Unit 4

Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of A appointed administrators B independent merchants C written constitutions D chartered companies E elected presidents

A

During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was A the demand for weapons among African elites B bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners C the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network D the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas

A

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention? A The compass B Silk weaving C Steam power D The stirrup

A

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by A increased production of cash crops like sugar B growth of silver mining in New Spain C industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton D African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods

A

Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750 ? A Widespread religious tolerance and diversity B Encouragement of the development of industrial manufacturing in their territories C Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians D Settlement of millions of Europeans in each of their colonial territories

C

All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT A African forms of religious observance B African musical forms C knowledge of how to grow African crops D African folklore E African monetary systems

E

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A the introduction of new crops from the Americas B the end of the bubonic plague in Asia C the widespread adoption of the European three-field system D unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires

A

Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? A The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. C The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. D The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.

B

Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.? A Muslim merchants controlled most major trade routes. B Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods. C Most goods were exchanged using overland trade routes. D Reliance on coerced labor systems declined.

B

The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800? A Sugarcane B Potatoes C Cattle D Tobacco

D

Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia? A The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires. B The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states. C The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. D The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.

D

Which of the following describes an accurate similarity between the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A Both relied heavily on maritime trade as a source of material goods. B Both successfully resisted pressure from industrialized powers. C Both were heavily influenced by the intellectual work of Jesuit missionaries. D Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.

D

Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A The Atlantic basin B The Mediterranean basin C The Indian Ocean D Oceania

D

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Portuguese establishment of a school for navigation in the 1400s? A The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe B The establishment of regular trade contacts between Europe and the Americas C The decline of Venetian control of the trade in Asian luxury goods D The establishment of direct overseas trade links between India and Europe

A

Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700 ? A Japanese fleets gained control over most Pacific Ocean trade routes. B European manufactured goods came to dominate trans-Saharan trade. C Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade. D Silk Road trade routes came under the control of Mongol rulers.

C

Which of the following countries or regions led the world in the production of cotton cloth in 1700? A China B Egypt C West Africa D England E India

E

Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire? A A political-economic-social system that recognized equality of all citizens B A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority C A government based on an examination system D A social and political system that sought to value equally its Islamic, Christian, Hindu, and Buddhist populations E The rule of a Hindu majority over a Buddhist minority

B

In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions? A Southern Europe B Northern Europe C Western Africa D Eastern Africa E East Asia

C

The economies of the southern colonies of colonial British America developed most like colonial economies in A Canada B the Dutch East Indies C the Caribbean and Brazil D Ireland and Scotland E Massachusetts and New York

C

All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT A the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases in the Americas B soil depletion and erosion from intensive agriculture in the Caribbean C American foods becoming staple crops in Africa D air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

D

During the period 1600—1800, the leaders of China, Korea, and Japan all had policies that A promoted trade and expansion B encouraged emigration and colonization C opened their countries to European merchants D regulated interactions with foreigners E led to wars involving all of East Asia

D

In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? A Grains such as wheat and barley B Tropical fruits such as bananas and oranges C Animal products such as wool and beef D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

D

In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes? A The adoption of indigenous food crops by African migrants B Portuguese loss of colonial holdings in the Indian Ocean C The rapid natural increase of Brazil's early slave population D The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar

D

The images above best provide evidence of which of the following consequences of colonial expansion in the period 1450 to 1750 ? A The extension of regional trading networks and the consolidation of centralized power B The spread of new food crops and the development of syncretic forms of religion C The restructuring of the family and the growth of the plantation economy D The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles

D

Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? A The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs. B The Spanish were able to use their understanding of Aztec culture to create effective propaganda that weakened Aztec resistance. C The Spanish were able to exploit discontent within the Aztec state to trigger revolt of the lower classes against the Aztec ruling class. D The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. E The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army.

D

Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to A suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups B grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects C provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration D promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict

A

Between 1500 and 1800, Europeans were primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the Caribbean because A large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper B the major European states were competing with each other for imperial hegemony C these colonies had strategic military importance D these areas had small populations and were thus easy to control E many Europeans were interested in getting away from Europe's wintry climate Related Content & Skills

A

The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 2 is best seen as evidence of which of the following? A The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state B Indian artisans producing artistic works for export markets C The increased sponsorship of artists by new economic elites D Jahangir's creation of a syncretic belief system incorporating Christianity and Islam

A

Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century? A Diseases caused pandemics. B Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops. C The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians. D European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.

A

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology B Lack of European interest in African goods C A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa D Directives from the pope to limit Christian trade with Africa E Fear of dying from tropical diseases

A

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology B Lack of European interest in African goods C Directives from the pope to limit trade between Christians and Africans D Fear of death from tropical diseases

A

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period? A The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers. B The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies. C By 1770, the number of slaves in British North America surpassed the number of slaves in Spanish America. D By 1770, slaves outnumbered immigrants in British North America.

A

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s? A It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy. B It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean. C It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power. D It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin.

A

Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century? A The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians B The desire to spread democracy C The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies D The need for industrial resources

A

Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas? A The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole B The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas C New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans D The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus

A

Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century? A The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange B The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies C Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills D Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive tropical diseases

B

Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? A Feudalism B Mercantilism C Socialism D Capitalism

B

The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that A in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity B in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states C in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity D in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity

B

The development of Indian Ocean trade routes in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. and the development of transatlantic trade routes in the period 1450 C.E. to 1600 C.E. were similar in that both depended on A the impetus of missionizing religions B understanding of currents and wind patterns C the political consolidation of newly conquered regions into empires D innovations in ship design that originated in Europe

B

The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following? A The spread of the Black Death along the Silk Roads in the fourteenth century B The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century C The effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African populations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries D The results of the development of reliable birth control methods in the twentieth century

B

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.? A Christianity completely supplanted Amerindian religious beliefs and practices shortly after the conquest. B Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity. C Amerindians' resistance to Christianity resulted in widespread European conversions to indigenous religions. D Amerindian religious beliefs and practices were respected by Europeans who considered them equal to Christian beliefs and practices.

B

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. B They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. C They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces. D They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.

B

Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century? A Both focused on porcelain manufacturing. B Both incorporated forced labor. C Both redistributed land to peasants. D Both produced grain for the European market. E Both focused on small farm-to-market agriculture.

B

Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange? A The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas B The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas C Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas D European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia

B

Which of the following is an example of forced labor for the state during the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.? A Europeans selling themselves as indentured servants B The mit'a system of Andean cultures C African families using slaves as domestic servants D Tax farming of the Mongol Empire

B

Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China? A A sharp decline in average global temperatures B Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops C The rise of parliamentary governments D Innovation in birth control measures E Improvement in surgical procedures

B

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century? A Dominican friars knew the Maya language. B The Maya were converted to Christianity. C The Maya nobility lost its social status. D Maya people before the conquest were illiterate.

B

Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ? A The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations B The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China C A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China D A great expansion in slave labor in India and China E A major disruption of the economies of India and China

B

Which of the following was a major environmental effect of the European establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A Global warming, caused by the burning of large areas of forest B Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients C Depletion of groundwater supplies caused by excessive irrigation in agricultural areas D Increases in the populations of major indigenous animal species

B

In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices? A Christianity became more uniform as it spread through the Americas. B Buddhism spread widely in Africa. C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed. D Splits in Islam became less intense.

C

On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart? A European merchants' role in exporting European manufactured goods to Asia B The consistently high demand for European luxury goods among Chinese customers C The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver D The collapse of existing Indian Ocean trading networks

C

The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following? A Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China. B Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China. C Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China. D Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.

C

The existence of a sugar mill in the Mexican town in the passage indicates that the region of Mexico in which the lawsuit took place was part of which of the following? A The Manila galleon trade route B The pre-Columbian pochteca traveling-merchant network C The Atlantic trade system D The indentured-labor migration system

C

Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe. B They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox. C They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries. D They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.

C

Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown in the table? A Large-scale migration from the Pacific Islands to the Americas for plantation labor B Conflict between Pacific Island states C The spread of epidemic diseases as a result of contact with Westerners D The expansion of the Japanese empire in the Pacific

C

Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map? A The need for labor in new mining centers B The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire C The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations D The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites

C

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief? A Amerindian groups in the American Southwest converted to Catholicism after Spanish missionaries arrived. B A Peruvian native wrote a letter to the king of Spain asking for his protection from Spanish diseases. C Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity. D An eighteenth-century African American poet and slave remembered little of her native religion, despite having been born in Senegal.

C

Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history? A The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires B The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death C The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange D The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world

C

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? A Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. B Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. D Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.

C

Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century? A The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite B Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East C The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices D Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He

C

During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? A Salt B Tea C Opium D Silver

D

Over the next century, the Portuguese activities referenced in the two passages resulted in which of the following changes in the region? A The establishment of an effective Hindu-Muslim alliance that successfully resisted the Portuguese in India B The conquest of large areas of the Indian interior by the Portuguese C An influx of precious metals to Europe that caused price inflation D The creation of a Portuguese trading-post empire

D

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750? A European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the Western Hemisphere C European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere D African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

D

The Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C.E. shared which of the following characteristics? A Both empires were able to expand without meeting strong resistance. B Both empires formally restricted foreign trade. C Both empires were ruled by a single religious official. D Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.

D

The Tokugawa policies expressed in the decree were most similar to policies pursued by seventeenth- and eighteenth-century rulers in which of the following regions? A West Africa B South Asia C Central Asia D Western Europe

D

The illustration above shows which of the following about the fifteenth century? A The relative number of ships produced by the Hangzhou shipyards and the Genoese shipyards B The beginning of a long period of Chinese domination of Indian Ocean trade C The meting of Vasco de Gama and Zheng He D The relative size of the European caravel and the Ming treasure ship E The use of the lateen sail

D

Which of the following best describes patriarchal gender systems? A Women are not allowed to work. B Women are confined to the home. C Women can be bought and sold. D Women are inferiors and must be protected by men. E Women are not allowed by men to serve as political rulers.

D