Unit 4 Political Organization of Space

Subsequent Boundaries

Develop along with the development of the cultural landscape.Ex:Northern Ireland and Ireland.As the cultural landscape developed,the boundary was drawn to accommodate religious,cultural,and economic differences.

Ethnic Conflicts

Disagreements that usually result in military action or violence of one ethnic group against another. Ex:Genocide in Rwanda between the Hutu and Tutsi.

Allocational Boundary Disputes

Disputes usually involve some type of natural resources, often in the open ocean and/or under ground. Who has the right to drill for water if the aquifer extends across a boundary, who has the right to the water, or drilling for oil at sea.Ex: In the Caspian Sea, Iran is contesting this principle, because other countries like Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan would receive a greater percentage of the resources in the Caspian Sea than Iran would get.

Ethnic Homeland

A sizable area inhabited by an ethnic majority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region.Ex:Image

"third wave" of democratization

( Samuel Huntington began during the 1970s.)The "first wave" developed gradually over time; the"second wave" occurred after the Allied victory in World War II, and continued until the early 1960s. This second wave was characterized by de-colonization around the globe. The third wave is characterized by the defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers from South America to Eastern Europe to some parts of Africa. Ex:The recent political turnover in Mexico may be interpreted as part of this "third wave" of democratization.

Cold War

(1945 to 1991)The competition between two superpowers - the United States and the Soviet Union - for control of land spaces all over the world. With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the U.S. was left as the only superpower, but in a world rapidly being redefined.Not only does Russia remain a force to contend with today, China is becoming an economic powerhouse that increasingly seeks participation in world trade and politics. Europe has united in an economic union that is developing more political bonds that may well foresee a new world order of supranational organizations that will challenge the sovereignty of the nation-state.Ex:Image

U.N.

(Est. 1945)Represents a forum where virtually all states can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war.Created at end of World War II to serve the role of a facilitator for discussions regarding international problems.

Friedrich Ratzel

(Geopolitics) approach was taken by geographer ________ ________ in the 19th century, when he theorized that a state compares to a biological organism with a life cycle from birth to death, with a predictable rise and fall of power.Ex:Image

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

(United States, Canada and Mexico) __________ keeps prices low by facilitating the importation of goods from Mexico, where they can be made at a relatively low cost.It also opens markets to companies in all three countries.Some (organized labor unions) contested that the agreement would cost U.S. workers their jobs.Ex:Image

Apartheid

(in South Africa) a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.Ex:Found in South Africa, historically Zulu was the dominant nation in southern Africa with a very proud legacy of empire and conquest. Most are Christians as a result of colonial-era missionaries, though many still practice animism. The Zulu separatists would like their homeland to be named KwaNdebele. During the time of ____________, when a white minority ruled South Africa, the Zulus were forced to occupy a low status, suffering discrimination in education, employment, and all other aspects of life.

Mixed Economy

An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion.One that does not - a pure market economy.Ex:Image

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the 16 democratic states, including the U.S., Canada, and 14 other European states.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.The subjects of the monarch enjoy many traditional,protected rights.Ex:Great Britain is a _________ ___________.Britain has a hereditary monarch and an elected House of Commons.The monarch serves as the symbolic head of state while elected members of Parliament govern the country.

Allocational Boundary Dispute

A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources of a border region.Ex:When an aquifer extends across a boundary,who has dominant rights to the water?Or who has the right to drill for oil out at sea?

Senate

A council of representatives or a legislative body.Ex:Image

Ethnic Enclave

A ethnic neighborhood that is surrounded by people of a different ethnicity;usually the surrounding ethnicity is hostile to the group in the enclave.Ex:Images

Demarcation Zone

A geographic separation of two nationalities. Where the hostilities of two countries come to a head.(Ex. The United Nations created a demarcation zone between the Greeks and Turks in the island of Cyprus.)

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen.The ruler inherits the power.When the ruler dies,power automatically passes one of the monarch`s children or close relatives.Monarchs-kings,emperors,or sultans-fulfill their role as supreme ruler by surrounding themselves with followers and advisors who help them govern.

Nation

A group of people that is bound together by a common political identity.Ex:Image

Confederation

A loose grouping of states for a common purpose.Ex:Ultimately,the Articles of Confederation didn't work.The states had too much power,and the federal government didn't have enough;tax collection and national defense were insufficient.The federal government could not financially support itself.

Supranationalism

A method of extending state borders through the assistance and/or establishment of other organizations to further economic and/or political cooperation.Ex:European Union.

Basques

A nation without its own state are the ___,who are fiercely independent group living in the Pyrenees Mountains. The majority of ___ live in Spain,but small numbers live in Andorra and southwestern France. They have resorted to terrorism,to try to gain independence;they call their proposed nation-state Euskal Herria. The ___ have their own language,Euskara. Ex:Image

Ethnic Neighborhoods

A neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs.Ex:Image

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region.Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.Ex:Image

Antecendent Boundary

A political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in a place while people moved into occupy the surroundings.

Buffer State

A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers. The existence of buffer states may help to prevent dangerous conflicts between powerful countries.The state remains neutral. Ex:One of the largest buffer states is Mongolia. Even though the former Soviet Union and China were both communists,their political philosophies were vastly different.Chairman Mao Zedong was much more idealistic than the leaders at the Kremlin in Moscow. Tensions rose between the 2 states,and Mongolia was caught in the middle. Armies are still placed on the borders of the 2 countries that about each other in the western sections of China as well as the area around Manchuria in northeastern China.

Relic Boundary

A relic on the landscape.The boundary does not exist any longer,but its impact is still felt and seen on the landscape.Ex:The old boundary between East Germany and West Germany.Economic development in West Germany was far greater than in East Germany.

Boundaries

A state is separated from its neighbors by __________ invisible lines that mark the extent of a state's territory and the control that its leaders have. Ex:Sometimes ____are set by physical features, like rivers, shores, or mountains, and other times they are drawn to separate ethnic groups from one another. _____________may be set by negotiation or war with neighbors, which often leaves states open to changes in the future.______________completely surround an individual state to mark its outer limits, giving it a distinctive shape. Because _____________ lines mark the place where two or more states come into direct contact, they have the potential to create conflict.

Perforated States

A state that completely surrounds another one is a _______________ _____.Ex:South Africa, where the apartheid (segregationist) government separated primarily black Lesotho from the rest of the country, leaving it completely surrounded by South Africa.

Multi-Ethnic State

A state that contains more than one ethnicity is a ______ _________.Ex:United States of America

Microstates or Ministates

A state that encompasses a very small land area.Ex:Liechtenstein, Andorra, and San Morino, with land spaces of just a few square miles.

Nation-State

A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people, or at least, whose population shares a general sense of unity and allegiance to a set of common values. Ex:Image

Chain Migration

A stream of people out of a area as first movers communicate with people back home and stimulate others to follow later.Ex:Such selective migration helped to create ethnic neighborhoods-such as ''little italies'' or ''Chinatowns"in the U.S. cities of both coasts during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Representative

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people. Ex:The U.S. has 100 senators and 435 representatives.

Representative Democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.Ex:Image

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.Ex:

International Law of the Sea

Adopted in 1983, it says that foreign countries could not have their military or other ships travel within 12 miles of the coast of any country, and countries have exclusive economic zones (meaning that they have the right to explore for resources up to 200 miles off their shore.)Ex:Image

European Monetary Union

Also, the power to set basic interest rates and other fiscal policies is being passed from national banks and governments to the __________ _______ ____ and its central bank. Today,in 12 of the member countries, the euro is accepted as a common currency both in banking and for everyday business transactions. Two exceptions to the rule are Britain and Sweden, which as of 2012 still refuse to give up their national currencies in favor of a common European currency.

Voyageurs

An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.Where traders who went deep into the wilderness to trap the animals and bring back the furs in dugout canoes. The French established working relationships with the Native Americans along the borders of the present-day U.S. and Canada.Those relationships were invaluable for trade and survival in the wilderness.Ex:Image

Median-Line Principle

An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.Ex:Water boundaries are visible and relatively unchanging, and they are typically set in the middle of the water, a practice that follows the ______________.Ocean boundaries cause problems because states generally claim that the boundary lies not at the coastline but out at sea. Today rights to off-shore drilling of oil and fishing can sometimes be disputed, so international treaties have addressed the problem. The Law of the Sea (1983) standardized territorial limits for most countries at 12 nautical miles (14 land miles), and gave rights to fish and other marine life within 200 miles.

Frontier

An area that is not yet under the control of a state but where people from the state are migrating.Ex:Image

Cultural Shatterbelt

An area where people are caught between the globalization or modernization of their culture and their traditional cultural identity. Ex:Vietnam, Lebanon,and Israel

Colonialism

An effort by one country to establish settlement in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory.Ex:The three motives for __________is: "God, gold, and glory". To promote Christianity (God).To extract useful resources and to serve as captive markets for their products (gold). To establish relative power through the number of their colonies (glory).

Ethnic Force

An ethnic group shares a well-developed sense of belonging to the same culture. That identity is based on a unique mixture of language, religion, and customs. If a state contains strong ethnic groups with identities that differ from those of the majority, it can threaten the territorial integrity of the state itself.Ex:Image

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.In 1949 the Council of Europe, which had little power, formed to provide an opportunity for national leaders to meet. The following year a supranational authority was formed to coordinate the coal and steel industries, both damaged heavily during the war. Ex:Image

Prorupted States

An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a ______ _______. Often proruptions exist in order to reach a natural resource, such as a river or the ocean, and occasionally they actually cut another country in two to do that.Ex:Democratic Republic of Congo, which split a small fragment (called Cabinda) of Angola from the main country.

Stateless Nations

Are a people without a state.Ex:In the Middle East the Kurds are a nation of some 20 million people divided among six states and dominant in none. Kurdish nationalism has survived over the centuries, and has played an important role in the politics that followed the reconfiguration of Iraq after the Iraqi War that began in 2003.

Superimposed Boundaries

Are a political boundary placed by powerful outsiders on a developed human landscape. Ex:Occured in Africa, Asia, Middle East.Leads to conflict among different ethnicities that are now part of the same country.

Kurds

Are one of the largest nationalities in the world without there own state The __________________ number approximately 30 million people worldwide,with most located in Turkey,northern Iran,and northern Iraq along with significant pockets in Armenia and Azerbaijan. The majority of the ___ speak their own language (Kurdish) and practice Islam. For the most part,the Kurds have been persecuted within states where they reside.Kurds who aspire to a nation-state would like it to be called Kurdistan. Ex:Image

Exclaves

Are small bits of territory that lie on coasts separated from the state by the territory of another state.Ex:Cabinda, a part of the African state of Angola that is separated by the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Boundary Disputes

Areas such as Rwanda, Uganda, and Sudan have experienced some of the greatest mass atrocities and refugee movements the world has ever seen.Millions of people have died as the result of violence arising from the inappropriate boundaries created at the Conference of Berlin.Ex:Ethnic conflicts involving the Hutus and Tutsis have created one of the largest refugee movements and example of genocide in the last 30 years.

Territorial Disputes

Arise over the ownership of a region, usually around mutual borders. Conflicts arise if the people of one state want to annex a territory whose population is ethnically related to them.Ex:War between Mexico and the United States broke out in areas (such as Texas and California) where many U.S. citizens had settled, and yet the Mexican government controlled the land space.

Functional or Operational Disputes

Arise when neighboring states cannot agree on policies that apply in a border area.Ex:Ongoing debate between the U.S. and Mexico regarding transport of people and goods across their long mutual border. The U.S. has generally wanted stricter controls put on immigration from Mexico, and also has pressured the Mexican government to control drug trafficking across the border.

Locational Boundary Disputes

Arise when the definition of the border (e.g., "the Mississippi River") is not questioned but the interpretation of the border is. In these cases, the border has shifted, and the original intention of the boundary is called into question.Ex:The state of Mississippi have found themselves in the state of Louisiana when the river shifted its course.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

As established in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles seaward from the a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it.Ex:The U.S. can drill for oil and natural gas in the Gulf of Mexico out to 200 miles.

Centripetal Force

Bind together the people of a state, giving it strength.Ex: It encourages allegiance to a single country, and it promotes loyalty and commitment. Such emotions encourage people to obey the law and accept the country's overall ideologies.States promote nationalism in a number of ways,including the use of symbols, such as flags, rituals, and holidays that remind citizens of what the country stands for. Even when a society is highly heterogeneous, symbols are powerful tools for creating national unity.

Immigrant State

Compromised primarily of immigrants and their descendants.Ex:Settlement began in the early 1600s and continues today, with people coming from around the world.

Excess Vote

Concentrates opposition supported into a few districts.Ex:Image

Balance of Power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances.Ex:During Cold War the balance of power was bipolar between the US and Soviet Union because these states were much more powerful than all the other states.

Definitional Boundary Disputes

Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract.One of the countries involved will usually sue another country in the International Court of Justice(the World Court),which will try to determine what was intended when the boundaries were initially described.Ex:Image

Monetary Policy

Control of the money supply.Ex:Image

Supranational Organizations

Cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.Ex:Image

Global Commons

Countries do not have the right to search for natural resources.Ex:Antarctica is an example of the largest global commons area in the world.No country may exploit Antarctica for natural resources, although several countries have claimed land on the continent.Australia claims the largest percentage of land, followed by Norway, France, Chile, Argentina,and the UK. However, it is globally accepted that the land in Antarctica will be solely for scientific research.

Ethnicity

Deals with the cultural aspects of a group of people.Ex:Image

Colonies

Dependent areas, were created first, and they were given fixed and recorded boundaries where none had formally existed before. Ex: In some cases Europeans took over empires with recognized outer limits, such as the Mughal in India, the Aztecs in Central America, and the Manchu in China.

Federal System

Divides the power between the central government and the sub-units.Ex:These developed in several colonial areas, including the United States, Canada, and Australia. Federal systems were possible because the cultures were new, no single cities dominated the new countries, and in all three examples the land space is large, setting the stage for the development of regional governments._______ accommodates regional interests by allowing for diverse needs and preferences, but also features a central government that is strong enough to keep the countries from falling apart.

Fragmentation

Divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity - would become increasingly important in world politics.Ex:Image

Satellite States

Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.Ex: Image

Economic Forces

Economic inequalities may also destabilize a nation-state, particularly if the inequalities are regional.Ex: Italy is split between north and south by the "Ancona Line", an invisible line extending from Rome to the Adriatic coast at Ancona. The north is far more prosperous than the south, with the north clearly part of the European core area, and the south a part of the periphery. The north is industrialized, and the south is rural. These economic differences inspired the formation of the Northern League, which advocated an independent state called Padania that would shed the north of the "economic drag" they considered the south to be. The movement failed, but it did encourage the Italian government to devolve power to regional governments, moving it toward a more federal system

Market Economy

Economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets.Ex:Image

Desert Boundary

Effectively divide two states, because deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited.Ex:Image(Sahara Desert)

Mountain Boundary

Effectively divide two states, if the mountains are difficult to cross.Useful boundaries because of their permanent quality and tendency to be sparsely populated.

Territoriality

Efforts to control pieces of the earth's surface for political and social ends - is basic to the study of political geography.Ex:According to Robert Sack, human ___________differs from the instinctual ____________ of animals in that it takes many different forms, depending on the social and geographical context.A political leader in a democratic nation would not be able to claim control of the land simply because his father had that control. Instead, he would have to operate within the rules of his society (like winning an election) to gain political power.

Imperialism

Empire building.Ex:The phrase "The sun never sets on the British Empire" captures the reach that Britain had to most parts of the globe, as the tiny country transformed itself into the most powerful country in the world. A major source of tension before World War I (1914-1918) was the rise of Germany as an _________ power, and after Germany was defeated in 1918, the country was stripped of its colonies. Most African and Asian colonies became independent after World War II, partly because the war greatly weakened the ability of European countries to maintain their overseas possessions.

Democracy

Government authority is based on the will of the people.People either vote on issues directly,or they elect representatives who make government decisions for them.People also enjoy certain basic rights.It means that ''people-power'' in Greek.Ex:Image

Direct Democracy

Government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials directly.Ex:Citizens of ancient Athens assembled to make important decisions facing their city-state.

Primate City

If no other city comes even close to rivaling the capital city in terms of size or influence, the capital city is a ______ ______. Ex:Such as the United States - other cities are as large or larger than the capital city, Washington, D.C. The U.S. capital is not a ______ _______because it is less of an economic center than cities such as Chicago and New York.

Assimilation

If over time,the immigrants lose their native customs,including religion and language ,__________ occurs ,meaning that the dominant culture completely absorbs the less dominant one.Ex:It sometimes occurs over the course of several generations,so that those that immigrate do not become fully assimilated,but their children or grandchildren do.

Forward Capital

If the capital city serves as a model for national objectives, especially for economic development and future hopes,it is sometimes called a __________ _________.Ex:Is Brasília, the present capital of Brazil. Traditionally, Brazil's population stretched along the country's coastline, and its capital had been the great port city of Rio de Janeiro. In an effort to refocus Brazil on its vast interior wealth, its leaders decided to build Brasília from scratch in a location far from the coast. Brasília was meant to symbolize the nation's new continental attitude, and no expense was spared in creating it as a showplace for the new Brazil.

Conference Berlin

In 1884, 14 European countries wanted to divide Africa into countries and met to draw borders which they did without considering ethnicities. These superimposed borders grouped enemy ethnicities together and split up others.These countries were doomed from the start.Ex:Image

Electoral Process

In democracies an important connection between citizen and state is the ______ _______ , the methods used in a country for selecting leaders.Ex:People may vote directly for a president and representatives to their legislatures (as in the United States), or they may vote only for legislators who in turn select the prime minister (as in Britain.)

Resource or Allocational Disputes

Involve natural resources - such as mineral deposits, fertile farmland, or rich fishing groups -that lie in border areas. Ex:United States and Canada have feuded over fishing grounds in the Atlantic Ocean. The spark for the Persian Gulf War of 1990-91 was a dispute between Iraq and Kuwait regarding rights to oil.

Resource/Allocation Disputes

Involve natural resources-- such as mineral deposits, fertile farmland, or rich fishing groups-that lie in border areas.Ex:The Gulf War of 1990-91 provides an example.Iraq and Kuwait had a dispute over control of the Rumaila oil field, which lies in both states.

Religious Conflicts

Involve violence between members of different religious groups.Ex:This is currently occurring in Iraq between Sunni and Shiite Muslims.Violence has erupted from time to time in India and Pakistan as Hindus and Muslims have disagreed over where the boundary should between the two countries, specifically in the Kashmir region.

Relic boundary

Is a "relic" on the landscape. It no longer exists, but its impact is still felt.Ex:The Berlin Wall and the border separating East and West Germany no longer exists, but it is still felt economically .Then ,The "Iron Curtain" no longer exists, but there is still an economic gap between "east" and "west" in Europe.

Antecedent Boundaries

Is a boundary that existed before human settlement of the area;that is,settlement followed boundary.Ex:People who wanted to live in the U.S. settled south of the parallel;people who wanted to be Canadian settled in.

Superimposed Boundary

Is a boundary that ignores existing cultural aspects of a region.Ex:Africa

Multinational State

Is a country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination.Ex:Russia and UK has 4 very different ethnic nationalities (England, Scotland, Wales, N Ireland)

Anocracy

Is a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather a mix of the two.Ex:Cambodia is an Anocracy because its government displays democratic and authoritarian aspect.

Autocracy

Is a country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people.Ex:Images

Theocracy

Is a government run by religious leaders.In a theocracy,the government claims to be directed by God,or divenly blessed.There is no legal separation between church and state,and citizens of other faiths are often excluded or expelled.Ex:In the Middle Ages,the head of the Catholic Church,the Pope,ruled extensive territories in Italy.

Integration

Is a process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty in order to gain political, economic, and social clout.________ binds states together with common policies and shared rules.Ex:Image

Government

Is a reference to the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a country.Ex:Image

Dictatorship

Is a system of government in which a single person or small group exercises complete power over others.A dictator doesn`t inherit power like a king.The dictator either seizes control by force,or is placed into a position of authority by others.Ex:In Zimbabwe,Robert Mugabe was elected to power.He quickly became a dictator who used police to block opponents from voting.Mugabe even arrrested and tortured opponents.

Commonwealth

Is a territory that has established agreement with another state for the benefit of both parties.Ex:In return for land for use as a military base by the United States, the citizens of the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico gain full U.S. citizenship rights except for representation in Congress.

Schengen Area

Is an area comprising 26 European states that have officially abolished passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders. The area mostly functions as a single country for international travel purposes, with a common visa policy. The area is named after the Schengen Agreement. States in the Schengen Area have eliminated border controls with other Schengen members and strengthened border controls with non-Schengen countries.Ex:Images

Politics

Is basically all about power. Ex:Image

Plural Society

Is characterized by 2 or more ethnicities living in the same area but each keeping their own identity and characteristics.Ex: Images

Territorial Dispute

Is defined as a conflict that arises when two or more countries vie for control over a territory.Ex:1982, Great Britain took military action against Argentina over a small group of islands off the Argentinian coast, the Falkland Islands, which have a population of only about 2,500. The people of the islands make their living ranching and fishing. Britain had owned the islands for over a century, however, Argentina claimed they were the rightful owners and invaded the islands in 1982. The war lasted about 2 months, and Great Britain was victorious. After the war the people of the islands voted that they wanted Great Britain to establish sovereign control over the islands and have since voted for English to be their official language.

Unitary System

Is one that concentrates all policy-making powers in one central geographic place.Ex: When the nation-state evolved in Europe, democracy had not yet developed, and governments ruled by force. Most European governments were highly centralized; the capital city represented authority that stretched to the limits of the state. Even though local governments developed, they had no separate powers, and most of the states were and still are relatively small in land space. As a result, most European governments today remain _________ ________.

Binational State or Multinational State

Is one that contains more than one nation.Ex:(Soviet Union) It was divided into "soviet republics" that were based on nationality, such as the Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. When the country fell apart in 1991, it fell along ethnic boundaries into independent nation-states. Today Russia (one of the former soviet republics) remains a large multinational state that governs many ethnic groups. Just as ethnic pressures challenged the sovereignty of the Soviet government, the Russian government has faced "breakaway movements" - such as in Chechnya - that have threatened Russian stability.

Ethnic Landscape

Is the evidence of an ethnicity on the features of the landscape.Ex:This may include murals on public buildings and the nature of the commercial businesses in an area.

Electoral Geography

Is the study of how the spatial configuration of electoral districts and voting patterns reflect and influence social and political affairs. Ex:Image

Political Geography

Is the study of the political organization of the planet, a constantly changing collage of countries that once were kingdoms or parts of empires, or perhaps scatterings of independent tribes. Ex:Through all the changes,however, one truth emerges: almost from the beginning of history, humans have divided their living space into political units or territories.

Geopolitics

Is the study of the spatial and territorial dimensions of power relationships within the global political-territorial order. Ex:Image

Terrorism

Is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands.Ex:Trying to achieve their objectives through organized acts of terror. e.x. bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, taking of hostages, and assassination.Viewing violence as a means of bringing widespread publicity to their cause.

Marketization

Is the term that describes the state's re-creation of a market in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.Ex:Image

Privatization

Is the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership.Ex:Image

Coup d'eteat

Is when a particularly group leads a revolt against the current ruling of power.A member of the military usually leads the coup.________ ___ ___ have occurred in the Philippines and Mauritania. Ex:One of the most recent _________ ___ ___ occurred in Egypt in 2013 when the military overthrew the regime led by the President Mohamed Morsi.

Rimland Theory

It is a large swath of land that encircles the heartland, roughly touching oceans and seas. It includes China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Europe. This area is unlikely to fall under any one superpower's control, an important key to keeping a global, geopolitical balance of power .Ex: Challenged the heartland theory in Nicholas Spykman's book The Geography of Peace, written in 1944. Spykman argued that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key to global power.

Supreme Leader

It is the head of government,even above the elected president.The Supreme Leader interprets religious law,can dismiss the President,and can declare war.Ex:Image

Enclaves

Landlocked within another country, so that the country totally surrounds it.Ex:The _________ of Nagorno-Karabakh is an exclave of Armenian Christians who are surrounded by Muslim Azerbaijan. Armenia has demanded that the _______ be included in its territory, with a 10-mile corridor linking it to the country. The situation has caused major tension between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Water Boundary

Less permanent overall than mountain boundaries because of tendencies of water levels to change in bodies of water and river channels to move over time.Ex:Image

Stacked Vote

Links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries. Ex:Image

Arab Spring

Major protests in a dozen countries in Southwest Asia and North Africa.Protests include demonstrations, rallies, strikes, civil disobedience.Huge use of social media to organize the protests, communicate information, distribute real-life images of events, etc.Result:Forced the autocratic leaders of Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Yemen out of power.Ex:Image

Gerrymandering

Manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class.Ex: The term is derived from the original gerrymanderer, Eldrige Gerry, who in the early 19th century had a Massachusetts district drawn in the shape of a salamander, to ensure the election of a Republican. Over the years both parties have been accused of manipulating districts in order to gain an advantage in membership in the House of Representatives.

Iran`s Theocracy

More recently,Muslim religious leaders seized power in Iran in 1979.The Iranian Constitution emphasizes the importance of religion and Islamic law(sharia).Today,Iran has both a theocratic and democratic government.Voters elect the President and representatives to the legislature. However, these officials remain subject to the control of Iran`s religious leader or Supreme Leader.

Fertile Cresent

Name given to crescent-shaped area of fertile land stretching from the lower Nile valley, along the east Mediterranean coast, and into Syria and present-day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began about 8000 B.C.Ex:Image

Positional or Definitional Disputes

Occur when states argue about where the border actually is.Ex:The United States and Mexico feuded for years over their mutual border, even after it was officially set by treaty in 1848.

Positional Disputes

Occur when states disagree about the interpretation of documents that define a boundary and/or the way a boundary was delimited.Ex:Argentinian and Chilean boundary defined by a treaty in 1881.Was to follow "the most elevated crests of the Andean Cordillera dividing the waters" between east- and west-flowing rivers. Later it was discovered the highest peaks (crests) and watershed divides did not always coincide. Left areas in dispute until 1998—accord signed.

Operational Boundary Disputes

Occur when two countries next to each other disagree on a major issue involving the border.Ex:The U.S. and Mexico disagree over the issue of illegal immigration into the U.S. Both sides agree where the border is but cannot agree on how to handle border crossing.

Operational Boundary Dispute

Occur when two countries next to each other disagree on a major issue involving the border.Ex:The US and Mexico disagree over the issue of illegal immigration into the US. Both sides agree where the border is, but cannot agree on how to handle border crossing.

Democratization

One broad, essential requirement for _____ is the existence of competitive elections that are regular, free, and fair. In other words, the election offers a real possibility that the incumbent government may be defeated. By this standard, a number of modern states that call themselves "________" fall into a gray area that is neither clearly __________ nor clearly un__________Ex:Russia, Nigeria, and Indonesia

Periphery

Outlying Areas.Ex:As you travel away from the core area, into the state's __________, towns get smaller, factories fewer, and open land more common.

Antecedent Boundary

People knew in advance when they moved into a region which side of the border they were living on.Ex:Image

Representatives

People who are chosen to speak and act for their fellow citizens in government.Ex: Image

Physical Boundaries

Physical features are easy to see, both in reality and on maps,so they often make good boundaries. Ex:Mountains limit contact between nationalities living on opposite sides, and they are usually sparsely populated. Desert boundaries are common in Africa and Asia, although their exact locations are often are not easily spotted in reality.

Internal Boundaries

Physical, cultural, or geometric boundaries within a country (such as provinces or states).Ex: The United States consists of 50 states that are each divided into counties. Canada is divided into 10 provinces, two federal territories, and one self-governing homeland.

Core Areas

Places of dominance whose inhabitants exerted their power over their surroundings near and far. Ex:Paris Basin in France and Japan's Kanto Plain, centered on the city of Tokyo.

Senator

Presidential custom of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval to _______from the states in which the appointees are to work.Ex:Image

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. Ex:They carved from the large empire of Austria-Hungary several small ethnically-based states, including Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. The _______ were united under the new country of Yugoslavia, which fell apart during the 1990`s into several smaller ethnically based countries, a process referred to as "_____________." The _______ illustrate the tendency for mountain ranges (such as the Caucasus) to form shatter belts.

Ethnic Cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.Ex:Many countries had asylums programs in the 1990`s for people escaping ____________________programs in the former Yugoslavia,Rwanda,and Burundi.

Race

Race deals with the biological heritage of a group.Ex:Image

Organic Theory

Ratzel argued that the state was like a living entity that constantly needed to grow to thrive. According to Ratzel's theory, states constantly need new territory to meet the demands of their ever-growing populations.Ex:Europeans have had the largest impact on the world as colonizers.

Minority/Majority Districting

Rearranging districts to allow a minority representative to be elected, and it is just as controversial as the old-style party gerrymandering.Ex: The Justice Department ordered North Carolina's 12th district to redraw proposed boundaries in order to allow for the election of one more black representative. This action resulted in a Supreme Court case in which the plaintiffs charged the Justice Department with reverse discrimination, or discrimination against the majority whites. The Court ruled narrowly, but allowed the district lines to be redrawn according to Justice Department standards.

Reapportioned

Redistribute, as in seats in a legislative body,Based on the results of the census so that each district has about the same number of people.Ex:Image

Territorial Morphology

Refers to the size, shape and relative location of a state.Ex:This affects the possible communication as well as conflict with neighbors.

Shatterbelt Regions

Regions caught up in a conflict between two superpowers.Ex:1980s, the _________ _____was in Central America with conflicts in Nicaragua and El Salvador, the US gave resources and military equipment to the Contras, who were fighting against communism in the region.

Political Coorperation

Represents a forum where virtually all states can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war.

Consulates

Secondary offices that usually deal with economic issues as well as the granting of visas to enter their home countries._________ are usually located in large regional cities.Ex:Image

Spatial Forces

Spatially, devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of the state.Distance, remoteness, and peripheral location promote devolution, especially if water, desert, or mountains separate the areas from the center of power, and neighbor nations that may support separatist objectives.Ex: the United States claims Puerto Rico as a territory, and has offered it recognition as a state. However, Puerto Ricans have consistently voted down the offer of statehood, and a small but vocal pro-independence movement has advocated complete separation from the U.S. The movement is encouraged by spatial forces; Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean, close to other islands that have their independence.

Wasted Vote

Spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority.Ex:Images

Confederal System

Spreads the power among many sub-units (such as states), and has a weak central government. Ex:Most attempts at _________ ______ have not been long-lasting, although the modern government of Switzerland has very strong sub-governments, and comes as close to a modern confederation as exists. Examples of failed _________ are the United States government under the Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) and the Confederate States of America that consisted of the southern states of the United States during the Civil War (1861-1865).

Institutions

Stable, long lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policy.Ex:Bureaucracies, legislatures, judicial systems, and political parties. These _______make states themselves long lasting, and often help them to endure even when leaders change.

Heartland Theory

Stated that the "pivot area" of the earth - Eurasia - holds the resources, both natural and human, to dominate the globe. Ex:When the Soviet Union emerged as a super power after World War II, the ____________ ________attracted a great deal of support.

Multicore States

States with more than one core area.Ex:Nigeria's northern core is primarily Muslim and its southern core is Christian, and the areas pull the country in different directions. To compensate for this tendency for the country to separate, the capital city was moved from Lagos (in the South) to Abuja, near the geographic center of the state.

Ecumene

Term used by geographers to mean inhabited land. It generally refers to land where people have made their permanent home, and to all work areas that are considered occupied and used for agricultural or any other economic purpose.

Shatter Belts

The Balkans illustrate the tendency for mountain ranges (such as the Caucasus) to form _______ _______, or zones of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups who find refuge in the isolation created by rough terrain. Ex:______________are often areas of cultural tension that may spread to other areas.

Three Pillars

The Maastricht Treaty created the modern organization, and gave it authority in new areas, including monetary policy, foreign affairs, national security, transportation, the environment, justice, and tourism. 1. Trade and other economic matters, including economic and monetary union into a single currency, and the creation of the European Central Bank.2. Justice and home affairs, including policy governing asylum, border crossing, immigration, and judicial cooperation on crime and terrorism.3. Common foreign and security policy, including joint positions and actions, and common defense policy.

Command Economies

The government largely determines what goods and services are produced, who gets them, and how the economy will grow.With socialist principles of centralized planning and state ownership are fading from existence, except in combination with market economies. Ex:Image

Embassies

The US, the Department of State runs offices.Ex:Image

Sovereignty

The ability of the state to carry out actions or policies within its borders independently from interference either from the inside or the outside.Ex:Image

Power

The authority to use force.Ex:Image

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the U.S. government was meant to rule the land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It was used to justify the acquisition of new lands by any means from the Native Americans.Ex:Image

Totalitarian

The government controlled all aspects of individual life.Under totalitarianism,people can only belong to organizations controlled by the government.No separate political parties,labor unions,or other organizations are allowed.The government either controls or prohibits all churches and religious groups.One leader or political party maintains total control over all aspects of society.This control extends to the police,millitary,communications, economy and the educational systems. Ex:Image

Security Council

The body responsible for making this decision is the Security Council, and any one of its five permanent members (the U.S., Britain, France, China,and Russia) may veto a proposed peacekeeping action. During the era of the Cold War, the ________ ________ was often in gridlock because the U.S. and Russia almost always disagreed. Today that gridlock is broken, but it is still difficult for all five countries to agree on a single course of action. Peacekeeping forces have been sent to separate warring forces in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The U.N. forces are supposed to remain neutral, and they usually have restrictions on their rights to use weapons against either side in a dispute. Despite its limitations, the United Nations is a forum where most of the states of the world meet and vote on issues without resorting to war.

Subsequent Boundary

The borders were drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, language differences .Ex:The borders of Northern Ireland and Pakistan/Bangladesh.

Cultural or Consequent Boundaries

The boundaries between some states are set by ethnic differences, especially those based on language and/or religion.Ex:Of a boundary based on religion was the one that partitioned Pakistan from India in 1947. The borders for the new state of Pakistan were drawn around Muslim portions of the subcontinent, in an effort to separate Muslims from Hindus. The partition did little to solve the problems between the two religions, and in some ways made them worse, as people caught on the "wrong side" of the line struggled to reposition themselves.

Regionalism

The breaking up of an area into autonomous regions, has caused problems for some former Soviet states.Ex:Image

Federal Governments

The central government of the U.S.Ex:Image

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation based on their ethnicity,religion,and culture.Ex:In Sudan and with the Hutu (majority) and the Tutsi(minority) tribes in Rwanda.The Janjaweed killed about 10,000 people per day.

Compact States

The distance from the center to any boundary is about the same, giving it a shape similar to a circle.Ex:If the capital is in the center, then the geographical location eases its ability to rule. Compactness also promotes good communications among all regions.

Domino Theory

The domino theory was adopted by the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed this theory, which suggested that when one country experiences rebellion or political disunity, other countries around it will also experience turmoil as a result, leading to a domino effect of political instability in the region.

Ambassadors

The lead officials representing the United States in other countries.Ex:image

Acculturation

The less dominant culture adopts some of the traits of the more influential one. ______________ typically takes place when immigrants take on the values, attitudes, customs,and language of their new country (This happens when cultures come into contact,one culture dominates the other). Ex:In the U.S. today,years of migration from Latin America have led to the customs of adding Spanish to signs,phone recordings, and even government forms that had previously only appeared in English.

Demarcation

The marking of boundaries or categories.This process of physically representing a boundary on the landscape.Ex:Image

Annexation

The opposite of balkanization is _______, adding territory to an already existing state.Ex:The US purchased the Alaska territory from Russia in 1867, it annexed the land as territory, ven though Alaska didn't officially become a part of the US until 1948.

States

The organization that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory.Ex:In other words, the _____ defines who can and cannot use weapons and force,and it sets the rules as to how violence is used._______often sponsor armies, navies, and/or air forces that legitimately use power and sometimes violence, but individual citizens are very restricted in their use of force.

State Government

The organization through which political authority is exercised at the state level, government of a specific state.Ex:The U.S. federal government is based in the capital city of Washington,D.C. Individual states in the U.S. also have governments,called ___________.

Irredentism

The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.Ex: A 20th century example is the German invasion of Czechoslovakia and Poland, areas with German minorities.

Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to another place.Ex:Image

Self-Determination

The power of a people to establish their own government the way they see fit.Ex:Image

Suffrage

The power to vote on issues regarding their welfare, as when American colonists spoke out against "taxation without representation ."Ex:image

Reunification

The reuniting of 2 areas once apart as one state.Ex:Less than one year after the destruction of the Berlin Wall, East and West Germany come together on what is known as "Unity Day." Since 1945, when Soviet forces occupied eastern Germany, and the United States and other Allied forces occupied the western half of the nation at the close of World War II, divided Germany had come to serve as one of the most enduring symbols of the Cold War.

Women`s Enfranchisement

The right for women to vote.It didn't come until 1920 with the passing of the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution.Ex: Image

Women's Enfranchisement

The right of women to vote.Ex:To this day, in some countries men have the right to vote, but women do not. Even the US,________ ___________ didn't come until 1920 with the passing of the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Political Culture

The rules reflect attitudes toward land and territory as defined by the ___________- the collection of political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions that the government is based on.Ex:Image

Nationalism

The shape of the country's territory comes to represent a national consciousness, or __________. Modern ________ is a sense of unity with fellow citizens and loyalty to the state to promote its culture and interests over those of other nations. Ex:Image

Historical Geography

The study of places and human activities over time based on the geographic factors that have shaped them.Ex:The U.S. has an increasing geographical pattern.

Boundary evolution

The technical wording of a treaty that legally defines where a boundary should be located.Ex:Image

Boundary Evolution

The technical wording of a treaty that legally defines where a boundary should be located.Once the _____ ______ becomes part of the official document,cartographers must accurately represent it.Ex:Image

Ethnonationalism

The tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation with a right to autonomy or independence - is a fundamental centrifugal force promoting devolution.Ex:Most French Canadians live in the province of Quebec, creating a large base for an independence movement. If ethnically French people were scattered evenly over the country, their sense of identity would be diluted, and the devolutionary force would most likely be weaker.

Devolution

The transfer of some important powers from central governments to sub-governments.Ex:Image

Cultural Adaptation

The transition of a varied cultural environment in one culture,means that local traditions are dying out and new ones are emerging.Ex:The use of cell phones and text messaging gas created its own form of cultural communication among today`s youth.Many schools are eliminating the teaching of cursive writing because it is not needed any longer.However,cursive writing is distinctive to the English language.The greater usage of text messaging and less emphasis on cursive writing means a change in the culture of how we communicate.

Politicization of Religion

The use of religious principles to promote political ends and vice versa.Ex:Most Westerners have been caught off guard by this turn of events, especially in the United States, where separation of church and state has been a basic political principle since the founding of the country.

Divine Right

The will of God.Ex:Image

Border Landscape

There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border.Ex:Image

Geometric Boundaries

These are straight, imaginary lines that generally have good reasons behind their creation.Ex:When North and South Korea were divided during the early Cold War, the 38th parallel was chosen to demark communist vs. U.S. control. The method was also used in Vietnam, when the country was split in two at the 17th parallel to separate the North, controlled by Hanoi, from the South, controlled by Saigon.

Functional Disputes

These disputes arise when neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied along a boundary, such as immigration, the movement of traditionally nomadic groups, customs regulations or land use.Ex:US is fortifying border with Mexico to safeguard against illegal aliens, drugs, and terrorists.

Elongated States

These states have a long and narrow shape, sometimes because of physical geography and other times for political or economic reasons . __________ __________ often have communication and transportation problems, since a city at one end is a long way from a city at the other end. This is especially problematic if the capital is not centralized.Ex: The South American country of Chile is located on a long, narrow strip of coastline between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains. Gambia in West Africa follows the Atlantic Ocean coastline, but it was carved out of the larger country of Senegal for political reasons during colonial times.

Fragmented States

These states have several discontinuous pieces of territory. Any state that is composed of islands is a ______________ ___________.Ex:The island of East Timor received its independence from Indonesia after resisting an invasion by the Indonesian army. Once East Timor gained independence, other remote islands (such as Ambon and Aceh) have tried unsuccessfully to secede, causing a great deal of tension within the territories claimed by Indonesia. A different kind of fragmentation occurs if a piece of the territory is separated by another state, as occurs in eastern India, where the country of Bangladesh separates the state of West Bengal from the rest of India.

National Iconography

These symbols of nationalism.Ex:During the Olympics,_______ __________are very evident.

Centrifugal Forces

They destabilize the government and encourage the country to fall apart. A country that is not well-organized or governed stands to lose the loyalty of its citizens, and weak institutions fail to provide the cohesive support that the government needs.Ex:When the U.S.S.R. was created in 1917, its leaders grounded the new country in the ideology of communism. To strengthen the state, they forbid the practice of the traditional religion, Russian Orthodoxy. Although church membership dropped dramatically, the religious institution never disappeared, and when the U.S.S.R. dissolved, the church reappeared and is regaining its strength today.The church was a ________ ______ in creating and maintaining loyalty to the communist state.

Ghettos

They where essentially walled holding pens within cities where minorities were kept before eventually being taken to concentration camps.Or a forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority.______________ are a example of a ethnic enclave.

Voluntary Segregation

This phenomenon occurs when a group of people deliberately chooses to separate itself from the rest of a population, often to preserve its cultural or ethnic heritage. Ex:Immigrants often settle in ethnic enclaves where they can speak their own language and practice their customs.

Landlocked States

Those lacking ocean frontage and surrounded by other states, are at a disadvantage for trade, sea resources (such as fish), transportation, and communication. Often a ______ ______ tries to arrange the use of a foreign port.Ex:___________ ________ in Asia are Nepal, Bhutan, Laos, and Mongolia.

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.Ex:Image

Cultural Boundaries

Using ethnographic or cultural features, such as language, religion or ethnicity, to establish boundaries is probably the best method, but such boundaries can be the hardest to enforce or establish. Lines between cultures can be ambiguous and fluid.Ex:In 1884, 14 European countries that wanted to divide the continent of Africa into countries attended the Conference of Berlin. France, Great Britain, Portugal, and Germany were the major participants. Instead of drawing borders according to the different ethnicities in Africa, they superimposed boundaries that didn't fit the cultural boundaries. Ethnic groups that had been in conflict for centuries were now supposed to live together under the umbrella of one state. The result of the conference was a mishmash of countries that was doomed from the start.

Physical Boundary

Using physical features is an easy way to determine where one area stops and another begins.Ex:On one side of the Rio Grande is the United States, and on the other side is Mexico. They can include rivers, lakes, mountains, deserts, peninsulas, and so on.

Unitary Government

Where all decisions are made by the national government.Ex:Image

City-States

Which are sovereign states that are comprised of towns and their surrounding countryside.Ex:Image

Separatist Movement

Which nationalities within a country demand independence.Ex:Such movements served as centrifugal forces for the Soviet Union as various nationalities - Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Latvians, Georgians, and Armenians - challenged the government for their independence. Other examples are the Basques of Northern Spain, who have different customs (including language) from others in the country, and the Tamils in Sri Lanka, who have waged years of guerrilla warfare to defend what they see as majority threats to their culture, rights, and property.

Frontiers

_________ rather than boundaries separated states. A __________is a geographic zone where no state exercises power, whereas a boundary is a thin, imaginary line.__________ provide buffers between states, although states may fight for control of the ____________________. Ex:France and England fought over __________areas in North America in the French and Indian (Seven Years') War in the mid-18th century.

Delimitation

the translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty (the definition) into an official cartographic representation.Ex: Image