Unit 4 World History

Explain (Describe) the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. (Effects)

-American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. -Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. -European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.

Explain (Describe) the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450-1750.

-Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and include intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants. (e.g. Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese) -Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit'a, and introduced new labor systems including chattal slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda, and hacienda systems.

Explain (Describe) the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450-1750.

-Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. (e.g. Ming China, Tokugawa Shogunate) -Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. -The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.

Explain (Describe) the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450-1750.

-In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.

Explain (Describe) how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.

-Knowledge such as scientific learning and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread to new areas. This facilitated European technological developments and innovation. Ex: Lateen sail, compass, astronomical charts -The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and current patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. Ex: Caravel, carrack, and fluyt ships

Explain (Describe) how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.

-Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics, or the economy. i. Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire ii. Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China iii. Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire -Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system. -The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Ex: Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility

Explain (Describe) how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450-1750.

-Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. - Joint-stock companies or people would be sent to explore the new world and be sponsored by the mother country, was influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade. -Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. Ex: Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

Explain (Describe) the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. (North Atlantic)

-North Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

Explain (Describe) how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450-1750.

-Notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from slave trades. -The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor, including slaves, and the mixing of Africa, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis.

Explain (Describe) the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. (Portugal)

-Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire, or controlling trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties/taxes to trade sites.

Explain (Describe) changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450-1750.

-Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions. -The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.

Explain (Describe) the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. (Spanish)

-Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.

Explain (Describe) the effects of the development of state power from 1450-1750.

-State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. -Pueblo revolts, Cossack revolts, Maratha conflict with Mughals -Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas. Ex: The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil, North American slave resistance

Explain (Describe) the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. (Causes)

-The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. -Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves. (e.g. Horses, pigs, cattle (cows), Okra, rice)

Explain (Describe) the continuities and change in networks of exchange from 1450-1750.

-The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants. -The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including slaves. -Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. Ex: Western Europe - wool and linen, India - cotton, China - silk

Indentured Servitude

A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary service.

Encomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Native Americans; They would exchange their goods/services for the conquistador's protection.

Hacienda system

Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners, they were kept in debt for a long time.

Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.

New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period, mainly in the New World.

Chattal Slavery

One person owns another, for either household chores or hard physical labor.

Mercantalism

The theory that a country's power depended mainly on its wealth, and there are a limited amount of that wealth/resources in the world. This theory was adopted by the Europeans in the 1500s during imperialism in the Americas.