Unit 4 MCQ

Jean-Baptiste Labat "I admit that the punishments of the slaves on Barbados for all sorts of offenses are indeed very cruel, but one must consider before condemning the [White] inhabitants that they often have no choice but to set moderation aside and use punishment as a way to intimidate their slaves. The Whites need to impress fear and respect upon their slaves in order not to one day find themselves the victims of their fury. Unless the slaves are kept in a constant state of fear of punishment, they would always be ready to revolt, to take over everything, and to commit the most horrible crimes in order to liberate themselves. The plantations on Barbados are smaller than those in the French [Caribbean] islands. This is not surprising because although the island is small, its population is very large, and land is scarce and therefore very valuable. Nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy and the houses on the plantations are even better built than those in the towns. The plantation houses are large in size, have numerous glass windows, and have fine rooms that are conveniently arranged. Nearly all plantation houses have rows of shade trees around them to keep them cool. One observes the wealth and good taste of the inhabitants in their furniture, which is very fine, and their silver, of which they have so large a quantity that if this island were to be sacked the silver utensils from the plantations alone would be worth more than the value of several Spanish galleons." Jean-Baptiste Labat, French clergyman and travel writer,account of his visit to the British Caribbean island of Barbados, 1690s Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the second paragraph? -Slave political grievances are threatening the political order in American colonial societies. -The extensive mining of precious metals on Caribbean islands has destroyed the islands' natural environment. -Barbadian plantation owners are the wealthiest social group in the Caribbean. -Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy.

Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners on Barbados are very wealthy.

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750? -Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions. -The intensification of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the development of syncretic religions. -Church authorities argued that religious diversity should be respected and protected. -Religious motivations for European exploration and colonization were secondary to economic motivations.

Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions.

Jean-Baptiste Labat "I admit that the punishments of the slaves on Barbados for all sorts of offenses are indeed very cruel, but one must consider before condemning the [White] inhabitants that they often have no choice but to set moderation aside and use punishment as a way to intimidate their slaves. The Whites need to impress fear and respect upon their slaves in order not to one day find themselves the victims of their fury. Unless the slaves are kept in a constant state of fear of punishment, they would always be ready to revolt, to take over everything, and to commit the most horrible crimes in order to liberate themselves. The plantations on Barbados are smaller than those in the French [Caribbean] islands. This is not surprising because although the island is small, its population is very large, and land is scarce and therefore very valuable. Nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy and the houses on the plantations are even better built than those in the towns. The plantation houses are large in size, have numerous glass windows, and have fine rooms that are conveniently arranged. Nearly all plantation houses have rows of shade trees around them to keep them cool. One observes the wealth and good taste of the inhabitants in their furniture, which is very fine, and their silver, of which they have so large a quantity that if this island were to be sacked the silver utensils from the plantations alone would be worth more than the value of several Spanish galleons." Jean-Baptiste Labat, French clergyman and travel writer,account of his visit to the British Caribbean island of Barbados, 1690s Which of the following is an implicit argument made by the author in the passage? -The current political and economic makeup of European colonies in the Caribbean is not sustainable over the long term. -It is incumbent upon France to try to wrest control of Barbados from Great Britain. -Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits. -Christianity will provide a solution to the social ills of colonial societies in the Caribbean.

Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits.

World Economy Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible Which of the following best supports the contentions of the world economic theory in the passage? -Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France. -The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution transformed European cultures. -Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items. -China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period.

Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items.

Bruce Masters "Muslim-Christian relations were at a low ebb when the Ottomans arrived in the Arab lands [in 1516]. The Mamluk sultans of Egypt, the previous rulers of the area, had embarked on an ideological as well as a military campaign against the various Christian communities still living in the Middle East. . . . In the aftermath of this disaster, Christianity in the Arab east was in psychological and numerical decline. Jewish communities in the region fared somewhat better than their Christian neighbors but could hardly be characterized as flourishing on the eve of the Ottoman conquest. The Jews and Christians in the region were at first probably ambivalent, if not indifferent or hostile, to the change in the dynastic succession from Mamluk to Ottoman sultans who exercised sovereignty over their lives, but their fortunes were about to improve under the new regime. The Ottoman sultans were still winning victories against European armies on the battlefield, and the presence of Christians so distant from the war zone in Central Europe must not have felt particularly threatening or indeed important (beyond the collection of their taxes) to most Ottoman officials posted in the Arab lands. In the case of the Sephardic Jews,* the Ottoman sultans welcomed them into their realm as potentially revenue-producing subjects. Most importantly, the political tradition honored by the Ottoman sultans was to grant autonomy to the various religious groups of their empire. This afforded the Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Middle East fairly wide-ranging freedoms and allowed them to recover some of the losses they had endured under the Mamluks, including the right to repair damaged churches and synagogues and, in a few cases, permission to build new ones." *Jewish communities from the Iberian Peninsula who were forced to leaveafter the Christian reconquest of what became Spain and Portugal Bruce Masters, historian, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World, book published in 2001 Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author's argument in the second paragraph of the passage? -The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders -The Ottoman practice of devshirme, a military levy of Christian boys who would be converted to Islam and trained as Ottoman Janissary soldiers or bureaucrats in state service -The Ottoman sultans' continued powers of granting final approval for any high-ranking appointment of a non-Muslim religious leader, including the power to approve patriarchs and bishops of the various Christian communities and chief rabbis of the Jewish community -The Ottoman practice of farming out the collection of taxes to local private individuals (some of them non-Muslim), because of the shortage of trained government financial officials

The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders

Bruce Masters "Muslim-Christian relations were at a low ebb when the Ottomans arrived in the Arab lands [in 1516]. The Mamluk sultans of Egypt, the previous rulers of the area, had embarked on an ideological as well as a military campaign against the various Christian communities still living in the Middle East. . . . In the aftermath of this disaster, Christianity in the Arab east was in psychological and numerical decline. Jewish communities in the region fared somewhat better than their Christian neighbors but could hardly be characterized as flourishing on the eve of the Ottoman conquest. The Jews and Christians in the region were at first probably ambivalent, if not indifferent or hostile, to the change in the dynastic succession from Mamluk to Ottoman sultans who exercised sovereignty over their lives, but their fortunes were about to improve under the new regime. The Ottoman sultans were still winning victories against European armies on the battlefield, and the presence of Christians so distant from the war zone in Central Europe must not have felt particularly threatening or indeed important (beyond the collection of their taxes) to most Ottoman officials posted in the Arab lands. In the case of the Sephardic Jews,* the Ottoman sultans welcomed them into their realm as potentially revenue-producing subjects. Most importantly, the political tradition honored by the Ottoman sultans was to grant autonomy to the various religious groups of their empire. This afforded the Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Middle East fairly wide-ranging freedoms and allowed them to recover some of the losses they had endured under the Mamluks, including the right to repair damaged churches and synagogues and, in a few cases, permission to build new ones." *Jewish communities from the Iberian Peninsula who were forced to leaveafter the Christian reconquest of what became Spain and Portugal Bruce Masters, historian, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World, book published in 2001 All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author's argument in the first paragraph of the passage? -The Mamluks were one of the very few Muslim dynasties to have successfully defeated invading Mongol armies in battle. -The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt. -The Jewish community in Mamluk Cairo included many prominent figures, including royal physicians, scholars, and administrators. -The Mamluk ruling elites of Egypt were made up of slave soldiers of various ethnic origins, including Turco-Mongolic peoples from the Black Sea steppes and peoples from the Caucasus Mountains.

The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt.

Cossack Passage The privileges discussed in the last two paragraphs of the passage best demonstrate that in some instances in the period 1450-1750 -monarchs had to resort to deploying standing armies to crush regional revolts by hereditary local elites -states successfully established professional bureaucracies to reduce reliance on mercenaries and tax farming -internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states -states implemented policies seeking to restrict the role of certain minority groups in economic and social life

internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states

Bruce Masters "Muslim-Christian relations were at a low ebb when the Ottomans arrived in the Arab lands [in 1516]. The Mamluk sultans of Egypt, the previous rulers of the area, had embarked on an ideological as well as a military campaign against the various Christian communities still living in the Middle East. . . . In the aftermath of this disaster, Christianity in the Arab east was in psychological and numerical decline. Jewish communities in the region fared somewhat better than their Christian neighbors but could hardly be characterized as flourishing on the eve of the Ottoman conquest. The Jews and Christians in the region were at first probably ambivalent, if not indifferent or hostile, to the change in the dynastic succession from Mamluk to Ottoman sultans who exercised sovereignty over their lives, but their fortunes were about to improve under the new regime. The Ottoman sultans were still winning victories against European armies on the battlefield, and the presence of Christians so distant from the war zone in Central Europe must not have felt particularly threatening or indeed important (beyond the collection of their taxes) to most Ottoman officials posted in the Arab lands. In the case of the Sephardic Jews,* the Ottoman sultans welcomed them into their realm as potentially revenue-producing subjects. Most importantly, the political tradition honored by the Ottoman sultans was to grant autonomy to the various religious groups of their empire. This afforded the Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Middle East fairly wide-ranging freedoms and allowed them to recover some of the losses they had endured under the Mamluks, including the right to repair damaged churches and synagogues and, in a few cases, permission to build new ones." *Jewish communities from the Iberian Peninsula who were forced to leaveafter the Christian reconquest of what became Spain and Portugal Bruce Masters, historian, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World, book published in 2001 All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author's argument in the second paragraph? -Christian and Jewish communities in many other Muslim states in the period circa 1450-1750 enjoyed some of the same rights as Ottoman Christians and Jews did. -The Ottoman Empire was a preferred destination for Jews fleeing religious persecution in Europe, as well as for Protestant Christian groups fleeing Catholic persecution in Central and Eastern Europe. -Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms -Many Ottoman Christians and Jews achieved great financial success through commercial activities, including long-distance trade.

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms

World Economy Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? -European imports of sugar and tobacco -The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia -Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa -The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas

European imports of sugar and tobacco

**Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Map Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? -Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. -African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. -Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. -African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.

Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

William Bradford "This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The author invokes which of the following to support his claim that smallpox's impact on European settlers was different from its impact on Native Americans? -Protestant ideas about hard work and economic success as markers of personal virtue -Evidence from population genetics -Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs -Pseudoscientific theories of European racial superiority

Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs

Alonso de la Mota y Escobar "The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry Based on the passage, it could be inferred that the high prices of firewood in seventeenth-century Zacatecas were a result of which of the following processes? -The transfer of crops and pathogens during the Columbian Exchange -The global decrease in average temperatures after circa 1400 C.E. -The depletion of natural resources caused by Aztec chinampa farming -The introduction of European practices of resource extraction

The depletion of natural resources caused by Aztec chinampa farming

**Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Map Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map? -The need for labor in new mining centers -The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations -The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites -The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire

The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations

**Clove price chart For the period circa 1580-1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart? -The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes -The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire -The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia -The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor

The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750? -European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. -Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. -European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions. -Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants.

Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.

**Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Map All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT -the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases in the Americas -American foods becoming staple crops in Africa -soil depletion and erosion from intensive agriculture in the Caribbean -air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

Maroons "Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750? -Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom. -Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. -Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. -Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires

Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

Alonso de la Mota y Escobar "The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported? -He was an opponent of the practice of slavery. -He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining. -He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors. -He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico.

He was critical of the motivations of the spanish conquistadors

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following? -The development of trading-post empires -The establishment of plantation economies -The spread of printing-press technology -The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire

The development of trading-post empires

Cossack Passage As outlined in the passage, the provisions of the agreement can best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of state building in Eurasia in the period circa 1450-1750 ? -Many states were able to consolidate their political systems and eliminate challenges to monarchical power. -Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule. -Mercantilist philosophy continued to inform the economic and social policies of many states. -Religious differences stopped being a significant factor in the weakening and fragmentation of imperial states.

Local elites successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule.

Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo "There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? -The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered -Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China. -The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. -Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain.

Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China.

Karen Barkey "In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph? -The Ottoman Empire's policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur. -Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. -Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. -Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order.

Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.

Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company "To Your Highnesses of the States General:* We have been informed by our agent Joris Pietersen, who recently returned from the coast of Angola, that a war arose between the king of Kongo and the Portuguese. The war started because the Portuguese, according to their nature, attacked the region of Mpemba, which the king of Kongo also claims, without any reason but to enslave the inhabitants and conquer the entire country. In this war, the king of Kongo's armies performed so well that all of the Portuguese were driven out of the conquered region with many losses. After this victory, the king took the hats and shoes of all captured Portuguese soldiers as a sign of contempt and took the sails and rudders off their two ships that were anchored off Mpemba. Then the king of Kongo, being of the opinion that all the Portuguese should be driven off his lands forever, sent letters to Joris Pietersen, our agent in Angola, requesting to enter into an alliance with the Dutch state and asking your Highnesses to provide them with four or five warships as well as five or six hundred soldiers for assistance on the water as well as the land, in order that he might secure the coasts from the Portuguese and their supporters. The king is offering to pay for the ships and the monthly wages of the soldiers with gold, silver, or ivory. If successful, he promises to put into your hands the fort and city of Luanda—a place so useful to the king of Spain that more than twenty-four thousand Africans are shipped annually from there to the West-Indies and other places in the Americas. Your Highnesses, it is the Company's judgment that the king of Kongo's proposal will likely bring harm to our enemies and increase our commerce. Therefore, if the king's proposal is accepted, the Company will contribute according to its capacity." *a legislative body of the Dutch Republic, comprising representatives of the various provinces of the Netherlands Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company to theStates General of the Netherlands, 1623 The contents of the letter are best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of the historical situation in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1600s? -The arrival of Europeans led to the conquest and destruction of many native African states. -State centralization in Europe led to a change from joint-stock company control to direct imperial control in many colonial territories. -Religious conflicts stemming from the spread of Islam from North Africa made sub-Saharan African states vulnerable to European conquest. -Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.

Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.

PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA,* EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that -Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him -because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation -salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth -Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces

Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces

Cossack Passage The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics in the period circa 1650-1750 ? -The Christian countries of Europe had banded together to defeat the threat from the Muslim Ottoman Empire. -Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe. -The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Russia, and most other European countries were bound by international treaties prohibiting the mistreatment of ambassadors. -Poland and the Ottoman Empire both felt threatened by the rising military might of Russia.

Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe

Maya Kaqchikel people "In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century? -Maya people before the conquest were illiterate. -The Maya nobility lost its social status. -The Maya were converted to Christianity. -Dominican friars knew the Maya language

The Maya were converted to Christianity.

Karen Barkey "In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? -Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. -Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. -The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law -The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.

The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.

Maya Kaqchikel people "In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"? -The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya. -The Spanish assassinated the king's eldest son. -Maya people became poor. -The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.

The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.

William Bradford "This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The passage implies that the author was aware of smallpox being an infectious disease. Which of the following can best be cited as evidence of that claim? -The author's statement that smallpox was so debilitating that those afflicted with it could not "make a fire, or fetch water to drink" -The author's statement that the English settlers "took pity" at the sight of the Native Americans' suffering -The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks" -The author's statement that Native Americans lived in a "trading house" near the English settlement

The author's statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though "many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks"

The following questions refer to the passages below. Source 1 "Vasco de Gama, a gentleman of your household, came to my country, at which I was pleased. My country is rich in cinnamon, cloves, ginger, pepper, and precious stones. That which I ask of you in exchange is gold, silver, corals, and scarlet cloth." Letter from the ruler of Calicut, a Hindu-Muslim state on the western coast of India, to the king of Portugal, 1498 Source 2 "In this year the vessels of the Franks [Portuguese] appeared off our shores en route for India, Hormuz [at the opening of the Persian Gulf], and other places. They captured about seven vessels, killing many of those on board and taking others as prisoners. This was their first action, and may God curse them." Umar al-Taiyib Ba Faqih, Muslim scholar, Yemen, southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, describing events in 1503 The two passages differ most strongly with respect to which of the following? -The authors' attitudes toward Islam -The authors' beliefs in the legitimacy of mercantile activity -The authors' attitudes toward European expansion -The authors' views of proper social hierarchy

The authors' attitudes toward European expansion

Alonso de la Mota y Escobar "The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following? -The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies -The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks -The rapid growth of China's population under the Song and Ming dynasties -The beginning of the process of industrialization

The beginning of the process of industrialization

Jean-Baptiste Labat "I admit that the punishments of the slaves on Barbados for all sorts of offenses are indeed very cruel, but one must consider before condemning the [White] inhabitants that they often have no choice but to set moderation aside and use punishment as a way to intimidate their slaves. The Whites need to impress fear and respect upon their slaves in order not to one day find themselves the victims of their fury. Unless the slaves are kept in a constant state of fear of punishment, they would always be ready to revolt, to take over everything, and to commit the most horrible crimes in order to liberate themselves. The plantations on Barbados are smaller than those in the French [Caribbean] islands. This is not surprising because although the island is small, its population is very large, and land is scarce and therefore very valuable. Nonetheless, the plantation owners are very wealthy and the houses on the plantations are even better built than those in the towns. The plantation houses are large in size, have numerous glass windows, and have fine rooms that are conveniently arranged. Nearly all plantation houses have rows of shade trees around them to keep them cool. One observes the wealth and good taste of the inhabitants in their furniture, which is very fine, and their silver, of which they have so large a quantity that if this island were to be sacked the silver utensils from the plantations alone would be worth more than the value of several Spanish galleons." Jean-Baptiste Labat, French clergyman and travel writer,account of his visit to the British Caribbean island of Barbados, 1690s Which of the following best describes the author's argument in the first paragraph? -The punishments of slaves in Barbados are the result of a long experience of deadly slave uprisings and anti-planter violence on the island. -Plantation owners who punish their slaves too harshly are not fulfilling their duties as Christians to treat the less fortunate kindly. -The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified. -Barbadian slaves are punished more leniently than slaves working on the larger plantations of French Caribbean islands.

The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified.

Alonso de la Mota y Escobar "The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following? -The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor -The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence -The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé -The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery

The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor

Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo "There are one hundred and fifty households in Manila. The houses of the city are so suitable and those of the country so charming that life in those islands is altogether delightful. At one end of the city is the quarter for the Chinese merchants. There are about twenty thousand of them. It is a very curious place to see, because of the fine order in which the Chinese live. Every kind of merchandise has its own separate area, and those goods are so rare that they merit admiration. The Spanish merchants of Manila intermix with the Chinese and the Portuguese of Macao so that they may enjoy the freedom to participate in commerce with China. The Spanish do not attempt to hide the fact that they are acting as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico and lately they have sent a great quantity of merchandise to Peru and to Mexico from Asia. The emperor of China could build a palace with the silver bars from Peru that have been carried to his country because of that traffic, without their ships having been registered, and without taxes having been paid to the king of Spain." Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo, Spanish admiral, description of the trade of the Philippines, published in Mexico, 1638 The author's claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following? -The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires -The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits -The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies -The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities

The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires

Maya Kaqchikel people "In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT? -The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including elders and priests. -The Maya king died in the epidemic. -The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars -Fear of the disease drove Maya people to commit suicide.

The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars

Karen Barkey "In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? -The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration -The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies -The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas -The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts

The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas

Maroons "Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750? -The persistent spread of epidemic diseases -The increase in armed conflict resulting from state rivalries over control of trade routes -The increasing expansion and centralization of state power -The continuing impoverishment of indigenous populations resulting from agricultural transfers

The increasing expansion and centralization of state power

**Clove price chart On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart? -The consistently high demand for European luxury goods among Chinese customers -The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver -European merchants' role in exporting European manufactured goods to Asia -The collapse of existing Indian Ocean trading networks

The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver

The following questions refer to the passages below. Source 1 "Vasco de Gama, a gentleman of your household, came to my country, at which I was pleased. My country is rich in cinnamon, cloves, ginger, pepper, and precious stones. That which I ask of you in exchange is gold, silver, corals, and scarlet cloth." Letter from the ruler of Calicut, a Hindu-Muslim state on the western coast of India, to the king of Portugal, 1498 Source 2 "In this year the vessels of the Franks [Portuguese] appeared off our shores en route for India, Hormuz [at the opening of the Persian Gulf], and other places. They captured about seven vessels, killing many of those on board and taking others as prisoners. This was their first action, and may God curse them." Umar al-Taiyib Ba Faqih, Muslim scholar, Yemen, southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, describing events in 1503 Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia? -The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires. -The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states. -The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. -The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes

The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes

The following questions refer to the passages below. Source 1 "Vasco de Gama, a gentleman of your household, came to my country, at which I was pleased. My country is rich in cinnamon, cloves, ginger, pepper, and precious stones. That which I ask of you in exchange is gold, silver, corals, and scarlet cloth." Letter from the ruler of Calicut, a Hindu-Muslim state on the western coast of India, to the king of Portugal, 1498 Source 2 "In this year the vessels of the Franks [Portuguese] appeared off our shores en route for India, Hormuz [at the opening of the Persian Gulf], and other places. They captured about seven vessels, killing many of those on board and taking others as prisoners. This was their first action, and may God curse them." Umar al-Taiyib Ba Faqih, Muslim scholar, Yemen, southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, describing events in 1503 The Portuguese activities referenced in the two passages were most enabled by a combination of improved maritime technology and -the spread of European diseases to South and Southwest Asia -support from a coalition of other European states -mass conversions of Muslims to Christianity -acquisition of the knowledge of monsoon wind patterns

acquisition of the knowledge of monsoon wind patterns

William Bradford "This spring, those Indians who lived in their trading house here fell sick with smallpox, and died most miserably. They fear smallpox more than any other disease because it is very common among them. The condition of this people was so lamentable, and they suffered so greatly from this disease that they were, in the end, not able to help each other, or make a fire, or fetch water to drink. Those of us in the English settlement, seeing their woeful and sad condition, took pity on the Indians and daily fetched them wood and water, and food. Nonetheless, very few of the Indians survived. But by the marvelous goodness of God, not one of the English colonists was stricken or infected by the disease at all, though many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks." William Bradford, English settler in the Plymouth Colony in North America, diary entry for the year 1633 The author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on Native American populations EXCEPT -the Native Americans feared smallpox more than any other disease -many Native Americans who contracted smallpox died from it -smallpox was widespread among Native Americans -the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox

the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox

Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company "To Your Highnesses of the States General:* We have been informed by our agent Joris Pietersen, who recently returned from the coast of Angola, that a war arose between the king of Kongo and the Portuguese. The war started because the Portuguese, according to their nature, attacked the region of Mpemba, which the king of Kongo also claims, without any reason but to enslave the inhabitants and conquer the entire country. In this war, the king of Kongo's armies performed so well that all of the Portuguese were driven out of the conquered region with many losses. After this victory, the king took the hats and shoes of all captured Portuguese soldiers as a sign of contempt and took the sails and rudders off their two ships that were anchored off Mpemba. Then the king of Kongo, being of the opinion that all the Portuguese should be driven off his lands forever, sent letters to Joris Pietersen, our agent in Angola, requesting to enter into an alliance with the Dutch state and asking your Highnesses to provide them with four or five warships as well as five or six hundred soldiers for assistance on the water as well as the land, in order that he might secure the coasts from the Portuguese and their supporters. The king is offering to pay for the ships and the monthly wages of the soldiers with gold, silver, or ivory. If successful, he promises to put into your hands the fort and city of Luanda—a place so useful to the king of Spain that more than twenty-four thousand Africans are shipped annually from there to the West-Indies and other places in the Americas. Your Highnesses, it is the Company's judgment that the king of Kongo's proposal will likely bring harm to our enemies and increase our commerce. Therefore, if the king's proposal is accepted, the Company will contribute according to its capacity." *a legislative body of the Dutch Republic, comprising representatives of the various provinces of the Netherlands Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company to theStates General of the Netherlands, 1623 The report's position on the proposed transfer of Luanda to the Dutch is best understood in light of the authors' goal to -secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade -recommend that the company expand its operations to the Indian Ocean and the spice islands of Southeast Asia -highlight the gender and family imbalances created by the slave trade -offer a comparison between the profitability of East African versus West African slave trade routes

secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade

Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company "To Your Highnesses of the States General:* We have been informed by our agent Joris Pietersen, who recently returned from the coast of Angola, that a war arose between the king of Kongo and the Portuguese. The war started because the Portuguese, according to their nature, attacked the region of Mpemba, which the king of Kongo also claims, without any reason but to enslave the inhabitants and conquer the entire country. In this war, the king of Kongo's armies performed so well that all of the Portuguese were driven out of the conquered region with many losses. After this victory, the king took the hats and shoes of all captured Portuguese soldiers as a sign of contempt and took the sails and rudders off their two ships that were anchored off Mpemba. Then the king of Kongo, being of the opinion that all the Portuguese should be driven off his lands forever, sent letters to Joris Pietersen, our agent in Angola, requesting to enter into an alliance with the Dutch state and asking your Highnesses to provide them with four or five warships as well as five or six hundred soldiers for assistance on the water as well as the land, in order that he might secure the coasts from the Portuguese and their supporters. The king is offering to pay for the ships and the monthly wages of the soldiers with gold, silver, or ivory. If successful, he promises to put into your hands the fort and city of Luanda—a place so useful to the king of Spain that more than twenty-four thousand Africans are shipped annually from there to the West-Indies and other places in the Americas. Your Highnesses, it is the Company's judgment that the king of Kongo's proposal will likely bring harm to our enemies and increase our commerce. Therefore, if the king's proposal is accepted, the Company will contribute according to its capacity." *a legislative body of the Dutch Republic, comprising representatives of the various provinces of the Netherlands Letter from the directors of the Dutch West India Company to theStates General of the Netherlands, 1623 The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company's directors in the letter can best be described as -shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share -dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands -evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General -seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

Maroons "Colonel Robert Bennett, under the authority of the Governor of Jamaica, makes a treaty with the rebellious Blacks, today, June 23, 1739. Captain Quao, and several other Black officers under his command, surrendered under the following terms. 1. All hostilities on both sides shall cease forever, Amen. 2. Captain Quao and his people shall have a certain quantity of land given to them, in order to raise crops, hogs, fowls, goats, or whatsoever stock they may think proper, with sugarcanes excepted. 3. Four White men shall constantly live and reside with them in their town, in order to keep a good correspondence with the Black inhabitants of this Island. 4. Captain Quao and his people shall destroy all other rebellious Blacks in any part of Jamaica. They shall be paid to apprehend any runaway Blacks and return them to their respective owners. 5. If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice." Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island. Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to -provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration -promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict -suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups -grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects

suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups