Unit 4: Curing Cancer
Why wouldn't your see a large reaction from an enzyme being heated or cooled?
-the enzyme began to denature from heat -molecules moved slower in the cold
How many different types of chromosomes does a female have?
23 (xx)
How many different types of chromosomes does a male have?
24 (xy)
One DNA nontemplate strand has the following sequence: 3' ATA-CTT-CCT-CAT-TTT-GGA 5' ...what would the mRNA sequence be?
3' AUA-CUU-CCU-CAU-UUU-GGA 5'
How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a typical human cell?
46 chromosomes
One DNA template strand has the following sequence: 3' TTT-ATG-CGT-AAC-TGG-CCG 5'...what would the mRNA sequence be?
5' AAA-UAC-GCA-UUG-ACC-GGC 3'
Is there anything during the cell cycle that could fix a mutation or stop a cell with a mutation from dividing?
A checkpoint, apoptosis, G0, or G2
What is the start codon? What end is it on?
AUG (Met) on 5' end
How can doctors diagnose cancer?
Doctors can diagnose cancer by seeing/feeling a mass (tumor), skin bumps/moles, abnormal cell sizes, shapes, amounts, spikey projections, (dark nuclei and less cytoplasm), biopsies (under microscopes), CT scans (sometimes called CAT scans), MRIs, X Ray
What happens during S phase?
Double chromosomes/ replicates DNA for the new cells that are to be made
What external factors can cause a mutation in DNA?
Sun, smoking, genetics, and certain chemicals
How do enzymes relate to cell cycle regulators and ultimately how cancer can form?
The mutated cell cycle regulators are usually enzymes that affect the speed of reaction (heated or cooled enzyme functioned similar to mutated enzyme)
What is the main function of DNA?
To contain information necessary to carry out functions within the cell, like making proteins.
What internal factors can cause a mutation in DNA?
a checkpoint within the cell is not working properly or there is an error in the S Phase (a mistake by Helicase, Primase, DNA Polymerase, or Ligase)
What goes into an enzyme? What comes out of it?
a substrate goes into an enzyme and is broken down into products (ex: H2O2=H2O and O2)
What happens to the amino acids after they get dropped off by tRNA? What do these amino acids start to form?
amino acids bond together and form a polypeptide chain
How does an enzyme function?
an enzyme either breaks down things within the cell or speeds up chemical reactions
What is a karyotype?
an individual's collection of chromosomes
What does it mean to build a new complementary strand of DNA?
building a new strand 3' to 5' with complementary bases, phosphates, and deoxyribose sugar
What is translation?
building a protein off of mRNA
What happens during G1?
cell grows and prepares for DNA replication
What happens during G2?
cell prepares for cell division
What happens during mitosis?
cells divide
Why was there a larger reaction in the room temperature enzyme?
closest to actual enzyme temperature
What does primase do?
creates RNA primer
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
T/F Cancer can only occur in specific cells in the body
false
T/F Cancer can spread from person to person
false
T/F The risk of dying from cancer in the US is increasing
false
T/F Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body
false
T/F What someone does as a young adult has little effect on their chance of getting cancer later in life
false
How do you identify a gene in DNA?
finding 3 or more pairs of nucleotides (both sides of the strand)
What is transcription?
making mRNA from DNA
What are cell cycle regulators?
molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death
What macromolecule is DNA?
nucleic acid
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death when a cell has a mutation to prevent further mutations
What is the region on a strand of DNA that transcription will begin at?
promoter region, specifically TATA box
What are examples of cell cycle regulators?
proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene
What does ligase do?
seals up fragments in the lagging strand
What does RNA primer do?
shows DNA polymerase where to start building
How do you "translate" codons of mRNA using the Genetic Code to code for amino acids?
take the codons of mRNA and use the genetic code chart to decipher the amino acid
What is an anticodon?
the tRNA complement to the mRNA codon
How do the 2 ending DNA double strands compare to the original DNA double strand?
the two ending strands are the exact same as the original
What is the Central Dogma?
transcription and translation are considered the most important process of biology.
What proteins bind to the TATA box?
transcription proteins that show RNA polymerase where to start building
T/F Cancer can be distinguished from normal cells because of their abnormal growth
true
T/F Cancer can be effectively treated
true
T/F Cancer develops because of abnormal gene function
true
T/F Cancer is a group of over 100 diseases
true
How does DNA form a chromosome?
wrapping around histones tightly