unit 4 review-learning

in classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the _______

conditioned stimulus

Robert Rescorla's ________ of classical conditioning states that conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another

contingency model

a dog trained to salivate to a particular tone does not salivate to any other tone is an example of _______

discrimination learning

In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies which of the following was the conditioned stimulus?

the touching

in Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was_____

the unconditioned stimulus

Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called

latent learning

the theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was

Edward Toimen

the ______ reinforcement schedule Is the partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction?

variable-ratio

the idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children modeling of their parents prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of which of

albert bandura

token economies are based on which theoretical perspective?

behavioral

although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e.g., those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can be best explained by _______

biological prepardness

Maria was never afraid of spiders until a spider bit her when she was eight. Today, even the sight of a plastic spider upsets her. Which of the following learning processes best explains Maria's fear of spiders?

classical conditioning

a cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become a ________

conditioned stimulus

a person eats a hamburger at a restaurant and develops a very bad stomachache after finishing eating. As a result of the sudden illness, the person cannot eat hamburgers anymore. Just thinking about them makes the person feel sick to the stomach. In this scenario, the thought of the hamburger is a ________

conditioned stimulus

contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning take into account cognitive processes like ____

expectancy

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, a resulting decrease in the conditioned response is called

extinction

Whenever Sarah's mother answered the phone, Sarah would yell for her mother's attention and her mother would end the phone conversation. Then Sarah's mother began ignoring Sarah's yelling and eventually Sarah stopped behaving that way. The change in Sarah's behavior is an example of

extinction

for _______ to occur, the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength

extinction

the 'little albert" study demonstrated that ______ can be conditioned in humans

fear

a rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using _______ reinforcement schedules?

fixed- ratios

for every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $5o bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of ______ reinforcement schedules?

fixed- ratios

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not hurt badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now , whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in the scenario, respectively?

grandmother's house; falling

In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food. Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of

latent learning

When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of:

latent learning

in the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. in the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called ______

latent learning

kelly, a first year student at a local university is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports kelly's belief?

latent learning

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the ________

law of effect

individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting

learned helplessness

perceived lack of control and ______ have been shown to have positive correlation

learned helplessness

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells

mirror neurons

according to social learning theory, aggression is the result of

modeling

To stop his uncle's constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy's behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement?

negative

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

negative reinforcement

Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, "We do not yell in this house!" Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie's behavior is best explained by

observational learning

_______ occurs when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else perform it

observational learning

a behavioral consequence is essential for _______ to occur

operant conditioning

a dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of an _______

operant response

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as

positive reinforcement

Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. In terms of operant conditioning the praise functions as ______

positive reinforcer

in phase one of a study; a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will ______ when the light flashed

salivate

Money most often modifies people's behavior because it is a powerful ______ reinforcer

secondary

when a child behaves well for an entire day, the child earns a star. after acquiring fifteen stars, the child is allowed to pick a prize for a toy chest. The star is best described as a ________ reinforcer

secondary

A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze?

shaping

a teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday. This is an example of ______

shaping

raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. rauls actions are an example of ______

shaping

the first time four-year old savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, he began praising savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as

shaping

a person observed someone else's fear of flying and now they have learned to fear air travel . this scenario is best explained by

social learning theory

jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. unfortunately, jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. now jeffs children use bad language. this can be explained by

social learning theory

observation, imitation, and modeling are central to

social learning theory

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating

stimulus generalization

Tyler ate a cheeseburger from a fast food restaurant for dinner, and he was awake all night feeling sick. Now, just thinking about eating fast foo makes him feel nauseous, and he is certain that he will never want to eat it again. Tyler's aversion to fast food can best be explained by ______

stimulus generalization

a monkey's choosing a circle from an array of geometric shapes in order to be rewarded with a banana is an example of

stimulus generalization

in terms of classical conditioning certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their

survival

researchers paired rats' drinking of saccharin-sweetened water with injections of a drug that weakened the immune system. After repeated pairings, sweetened water triggered the rats' immune systems to break down. What was the conditioned stimulus in the study?

sweetened water

behavioral psychologists are most likely to study the effects of _____ on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances

token economies

The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by_______ to reinforce adaptive behaviors

token economy