Unit 4 Study Guide: Social Psychology Branscrombe

probability of conviction in a criminal case and its relation to attractiveness

an attractive defendant was treated differently than an unattractive defendant

Social facilitation theories and the effects of the presence of others

-people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors can be affected by the presence of others

know info about publicity before a trial and who benefits

-Publicity can cause unknown witnesses to come forward so that their information may be considered, and the facts correctly determined -Publicity may cause some judges or prosecutors, particularly those who must face reelection, to act out of political expediency rather than fairness

What is social loafing, how/when is it reduced?

-Social loafing- reduce motivation/effort when individuals work in a group compared to when they work alone -How/when reduced:making the output or effort of each participant readily identifiable

Know the conditions for punishment to be effective

-With positive reinforcements or if it is life threatening where the habit needs to be broken right away. -Must be delivered immediately after the target response -Should occur every time behavior happens -Most effective when accompanied by reinforcement for performing desirable behaviors

Know Albert Bandura's social learning perspective

Acquire aggressive behaviors from direct experiences from observing aggressive models

Temperature and aggression relationship

As temperature increases, violent crimes, such as aggravated assault and homicide, also increase.

Know the bystander effect and effects of multiple bystanders

Bystander effect - presence of others inhibits helping. Others around, barriers go up, & is influenced by number of bystanders

What is punishment?

Procedures in which averse consequences are delivered to individuals when they engage in specific actions.

What are norms?

Norms are effective guides for social behavior. Norms must be activated before they can guide behavior

Effects of having an audience when performing a task

Recent findings offer support for the view that several kinds of audiences produce narrowed intentional focus when performing a task. Both the arousal and cognitive views of social facilitation can help explain why social facilitation occurs among animals as well as people.

What is a social dilemma?

Situations in which each person can increase their individual gains by acting in one way, but if all (or most) people do the same thing, the outcomes experienced by all are reduced.

What is Thanatos and who thought of it?

Thanatos- Thanatos, from the Greek word for "death" is the drive of aggression, sadism, destruction, violence, and death. SIGMUND FREUD thought of it

Effects of repeated exposure to violent pornography and other violent media content

The effects of this exposure are both short-term and long-term

Diffusion of responsibility

The greater the number of witnesses to an emergency the less likely victims are to receive help. This is because each bystander assumes that someone else will assume responsibility for helping.

Chronic exposure to stressful situations and its effects on health

The long-term activation of the stress-response system — and the subsequent overexposure to cortisol and other stress hormones — can disrupt almost all your body's processes. This puts you at increased risk of numerous health problems, including: Anxiety. Depression.

What is the negative state relief model?

The proposal that pro-social behavior is motivated by the bystander's desire to reduce his or her own uncomfortable negative emotions or feelings

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

The suggestion that frustration is a very powerful determinant of aggression.

What is groupthink?

The tendency of the members of highly cohesive groups to assume that their decisions can't be wrong, that all members must support the group's decisions strongly, and that contrary information should be ignored

what is a culture of honor?

The traditional culture of the Southern United States has been called a "culture of honor", that is, a culture where people avoid intentionally offending others, and maintain a reputation for not accepting improper conduct by others.

know about transformational leaders and transactional leaders

Transactional leaders focus on the role of supervision, organization, and group performance. They are concerned about the status quo and day-to-day progress toward goals. Transformational leaders work to enhance the motivation and engagement of followers by directing their behavior toward a shared vision.

what is a group?

a group can be defined as two or more humans who interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity

What is the prisoner's dilemma?

a situation faced by two suspects who have been caught by the police

When do gender differences in aggression shrink?

action or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry, especially deliberately (provocation) is present

What is the Type A behavior pattern?

competitive, time urgent, hostile & aggressive.

What is a role?

defined as the collection of expectations that accompany a particular social position

when are transformational leaders most effective

effectively be applied to militaristic, industrial, hospital and educational settings.

Be familiar with an experiment by Batson- students receiving fake shocks

empathy-altruism hypothesis, participants watched a "fellow student" receiving an (fake) electric shock. When the "student" complained and said she had had a bad experience with electricity as a child, the participant was asked if the participant wanted to help by trading places with her. Participants were more willing to trade places if the student was like themselves

Know the effects of exposure to violence in TV/movies

encourages aggressive behavior

What is distraction-conflict theory?

individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to the other people present and to the task being performed.

What is a false memory?

is the psychological phenomenon where a person recalls something that did not happen. False memory is often considered regarding childhood sexual abuse.

know about sexual assault cases, and how different jury member's feel/think about the assault

male jury members are likely to conclude the sex was consensual.

Gender and aggression relationship

men are more likely to engage in direct aggression; women are more likely to engage in indirect aggression

Gender differences in empathy

men exhibit less emphatic concern for others than women do.

when are transactional leaders more effective

most effective in this process of direction, the transactional leader tends to be stronger on systems, structures and implementation

When does selective altruism occur?

occurs when a large group needs help, but help is provided for only one or a very few individual members of that group

What is instrumental aggression?

planned aggressive action that is carried out to achieve a specific goal. A simple example of this is a "playground bully" who forces other children to give him or her their lunch money.

what does group polarization involve?

refers to the tendency of members of a group to move toward a more extreme position than their original position simply as a result of the group's discussion.

What is the Type B behavior pattern?

relaxed, patient, and easy going.

What is altruism?

the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.- People who risk their lives for others

What is Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation?

the drive theory of social facilitation - the idea that the presence of other people is arousing and increases the tendency to perform dominant responses.

what is the great person theory of leadership?

the view that great leaders possess certain traits that set them apart from other human beings—traits that differentiate them from those who are merely followers.