terrorism (most serious violence type)- systematic use of emotional abuse, coercion, threats & violence to gain/enforce power or control over a partner. More frequent & more severe as time goes on. Underlying control-seeking motivation *Victims of intimate terrorism are most likely to be female experience physical injuries, time lost from work, poor health, & psychological distress

What are the 2 interrelated aspects of social environment that promote health?

1. Social integration: an active engagement in a broad range of social relationships, activities, & roles (spouse, parent, neighbor, friend, colleague, and the like). *associated w/ lower mortality rates, survive heart attacks & less likely anxious or depressed than people w/ more limited social networks & roles 2. Social Support: refers to material, informational, and psychological resources derived from the social network, on which a person can rely for help in coping with stress. *people w/ good, healthy social relationships enjoy better health

6 Tests of Primary Mental Abilities Given in K. Warner Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study of Adult Intelligence:

1. Verbal meaning- Recognition & understanding of words *tasked to find synonym by matching stimulus word w/ another word from multiple-choice list; CRYSTALLIZED 2. Word Fluency- Retrieving words from long-term memory *tasked to think of many words beginning w/ a given letter in a set time period; part CRYSTALLIZED & part FLUID 3. Number- Performing computations *tasked to do simple addition problems; CRYSTALLIZED 4. Spatial orientation- Manipulating objects mentally in 2-dimensional space *tasked to select rotated ex. of figure to match stimulus figure; FLUID 5. Inductive reasoning- Identifying patterns & inferring principles & rules for solving logical problems *tasked to complete a letter series; FLUID 6. Perceptual speed- Making quick, accurate discriminations b/w visual stimuli *tasked to identify matching & nonmatching images flashed on a computer screen; FLUID

Identify 3 personality types of ego:

1. ego-resiliency- well-adjusted: self-confident, independent, articulate, attentive, helpful, cooperative, and task-focused. * interacts with ego control to determine whether or not behavior is adaptive or maladaptive 2. overcontrolled- shy, quiet, anxious, dependable; they tend keep their thoughts to themselves & withdraw from conflict, most subject to depression ex: overcontrol can help make a person highly focused & planful, or it can lead to an inflexible & inhibited style of behavior. 3. undercontrolled- active, energetic, impulsive, stubborn, and easily distracted ex: underrcontrol can lead to creativity & resourcefulness or, if it is excessive, to externalizing and antisocial behaviors

What are the 3 differences between gay/lesbian couples & heterosexual couples?

1. gay/lesbian couples more likely negotiate household chores to achieve a balance that works for them & accommodates interests, skills, & schedules of both partners. 2. gay/lesbian couples tend to resolve conflicts in a more positive atmosphere. 3. gay & lesbian relationships tend to be less stable than heterosexual relationships, mainly due to the lack of institutional supports. However, they may compensate this w/ friends, social groups, & organizations friendly to the lesbian-gay-bisexual community

Why is there an decline in divorce rate?

1. higher educational levels as well as the later age of first marriages, both of which are associated with marital stability 2. Rise in cohabitation, which, if it ends, does not end in divorce 3. Teenagers, high school dropouts, & nonreligious persons have higher divorce rates

Why would a divorce occur?

1. incompatibility & lack of emotional support 2. younger women, included lack of career support. 3. Spousal abuse suggesting that intimate partner violence may be more frequent than is generally realized

What are the 5 areas of age-related visual problems?

1. near vision 2. dynamic vision (reading moving signs) 3. sensitivity to light 4. visual search (locating a car in a parking lot) 5. speed of processing visual information

What determines a person reaching their legal adulthood?

@ age 18, young people can vote & can marry w/o their parents' permission; 18-21 age (depending on state), they enter to binding contracts *Sociological define: May be considered adults when they are self-supporting/ chosen a career, married/ formed a significant romantic partnership, or started a family.

crystallized intelligence

Ability to remember & use learned information acquired over a lifetime; it is largely dependent on education & culture. (It's fixed like a structure of ice) *measured by tests of vocabulary, general info, & responses to social situations & dilemmas *ex: finding a synonym for a word or solving a math problem *gradually improved through middle age til end of life

Define Presbycusis. What causes it, and how can it be treated?

Age-related, gradual loss of hearing, which accelerates after age 55, especially with regard to sounds at higher frequencies. Thus is less disruptive than it otherwise might be. *rarely noticed earlier in life, but generally speeds up & becomes noticeable in 50s *Hearing loss proceeds twice quickly in men as in women *Cause: environmental noises- continuous, sudden exposure to noise at work, at loud concerts, through earphones *Preventable increase in hearing loss @ age 45-64, environmental noise can be avoided by wearing hearing protectors (earplugs/special earmuffs)

Middle Adulthood

Ages 40-65 *middle years marked by growing individual differences & a multiplicity of life paths; a time not just of decline & loss but of mastery, competence, growth* *definition is arbitrary b/c there's no consensus when middle age begins & ends or on specific biological or social events that mark its boundaries. *With improvements in health & length of life, subjective upper limits of middle age are rising

Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development

Believed women's central dilemma was conflict b/w their needs & needs of others rather than principles of abstract justice & fairness delineated by Kohlberg. *Key feature was not particular decision each woman made, but the reasoning behind that decision. *women saw morality in terms of selfishness vs. responsibility, generally understood as an obligation to exercise care & avoid hurting others. *Gilligan concluded women more concerned w/ their responsibilities to others than about independently derived abstract ideals Higher moral priorities: justice & rights OR compassion & responsilbility

Define Alcoholism. Why is the condition occurring & what are the treatments for it?

Chronic disease involving dependence on use of alcohol, causing interference with normal functioning and fulfillment of obligations. *8.5% of U.S. adult population *heritability of a tendency to alcoholism is 50-60% *Exposure to addictive substance creates a euphoric mental state accompanied by neurological changes that produce feelings of discomfort & craving when it is no longer present (physical withdraw symptoms: anxiety, agitation, tremors, elevated blood pressure, & sometimes seizures) Treatment: detoxification (removing all alcohol from the body), hospitalization, medication, individual & group psychotherapy, and referral to a support organization; not a cure but give alcoholics new tools to cope w/ their addiction & lead productive lives.

Define Hypertension. What risks lead to it?

Chronically high blood pressure. *important concern from midlife on as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease & kidney disease *41% adults aged 55-64 suffer this condition *People who consume more vegetable protein tend to have lower blood pressure Risk factors: Impatience & hostility increase long-term risk of developing hypertension Lower risks: Through blood pressure screening, a low-salt diet, & medication.

Define Osteoporosis. What are its' signs & how can it be delayed?

Condition which bones become thin & brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion. *Common signs: marked loss in height & hunchbacked posture results from compression & collapse of weakened spinal column *major cause of broken bones in old age & affect quality of life & even survival *Risk factors: age, smoking, lack of exercise; seems to have a genetic basis *Delayed: proper nutrition, weight-bearing exercise, and avoidance of smoking; High-intensity strength training & resistance training have proven particularly effective

Risky drinking

Consuming more than 14 drinks a week or 4 drinks on any single day for men, and more than 7 drinks a week or 3 drinks on any single day for women. *Approximately 3/10 people are risky drinkers, at risk for alcoholism, liver disease, physical, mental, & social problems

Define Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). What are the symptoms, causes, and treatment for it?

Disorder producing symptoms of physical discomfort & emotional tension for up to 2 wks before a menstrual period. *85% of menstruating women may have some symptoms, only 5-10% warrant a diagnosis of PMS *Not the same thing as cramps Symptoms: fatigue, headaches, swelling & tenderness of breasts, swollen hands/feet, abdominal bloating, nausea, cramps, constipation, food cravings, weight gain, anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings, tearfulness, & difficulty concentrating or remembering Cause: a response to normal monthly surges of the female hormones estrogen & progesterone as well as levels of the male hormone testosterone & of serotonin, a brain chemical; Smoking increase risk Treatment: symptoms sometime minimized through aerobic exercise, eating frequent small meals, a diet high in complex carbohydrates, low in salt and caffeine, & regular sleep routines. Calcium, magnesium, & vitamin E supplements may help. Medications may relieve a diuretic for bloating & weight gain

What is K. Warner Schaie's life-span model of cogntive development?

Revolve what motivate cognition @ various stages of life; shift from acquisition of info & skills (what I need I need to know) to practical integration of knowledge & skills (how to use what I know) to search meaning & purpose (why I should know). *suggests intelligence looks different depending on stage of life of the person. *traditional psychometric tests, use same kinds of tasks to measure intelligence at all periods of life, may be inappropriate. ex: tests developed to measure knowledge & skills in children may not be suitable for measuring cognitive competence in adults, who use knowledge & skills to solve practical problems & achieve self-chosen goals. *Also, not everyone goes through the stages within the suggested time frame.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

Salovey and Mayer's term for the ability to understand & regulate emotions; an important component of effective, intelligent behavior. *refers to 4 related skills: abilities to perceive, use, understand, and manage, or regulate, emotions—our own and those of others—so as to achieve goals. *enables a person to harness emotions to deal more effectively w/ social environment. *Requires awareness of the type of behavior that is appropriate in a given social situation.

Why marriage is considered the best way to fulfill a marital & familial relationship?

Ensure protection & raising children. Allows a division of labor & a sharing of material goods. Ideally, offers intimacy, commitment, friendship, affection, sexual fulfillment, companionship, & an opportunity for emotional growth, as well as new sources of identity and self-esteem

intimacy versus isolation

Erikson's 6th stage of psychosocial development, which young adults either form strong, long-lasting bonds w/ friends & romantic partners or face a possible sense of isolation & self-absorption. *believed young people who develop a strong sense of self during adolescence are in a better position, in early adulthood, to fuse their identity w/ another; knowing who you are & what you want makes it more likely you will end up with a compatible partner who fulfills your needs. *if adults cannot make deep personal commitments to others, they risk becoming overly isolated & self-absorbed. *Intimate relationships demand sacrifice & compromise. As young adults work to resolve conflicting demands for intimacy & competitiveness, they develop an ethical sense

Fictive Kin

Friends who are considered & behave like family members despite a lack of blood relationship. ex: often develop for gay & lesbian people who have straight friends of opposite sex, particularly if those friends are unmarried or have an unconventional lifestyle

What are the benefits for being physically active? Centers for Disease Control & American College of Sports Medicine recommended how many min of aerobic exercise and days in strengthening activities?

Help maintain desirable body weight, builds muscles; strengthens heart & lungs; lowers blood pressure; protects against heart disease, stroke, diabetes, several cancers, & osteoporosis (a thinning of the bones prevalent in middle-aged & older women); relieves anxiety & depression, lengthens life 75-150 min of aerobic exercise (depend on intensity lvls); 2 days/ week of muscle strengthening activities

Encapsulation & what is 1 term related to its' process?

In Hoyer's terminology, process allows expertise to compensate for declines in information-processing ability by bundling relevant knowledge together; where bundles of linked information work together when area of expertise is needed *Specialized knowledge/ expertise (form of crystallized intelligence)- mature adults show increasing competence in solving problems in their chosen fields

Normative life events (normative age-graded events)

In the timing-of-events model, commonly expected life experiences that occur at customary times. ex: marriage, parenthood, grandparenthood, & retirement

Erectile dysfunction

Inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erect penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. *39% age 40 & 67% age 70 experience ED *Causes: diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, kidney failure, depression, neurological disorders, alcohol & drug use, smoking, poor sexual techniques, lack of knowledge, unsatisfying relationships, anxiety, & stress contributing factors

Define Infertility. What causes (specify both gender) the condition and its' treatment?

Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of sexual intercourse without the use of birth control. *Can burden a relationship emotionally, only when infertility leads to permanent, involuntary childlessness is it associated w/ long-term psychological distress *Women's fertility decline in late 20s, w/ substantial decreases during 30s. By 40s, many women unable become pregnant w/o use of artificial reproduction technologies (ART) & vitro fertilization -failure produce ova; mucus in cervix prevent sperm from penetrating it; or a disease of uterine lining prevent implantation of fertilized ovum; deterioration in ova's quality MAJOR CAUSE & COMMON CAUSE blockage of fallopian tubes prevent ova from reaching uterus. *Men's fertility less affected by age but declines significantly by late 30s -production too few sperm, ejaculatory duct may be blocked, sperm unable swim well to reach cervix may be caused by genetic basis *Can be caused by modifiable environmental factors: overweight, smoking, psychological stress, high levels of caffeine & alcohol consumption, and exposure to environmental pollutants Treatment: hormone treatment, drug therapy, or surgery. -fertility drugs increase likelihood of multiple, high-risk births & Men undergo fertility treatment increased risk of producing sperm w/ chromosomal abnormalities

What causes obesity to become epidemic?

Increase in snacking, availability of inexpensive fast foods, supersized portions, high-fat diets, labor-saving technologies including highly processed foods, & sedentary recreational pursuits (television & computers)

fluid intelligence

Intelligence applied to novel problems & is relatively independent of educational & cultural influences (Involves perceiving relations, forming concepts, & drawing inferences.) *Problems require little or no previous knowledge, such as realizing that a hanger can be used to fix a leaky toilet, or discovering the pattern in a sequence of figures. *peak in young adulthood 20s; true for perceptual speed *Working memory capacity also declines w/ age. Don't cause functional impairment & regular exercise can slow this process

Stressors

Perceived environmental demands that may produce stress. *exceed a person's capacity to cope w/ them. Body's capacity to adapt stress involves brain, perceives danger (either real or imagined); adrenal glands, mobilize body to fight it; & immune system, which provides defenses *Middle age- posing financial risk or involving children exist at high lvls

Perimenopause (climacteric)

Period of several years during which a woman experiences physiological changes of menopause; includes first year after end of menstruation *menstruation less regular, w/ less flow & longer time b/w menstrual periods *begins in mid-30s to mid-40s; can take 3-5 yrs

Recentering

Process that underlies the shift to an adult identity; the primary task of emerging adulthood.

Emerging adulthood

Proposed transitional period b/w adolescence & adulthood commonly found in industrialized countries. *late teens through mid-late 20s become a distinct period of life *young adults can figure out who they are & what they want to be; have not yet settled into adult roles; most young people have a positive view of their future & look forward to their adult lives

Tacit knowledge

Sternberg's term for information that is not formally taught but is necessary to get ahead. *may include self-management (knowing how to motivate oneself, organize time & energy), management of tasks (knowing how to write a term paper or grant proposal), & management of others (knowing when and how to reward or criticize subordinates) *"inside information," "know-how," or "savvy" that's not formally taught or openly expressed. *commonsense knowledge of how to get ahead & isn't well correlated w/ measures of general cognitive ability, but it may be a better predictor of managerial success

What is the triangular theory of love & its' 3 elements?

Sternberg's theory that patterns of love hinge on the balance among 3 elements: 1. Intimacy (emotional)- involves self-disclosure, which leads to connection, warmth, & trust. ex: new lovers might share stories of their childhood or their hopes for the future. 2. Passion (motivational)- based on inner drives that translate physiological arousal into sexual desire; include feelings of sexual attraction, intrusive thoughts of the romantic partner, or sexual activity itself. 3. Commitment (cognitive)- decision to love & stay w/ beloved. ex: commitment might include a decision to make the relationship exclusive or to marry.

triarchic theory of intelligence (what 3 types of intelligence and what 3 elements is it comprised of?)

Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, & practical Comprised of componential, experiential (how insightful & creative person is), & contextual knowledge (practical aspect of intelligence)

Gap year

Take a year off from formal education or the workplace to gain new skills, do volunteer work, travel, or study abroad

Typological approach

Theoretical approach that identifies broad personality types, or styles. Q: Can basic personality types be identified, & how well do they predict life course MU: Interviews, clinical judgements, Q-sorts, behavior ratings, self-reports C/S: Personality types tend to show continuity from childhood through adulthood, but certain events can change life course

Timing of events model

Theoretical model of personality development that describes adult psychosocial development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence and timing of important life events. Q: When do important life evenets typically occur? What if they occur earlier or later than usual? MU: Statistical studies, interviews, questionnaires C/S: Stability? Can cause stress & affect personality development

What is the Five-factor model?

Theoretical model of personality, developed and tested by Costa and McCrae, based on the "Big Five" factors underlying clusters of related personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness.

Trait Models

Theoretical models of personality development that focus on mental, emotional, temperamental, and behavioral traits, or attributes. Where people describe themselves from a list of adjectives (shy, outgoing, friendly, neurotic, honest, hardworking). Q: Do personality traits fall into groups, or clusters of traits change w/ age? MU: Personality inventories, questionnaires, factor analysis C/S: Personality changes substantially until age 30, more slowly thereafter

Hormone therapy (HT)

Treatment with artificial estrogen, sometimes in combination w/ hormone progesterone, to relieve or prevent symptoms caused by decline in estrogen lvls after menopause. *Estrogen taken alone increases risk of uterine cancer, women whose uterus not been surgically removed are usually given estrogen in combination w/ progestin, a form of the female hormone progesterone.

Reflective Thinking

Type of logical thinking that becomes more prominent in adulthood, involving continuous, active evaluation of information & beliefs in light of evidence & implications. *Continually question supposed facts, draw inferences, & make connections. Frequently & spontaneously engage in critical thinking.* *Create complex intellectual systems that reconcile apparently conflicting ideas or considerations (ex: putting together various theories of human development into a single overarching theory that explains many different kinds of behavior ) *defined by John Dewey as "active, persistent, & careful consideration" of information/ beliefs in evidence that supports them & conclusions

How do middle age people adjust to their vision problem?

Use brighter lighting to see well; need about 1/3 more brightness to compensate loss of light reaching retina; Reading glasses, bifocals, & trifocals used to aid eye in focusing on objects.

Basal Metabolism (BMR)

Use of energy to maintain vital functions. Minimum amount of energy, measured in calories, that your body needs to maintain vital functions while resting. *amount of energy needed to maintain body goes down, particularly after age 40 ex: older people often put on weight later in life despite no change in eating/ exercise habits' partly result loss of endurance. *Often-used skills more resistant to effects of aging than those used less & athletes often show a smaller-than-average loss in endurance

Commitment within relativism

When a young adult is able to make his or her own judgments and to choose his or her own beliefs & values despite uncertainty & the recognition of other valid possibilities.

Aging brain is described in 2 ways:

Working more slowly & having difficulty juggling multiple tasks (affects many different areas—from understanding complex language to driving a car skillfully to learning new skills) *Myelin, fatty sheath lines nerve axons & helps impulses move more quickly through brain, begins to break down *Atrophy in left insula, an area of brain associated w/ speech production, frequently experience tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon (person knows he knows a word, & can often even specify how many syllables it contains, but cannot access word)

What are the risks of obesity?

can lead to depression, carries risks of high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, gallstones, arthritis, other muscular & skeletal disorders, some cancers, diminishes quality & length of life

What are the 4 concerns related to sexual & reproductive?

disorders related to 1. menstruation 2. sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs)- illnesses transmitted through sex. B/c people can carry infections for years w/o displaying signs of active disease result in STIs term. 3. infertility

Individuals paths to adulthood are influenced by what factors?

gender, academic ability, early attitudes toward education, race & ethnicity, expectations in late adolescence, & social class

Health are influenced by...

genes, environmental factors can result in epigenetic changes in genes expression, & behavioral factors (what adults eat, get enough sleep, physically active, smoke, drink, use drugs)

Dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation or cramps affect younger women whereas PMS typical for women in 30s+. *affect 90% women & 15% experience severe symtoms Caused by contractions of the uterus, set in motion by prostaglandin, a hormone-like substance Treated w/ prostaglandin inhibitors (ibuprofen)

Emerging adults still need..... to enhance their chances of success in their adult roles

parental acceptance, empathy, and support, and attachment to the parents remains a key ingredient of well-being. Financial support from parents, especially for education

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 3 stages:

preconventional, conventional, postconventional; (proposed an additional seventh state of moral reasoning. He believed it was possible for people to achieve "a sense of unity with the cosmos, nature or God," which enabled them to see moral issues from "the standpoint of the universe as a whole") *believed people became capable of fully principled moral reasoning & made moral decisions on basis of universal principles of justice; argued most people did not reach this lvl until their 20s *personal experiences affect likelihood of engaging in certain types of moral reasoning

intimate relationship require...

self-awareness; empathy; the ability to communicate emotions, resolve conflicts, and sustain commitments; and, if the relationship is potentially a sexual one, sexual decision making. *Skills are pivotal as young adults decide whether to marry or form intimate partnerships & to have or not to have children

Smoking strongly associated with..

socioeconomic level, adults w/ less than a high school education are 3 times more likely to be smokers than those w/ a bachelor's degree or higher *emerging adults more likely smoke than any other age groups (40% 21-25 yrs old use cigarettes)

Friendships in young adulthood

tend to center on work & parenting activities, sharing confidences, advice, fulfill their social needs more than young married adults or young parents do *over course of young adulthood # of friends & amount of time spent w/ them gradually decreases, presumably as leisure time decreases & responsibility to others increases. *Women typically have more intimate friendships than men do; are more likely to share confidences with friends to talk about marital problems, receive advice & support *Men more likely to share information & activities

Ego Development

the fundamental changes in the ways our thoughts, values, morals, and goals are organized. Transitions from one stage to another depend on both internal biological changes and external social changes to which the person must adapt *a combination of ability to understand oneself and one's world*

A college student trying to complete college may depend on...

motivation, academic aptitude & preparation, ability to work independently, but on social integration & social support: *employment opportunities, financial support, suitability of living arrangements, quality of social and academic interactions, & fit b/w what college offers & what student wants & needs. *Intervention programs for at-risk students have improved college attendance rates by creating meaningful bonds b/w students & teachers, finding opportunities for students to work while in college, providing academic assistance, & helping students see how college can move them toward a better future

What are the 4 approaches to adult psychosocial development?

normative-stage models, the timing-of-events model, trait models, and typological models These four approaches ask different questions about adult personality, look at different aspects of its development, and often use different methods

Intimate partner violence (IPV) AKA Domestic Violence

physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment of a spouse, a former spouse, or an intimate partner.