Unit 4- Chapter 19 Physiology

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters.

Urine is carried to the external environment by the

urethra.

After it is formed, urine is temporarily stored in the

urinary bladder

The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of

urobilinogen

All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate EXCEPT

urobilinogen erythrocytes*** potassium glucose

Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydraulic pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a fluid pressure in the Bowman's capsule of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?

24 mm Hg

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

25 mm Hg

Which of the following correctly indicates the direction of the different forces causing filtration in the renal corpuscle (of fluid flow into or out of Bowman's capsule from the glomerular capillaries)?

Blood hydrostatic pressure - (out), blood colloid osmotic pressure - (in), hydrostatic fluid pressure of the Bowman's capsule - (in)

A glomerulus is

a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule.

In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood

movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen

filtration

The amount of filtrate entering the proximal tubules of the kidneys each minute is the ________ rate.

glomerular filtration

Glomerular filtration rate is determined by the net filtration pressure and the filtration coefficient. Which two factors determine the filtration coefficient?

glomerular surface area and the permeability of the filtration barrier

Where does all filtration take place in the kidneys?

glomerulus

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

net filtration would decrease

The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the

loop of Henle.

The functional unit of the kidney is the ________.

nephron

If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases,

stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow.

Neural control of GFR is mediated by ________ that innervate ________ receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing ________.

sympathetic neurons, alpha, vasoconstriction

Approximately how much plasma moves through the kidneys of an adult during a 24-hour period?

180 L

Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them. 1. afferent arteriole 2. efferent arteriole 3. glomerulus 4. peritubular capillary

1, 3, 2, 4

Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?

HCO3- Na+ OH-*** K+ Ca2+

What causes the internal urethral sphincter to open?

Increasing urine pressure due to contraction of the full bladder

Why is inulin administration an effective way of measuring renal clearance rates?

Inulin is neither secreted nor reabsorbed.

Why is the regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity so important?

It strongly influences cell volume.

Which combination of changes would increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) the most?

Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole

The force for glomerular filtration is the

blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the

distal tubule.

An obstruction in a glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the

efferent arteriole.

Which equation correctly describes the relationship between excretion, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?

excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

ions, such as sodium and potassium blood cells and large particles*** nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea water and small solutes

Urine is produced by the

kidney

Approximately what percent of the total filtered volume is excreted as urine each day?

less than 1%

The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the ________.

loop of Henle

In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are

not filtered

Which chemical can stimulate ventilation by binding both peripheral and central chemoreceptors?

plasma CO2

Which unique epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule are involved in filtration?

podocytes

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

protein

Most reabsorption of fluid from the filtrate back into the blood occurs from the ________.

proximal convoluted tubule

movement from the nephron lumen to the blood

reabsorption

The primary function of the proximal tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.

The kidneys function to produce hormones, excrete wastes, regulate blood pressure, and maintain ion balance. Which of the following is another function of the kidneys?

regulate osmolarity

Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.

regulation of extracellular fluid volume regulation of blood protein levels*** maintenance of ion balance in body fluids regulation of blood osmolarity homeostatic regulation of blood pH

The ________ branch off the ________ and supply blood to the kidneys.

renal arteries, abdominal aorta

The ________ carries blood from the kidneys back to the ________.

renal vein, inferior vena cava

Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as:

secretion

Which word means to selectively move molecules from the blood and add them to the tubule lumen?

secretion

movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen

secretion